The Young Descartes

The Young Descartes The Young Descartes Nobility, Rumor, and War Harold J. Cook The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2018 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2018 Printed in the United States of America 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 46296- 7 (cloth) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 54009- 2 (e- book) DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226540092.001.0001 Published with support of the Susan E. Abrams Fund. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Cook, Harold John, author. Title: The young Descartes : nobility, rumor, and war / Harold J. Cook. Description: Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017025412 | ISBN 9780226462967 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226540092 (e- book) Subjects: LCSH: Descartes, René, 1596–1650. | Philosophers—France—Biography. Classification: LCC B1873 .C66 2018 | DDC 194 [B]—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025412 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper). Dedicated to former President Ruth Simmons, Provost David Kertzer, and Dean Rajiv Vohra and their successors Who made this journey possible Contents Preface ix Part 1 Mysteries: Remains of a Hidden Life 1 Words on Paper 11 In Search of a Person behind the Words 22 Part 2 A France of Broken Families 33 Families 35 Politiques 40 Breaking with His Father 42 Aristocratic Paris 50 Libertine Paris 58 A Political Education 65 Part 3 Gearing Up for War: Mathematical Inspirations 73 Breda 74 Military Engineering 79 Meeting Isaac Beeckman 84 The Holy Roman Empire 93 Anxious Dreams 102 Curious Meetings 108 vii viii Contents Part 4 War and Diplomacy in Europe 117 Into Bohemia 118 To Hungary and Disaster 123 The Baltic and Return to The Netherlands 125 Again in France 129 Paris and the Rosicrucian Scare 133 The Valtellina and Rome 138 Part 5 The Struggle for France 151 Problems with the Cardinal 152 The Campaign for La Rochelle 164 Confrontation and Departure 169 The Meetings 170 Confrontation and Conversation 176 Becoming a Sectarian 180 Feeling Threatened 186 Exile 189 Part 6 Not Yet Concluded 195 Chronological Table 213 List of Early Correspondence and Publications 221 Acknowledgments 223 For Further Reading 227 Notes 229 Index 265 PrefaCe René Descartes has long been a problem for me. His name is certainly famous, popping up in popular as well as highbrow literature as one of the chief founders of modern philosophy and science or a precursor of the Enlightenment. The usual story treats him as a solitary figure who, perhaps with the help of lying in bed well into the late morning hours, worked out the metaphysics of nature by thinking hard: a genius deduc- ing eternal truths from first principles. Yet he himself said that human beings exist as mind and body united. If we put his mind back into this body, and his body into the midst of his world, whom would we find? He seems to have authored a lost treatise on fencing, and according to all the biographers who wrote about him in the seventeenth century, he was present in arms at the Battle of the White Mountain, often considered the opening conflict in what would turn out to be the Thirty Years’ War. Was he simply a philosopher, then? There are other intriguing problems. Descartes is understandably considered French, or a French cosmopolitan, and he loved Paris, where his closest friends could be found. Yet for his last twenty years and more, he lived away from his home country. Why? He spent almost all of that time abroad in the Dutch Republic, and that is where he wrote and published the books that made him famous. He benefited much from the ix x Preface information he gathered from his Dutch acquaintances as well as from their questions and encouragement, and he acquired a bit of spoken Dutch, although he apparently never became fully comfortable in it. So should we think of him as not simply a French philosopher? And how was he supporting himself? He had sold off what he inherited from his mother years before, held no public office, didn’t seem to take pupils, and was without a visible patron. Even in The Netherlands, however, he kept moving from place to place. Moreover, while many observers see him as a good son of the Catholic Church, some of his early friends turn out to have been freethinking libertines, he expressed affection for people who were Calvinist, and several of his most active supporters in later years belonged to marginalized Catholic groups, such as the Ora- torians and Jansenists. He finally departed from Amsterdam on another journey, to the court of the freethinking Queen Christina of Sweden, where he died in February 1650. She sent one of her largest warships to convey him to Stockholm. That extraordinary mark of distinction is very curious, suggesting that she considered him more than an ordi- nary visitor. Did she imagine him to be a simple philosopher, or some other kind of person? Perhaps Descartes’s early years, in the period before he became known for his printed words, can shed some light on these and other events that do not fit comfortably in the consensus view of his life. His biographers have for the most part brushed aside his first thirty- five years, when he was constantly in motion, as preliminary to the important business of writing philosophy. During the early years, the dapper young nobleman introduced himself to strangers as the sieur du Per- ron and served on the battlefields of central Europe before traveling on to Italy and making the acquaintance of high- ranking figures in the church. Moreover, if one is attentive to Descartes’s own writings, further questions emerge that might need explanation, such as his views about human and animal physiology and the passions, which did not privilege the male. His mother’s family saw to his education, and his political alliances seem to have been with women: possibly the duchesse Preface xi du Chevreuse, the queen regent Marie de Medici, and Queen Anne; certainly Princess Elizabeth and Queen Christina. Apparently the female connections in his life require as much attention as the male ones. In short, the more one considers Descartes’s early life, his world, and his writings, the more questions arise. Having myself moved into a privileged environment where the pursuit of knowledge and education remain valued ideals, I decided to try to look for him in the seventeenth century. He turns out to have been right in the midst of some of the most important struggles for Europe in his time. So, to come back to the question of why Descartes spent the second half of his life in The Netherlands: I now think that he had become an exile. From my earlier studies on The Netherlands, in which I was alert to his presence there and was guided by many fine intellectual historians, I had come to doubt many of the messages I had previously learned about Descartes. His Dutch friends seem to have thought of him differently than the later legends. Why was he there, I began to wonder. So I began picking up parts of his story before he settled in the Dutch Republic. As I did so, some of the oddest reports appeared to become more plausible than not, suggesting further reading. Then, paging through indexes to the papers of Cardinal Richelieu—the chief minister to the French king Louis XIII—I stumbled across a reference to one “Descart” as a figure in an action at the siege of La Rochelle: could this be our man? If so, it would confirm the statements of his first biographers, which have been doubted in recent generations. Similarly, when reading an authoritative account of the reign of Louis XIII, I learned that his father had been one of the chief judges in a political trial—a kind of kangaroo court— that passed the death sentence on one of Richelieu’s enemies, a young aristocrat, the comte de Chalais. That fact can be verified, and contex- tualized. Chalais had been invited into a grand plot by his lover, a leading member of the aristocracy, Marie de Rohan, the duchesse du Chev- reuse. Her father in turn was the lord of the town in which Descartes was born as well as the person in charge of the greatest event at René’s xii Preface boyhood school: the ceremonial entombment of the heart of the assassi- nated king, Henri IV, above the chapel altar. Moreover, Descartes’s most authoritative early biographer says that he had sought the patronage of the person who happened to be Marie de Rohan’s second husband, who also came from one of the leading families of France and the Holy Ro- man Empire, the Guises of Lorraine. Their son in turn later translated Descartes’s Meditations from Latin into French, with the author’s help, and Marie and her son later became major patrons of the religiously unorthodox Jansenists, who held Augustinian views on predestination that, to my surprise, Descartes also advocated.

Load more