Synopsis of the Elegant Universe and Other Stuff
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Fundamentals of Particle Physics
Fundamentals of Par0cle Physics Particle Physics Masterclass Emmanuel Olaiya 1 The Universe u The universe is 15 billion years old u Around 150 billion galaxies (150,000,000,000) u Each galaxy has around 300 billion stars (300,000,000,000) u 150 billion x 300 billion stars (that is a lot of stars!) u That is a huge amount of material u That is an unimaginable amount of particles u How do we even begin to understand all of matter? 2 How many elementary particles does it take to describe the matter around us? 3 We can describe the material around us using just 3 particles . 3 Matter Particles +2/3 U Point like elementary particles that protons and neutrons are made from. Quarks Hence we can construct all nuclei using these two particles -1/3 d -1 Electrons orbit the nuclei and are help to e form molecules. These are also point like elementary particles Leptons We can build the world around us with these 3 particles. But how do they interact. To understand their interactions we have to introduce forces! Force carriers g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 The gluon, of which there are 8 is the force carrier for nuclear forces Consider 2 forces: nuclear forces, and electromagnetism The photon, ie light is the force carrier when experiencing forces such and electricity and magnetism γ SOME FAMILAR THE ATOM PARTICLES ≈10-10m electron (-) 0.511 MeV A Fundamental (“pointlike”) Particle THE NUCLEUS proton (+) 938.3 MeV neutron (0) 939.6 MeV E=mc2. Einstein’s equation tells us mass and energy are equivalent Wave/Particle Duality (Quantum Mechanics) Einstein E -
Unification of Nature's Fundamental Forces
Unification of Nature’s Geoffrey B. West Fredrick M. Cooper Fundamental Forces Emil Mottola a continuing search Michael P. Mattis it was explicitly recognized at the time that basic research had an im- portant and seminal role to play even in the highly programmatic en- vironment of the Manhattan Project. Not surprisingly this mode of opera- tion evolved into the remarkable and unique admixture of pure, applied, programmatic, and technological re- search that is the hallmark of the present Laboratory structure. No- where in the world today can one find under one roof such diversity of talent dealing with such a broad range of scientific and technological challenges—from questions con- cerning the evolution of the universe and the nature of elementary parti- cles to the structure of new materi- als, the design and control of weapons, the mysteries of the gene, and the nature of AIDS! Many of the original scientists would have, in today’s parlance, identified themselves as nuclear or particle physicists. They explored the most basic laws of physics and continued the search for and under- standing of the “fundamental build- ing blocks of nature’’ and the princi- t is a well-known, and much- grappled with deep questions con- ples that govern their interactions. overworked, adage that the group cerning the consequences of quan- It is therefore fitting that this area of Iof scientists brought to Los tum mechanics, the structure of the science has remained a highly visi- Alamos to work on the Manhattan atom and its nucleus, and the devel- ble and active component of the Project constituted the greatest as- opment of quantum electrodynamics basic research activity at Los Alam- semblage of scientific talent ever (QED, the relativistic quantum field os. -
An Interpreter's Glossary at a Conference on Recent Developments in the ATLAS Project at CERN
Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Jef Galle An interpreter’s glossary at a conference on recent developments in the ATLAS project at CERN Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in het Tolken 2015 Promotor Prof. Dr. Joost Buysschaert Vakgroep Vertalen Tolken Communicatie 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards prof. dr. Joost Buysschaert, my supervisor, for his guidance and patience throughout this entire project. Furthermore, I wanted to thank my parents for their patience and support. I would like to express my utmost appreciation towards Sander Myngheer, whose time and insights in the field of physics were indispensable for this dissertation. Last but not least, I wish to convey my gratitude towards prof. dr. Ryckbosch for his time and professional advice concerning the quality of the suggested translations into Dutch. ABSTRACT The goal of this Master’s thesis is to provide a model glossary for conference interpreters on assignments in the domain of particle physics. It was based on criteria related to quality, role, cognition and conference interpreters’ preparatory methodology. This dissertation focuses on terminology used in scientific discourse on the ATLAS experiment at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. Using automated terminology extraction software (MultiTerm Extract) 15 terms were selected and analysed in-depth in this dissertation to draft a glossary that meets the standards of modern day conference interpreting. The terms were extracted from a corpus which consists of the 50 most recent research papers that were publicly available on the official CERN document server. The glossary contains information I considered to be of vital importance based on relevant literature: collocations in both languages, a Dutch translation, synonyms whenever they were available, English pronunciation and a definition in Dutch for the concepts that are dealt with. -
On Particle Physics
On Particle Physics Searching for the Fundamental US ATLAS The continuing search for the basic building blocks of matter is the US ATLAS subject of Particle Physics (also called High Energy Physics). The idea of fundamental building blocks has evolved from the concept of four elements (earth, air, fire and water) of the Ancient Greeks to the nineteenth century picture of atoms as tiny “billiard balls.” The key word here is FUNDAMENTAL — objects which are simple and have no structure — they are not made of anything smaller! Our current understanding of these fundamental constituents began to fall into place around 100 years ago, when experimenters first discovered that the atom was not fundamental at all, but was itself made of smaller building blocks. Using particle probes as “microscopes,” scientists deter- mined that an atom has a dense center, or NUCLEUS, of positive charge surrounded by a dilute “cloud” of light, negatively- charged electrons. In between the nucleus and electrons, most of the atom is empty space! As the particle “microscopes” became more and more powerful, scientists found that the nucleus was composed