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Reducing Diesel Dependence in Nunavut: Integrating Renewable Energy Technologies Through Policy Actions

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Reducing Diesel Dependence in Nunavut: Integrating Renewable Energy Technologies Through Policy Actions REDUCING DIESEL DEPENDENCE IN NUNAVUT: INTEGRATING RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH POLICY ACTIONS By Nicole Charron McDonald A thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Studies In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Environmental Studies Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 2011 Copyright © Nicole Charron McDonald, 2011 i Abstract In the last fifty years, Nunavut has developed a deep dependence on diesel for virtually all of its energy needs, including electricity. This dependence has created a number of economic, environmental and health related challenges in the territory, with an estimated 20% of the territory’s annual budget being spent on energy, thereby limiting the Government of Nunavut’s ability to address other essential infrastructure and societal needs, such as education, nutrition and health care and housing. One solution to address this diesel dependency is the use of renewable energy technologies (RETs), such as wind, solar and hydropower. As such, this thesis explores energy alternatives in Nunavut, and through RETScreen renewable energy simulations, found that solar power and wind power are technically viable options for Nunavut communities and a potentially successful means to offset diesel-generated electricity in Nunavut. However, through this analysis it was also discovered that accurate data or renewable resources are often unavailable for most Nunavut communities. Moreover, through qualitative open-ended interviews, the perspectives of Nunavut residents with regards to developing RETs in Nunavut were explored, and it was found that respondents generally supported the use of renewable energy in their communities, while acknowledging that there still remains a knowledge gap among residents regarding renewable energy, stemming from a lack of communication between the communities, government and the utility company. In addition, the perceived challenges, opportunities and gaps that exist with regards to renewable energy policy and program development were discussed with government policy-makers through further interviews, and it was discovered that often government departments work largely independently of each ii other rather than collaboratively, creating gaps and oversights in renewable energy policy in Nunavut. Combined, the results of this thesis were used to develop a number of recommended policy actions that could be undertaken by the territorial and federal government to support a shift towards renewable energy in order to develop a sustainable and self-sufficient energy plan in Nunavut. They include: gathering accurate renewable resource data in Nunavut; increasing community consultations on the subject of renewable energy; building strong partnerships with universities, colleges and industry; developing a knowledge sharing network; and finally increasing accessibility to renewable energy programs and policies in Nunavut. iii Co-Authorship The research project featured in this thesis has been published or submitted for publication primarily with J.M. Pearce. H. T. Nguyen assisted with the mapping and GIS components. Only sections featuring independent work from the main author have been used here. The main author has also completed all the interviews and primary analysis. The following is the list of articles: a. Nicole Charron McDonald, Ha T. Nguyen, and Joshua M. Pearce. 2011. Technical Feasibility of Renewable Energy Technology Electricity Plants in Nunavut Communities. (Under review). b. Nicole Charron McDonald and Joshua M. Pearce. 2011. Community Voices: Perspectives on Renewable Energy in Nunavut. (Under review) c. Nicole Charron McDonald and Joshua M. Pearce. 2011. Renewable Energy Policies and Programs in Nunavut: Perspectives from the Federal and Territorial Government. (Under review) d. Nicole Charron McDonald and Joshua M. Pearce. 2011. Addressing Nunavut’s Diesel Dependence: Policy Actions to Support Renewable Energy Expansion. (To be submitted). iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Joshua M. Pearce, for his overwhelming support and steady guidance throughout my research. Upon beginning this project, I never imagined that my research project would have such a deep impact on me, and for that I owe you many thanks. I would also like to thank Ryan Danby, Peter Harrison, Warren Mabee, Barry Stemshorn and Graham Whitelaw for their words of wisdom over the last two years. I am grateful for the ongoing advice that I received from each of you. Thank you to my colleagues in Environmental Studies and the Applied Sustainability Lab for all of their encouragement and help. You have made my two years at Queen’s unforgettable and I will always cherish the memories that we made. To the residents of Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet, and Resolute Bay who took part in the interviews, I am humbled by and extremely grateful for your interest in my work and thank you for your participation in my research. I wish to express my condolences to the families and friends of those affected by the recent tragedy in Resolute Bay. My thoughts are with you. I am also thankful to the participants from Government of Nunavut, the Government of Canada and Qulliq Energy Corporation for their ongoing support throughout the project and participation in the interviews. I would especially like to thank Kelland Sewell, Robert Sexton, and Daniel Van Vliet without whom much of my work would not have been possible. The TD Canada Trust Graduate Fellowship in Arctic Environmental Issues and the National Science and Engineering Research Council Grant funded this project; the School of v Environmental Studies provided student support. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my mother, father and brother. Your love and unwavering support has helped me become the person I am today. vi Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................ii Co-Authorship ......................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................................v Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................vii Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation....................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Context.........................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Purpose and Objectives...............................................................................................................3 1.3.1 Technical Viability of Renewable Energy Technologies in Nunavut ..............................3 1.3.2 Nunavummiut Perspectives on RET Expansion in Nunavut ............................................4 1.3.3 Government Policy-makers Perspectives on RET Expansion in Nunavut ......................4 1.3.4 Recommended Policy Actions ............................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Background...........................................................................................................................6 2.1 Nunavut........................................................................................................................................6 2.2 History of Nunavut and Nunavut Land Claims Act..................................................................7 2.3 Current Electricity Systems in Nunavut ....................................................................................9 2.4 Current Renewable Energy Policies in Nunavut.....................................................................11 2.5 Federal and Territorial Involvement in Nunavut’s Energy Policy.........................................12 2.6 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in Nunavut............................................................14 2.6.1 Solar Energy in Nunavut ...................................................................................................14 2.6.2 Wind Energy in Nunavut...................................................................................................16 2.6.3 Hydropower in Nunavut....................................................................................................18 2.6.4 Other RETs in Nunavut .....................................................................................................19 Chapter 3 Methodology.......................................................................................................................21 3.1 Renewable Energy Technology Simulations...........................................................................21 3.1.1 Natural Resource Mapping................................................................................................21 3.1.2 RETScreen Renewable Energy Simulations....................................................................22 3.2 Qualitative Interviews with Nunavummiut Regarding Renewable Energy Expansion in Nunavut............................................................................................................................................28
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