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Climate Change Full English.Qxd October 2003 October Ministère du Développement Durable Changements Climatiques: Stratégie du Nunavut Strategy Climate Change Change Climate Nunavut Nunavut Department of Sustainable Development Sustainable of Department Octobre 2003 Front Cover Photo by Jack Hicks NUNAVUT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS Message from the Premier, the Minister of Sustainable Development and the Minister of Energy . .3 Section 1 – Climate Change in Nunavut . .4 1.1 Climate and the Greenhouse Effect . .4 1.2 Climate Change In Nunavut . .6 Section 2 – International and National Action on Climate Change . .7 Section 3 – Challenges and the Need for a Nunavut Climate Change Strategy . .8 3.1 Challenges . .8 3.2 The Need for a Climate Change Strategy for Nunavut . .11 Section 4 – Climate Change Strategy for Nunavut . .12 4.1 Introduction . .12 4.2 Government of Nunavut Commitment . .12 4.3 Goals and Objectives . .13 4.4 Guiding Principles . .14 Section 5 – Business Plans and Actions . .16 5.1 Developing and Updating Business Plans . .17 5.2 Roles and Responsibilities . .17 5.3 Monitoring and Reporting . .18 REFERENCES . .20 Appendix – Climate Change Glossary . .21 Paul Okalik Olayuk Akesuk Edward Picco Premier Minister, Sustainable Development Minister, Energy MESSAGE FROM THE PREMIER, THE MINISTER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE MINISTER OF ENERGY Since the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1997, jurisdictions around the world and in Canada have been developing strategies to address the environment and economic challenge of climate change. We recognize Nunavut’s responsibility to contribute to this initiative in order to support Canada’s position as a leader among nations in protecting the global environment. As such, the Government of Nunavut supports global and local actions to reduce the impacts of future climate change, including reducing emissions of the greenhouse gases believed to cause enhanced climate change. We have first-hand knowledge of environmental conditions and are now witnessing the impacts to the environment because of climate change. These changes are making it increasingly difficult to travel and access our resources. It is possible that our environment, and the land and wildlife resources we depend on, and the current social and economic systems could be further influenced by the predicted change. In recognition of the serious consequences and impacts that climate change may have on all Nunavummiut, its land, wildlife and the environment, the Government of Nunavut initiated the necessary work to develop a Nunavut Climate Change Strategy. On behalf of the Government of Nunavut, we are pleased to present a strategy with broad goals and objectives that will enable us to work together with all Nunavummiut, Governments and stakeholders to take action on climate change. We would like to extend our sincere appreciation and thanks to all Nunavummiut, the Government of Canada and to all those organizations that participated and committed their time and resources to the development of the strategy. 3 Paul Okalik Olayuk Akesuk Edward Picco October 2003 1. CLIMATE CHANGE IN NUNAVUT Although climate change is a natural process, human activities are causing the Earth’s Greenhouse Gases (GHG) climate to change quicker and more dramatically than at any time in our history. Changes to climate GHG are naturally occurring gases in the Earth’s will have a greater impact on the Arctic atmosphere that trap some of the sun’s heat and prevent it environment than other areas of the world. from escaping into space, thereby keeping the Earth’s tem- perature at an average of 15 oC. GHG include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous 1.1 Climate and the Greenhouse Effect oxide (N2 0),hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s), perfluorocar- bons (PFC’s) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ). Three of these gases (CO2 , CH 4 and N2 0) are of particular concern The weather we experience every day is because they are closely associated with human activities. caused by the interaction of the sun, the ocean, These activities have upset the natural balance of GHG land and the atmosphere (layers of air and gas that has existed in our atmosphere for thousands of years. above the Earth). The typical weather conditions CO2 is the most significant GHG released by human activity, and the main contributor to climate change. of an area, either seasonally or yearly, are referred to as climate. The atmosphere plays an important role in the type of weather and climate we experience. Illustration of the Greenhouse Effect 4 October 2003 Some of the heat from the sun is trapped Increasing concentrations of GHG in the in the atmosphere by gases referred to as atmosphere over the last 100 years have resulted in greenhouse gases (GHG). These gases prevent heat an increase of average global temperatures by from escaping into space - insulating the earth - approximately 0.5 degrees centigrade ( oC); this keeping it and surrounding air warm. Without increasing temperature is referred to as “global this natural “greenhouse effect”, the Earth would warming”. In some parts of Canada the rise in be much colder than it is and could not support temperature over the last century has been life. approximately 1o C. Some predictions suggest that the Earth’s average temperature may increase by up Greenhouse gases result from a variety of to 3 oC over the next 100 years. While these natural processes and before industrialization their increases seem small, the Earth has never concentration in the atmosphere was relatively experienced this level of warming over such a short constant. The burning of fossil fuels (for example period of time. gas, diesel and coal) has resulted in significant increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases, Global warming will have an impact on notably carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. The the Earth’s climate that far exceeds a temperature increased GHG are enhancing the insulating effect change. Temperature is only one part of the and causing the Earth to get warmer. climate system and a change in one part could lead to a series of reactions that disrupt weather Projected Temperature Change Over Next 50 Years patterns around the world. The term “global climate change” more clearly describes the situation the world is facing. Ecosystems, wildlife and humans are able to adapt to changes in climate that occur over long periods of time. However, with climate change occurring over decades instead of centuries or millennia, the ability of ecosystems to adapt is challenged. 5 Climate Change Strategy October 2003 1.2 Climate Change in Nunavut Researchers believe that, in the northern These are just a few words of regions of the world, the effects of climate change Nunavummiut witnessing and experiencing the are already being seen. Ice in the Arctic is changes in our climate: estimated to have thinned by nearly 40% in the last 30 years. Serious impact on animals dependent on cold climates - such as polar bears “Things have changed so much it is and high Arctic caribou - are predicted as hard to rely on what you knew changing weather patterns disrupt their habitat traditionally anymore. What and activities. Potential impacts of global climate happened years ago is different than change in Nunavut1 may be as follows: what it is today.” • General increases in temperatures (by 5 Baker Lake oC to 7 oC in the next 100 years) with shorter winters, more rain and more “Most of the areas that we use for extreme weather; our travel are not as useable…due to the lacks of snow, they are not really • Disappearance of over one-half of exist- navigable. It has really affected some ing permafrost; of the hunters as the lack of snow is hindering the harvesting”. • Flooding of low-lying coastal areas as a result of the rising sea levels; Iqaluit • Loss of glaciers and possibly all perma- “…while weather is more uncertain nent sea ice; and unpredictable these days, hila will continue to change and so • Introduction of new diseases; and people will have to go along with the weather….People will adapt, but • Loss of wildlife, fish and plant species this will not be easy for the Inuit and the introduction of new species. who have long depended on their observations of the weather to survive”. Kugluktuk 1 Environment canada’s Global Climate Change webpage, Fact Sheet #3 - “Climate May Change our Lives”. See 6 www.msc.ec.gc.ca/cd/climate/factsheets/sheet3_e.cfm October 2003 2.0 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Around the world, people have recognized • In November 2002, the federal that global climate change is one of the most government released its Climate serious environmental issues facing the planet. For Change Plan for Canada and in over 10 years countries have been taking action to December 2002 the federal understand the causes and potential impacts of government announced the Canadian climate change. International agreements to ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. reduce the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have also been initiated: • At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de The National Climate Change Janeiro over 180 countries adopted Strategy Process the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change In 1997 federal, provincial and (UNFCCC) to achieve stabilization of territorial first ministers directed their energy greenhouse gas concentrations in the and environment ministers to examine the atmosphere to prevent dangerous impacts, costs and benefits of implementing the impacts to our climate system. Kyoto Protocol, as well as options for addressing climate change. The National Process was • In 1997, the same countries initialed the established and began with analysis of the Kyoto Protocol, which included a implications for meeting the Kyoto target. In commitment from Canada to reduce 2000, a coordinated national approach to its greenhouse gas emissions to a level climate change was advanced including: the 6% below its 1990 levels by the year National Implementation Strategy and the First 2013.
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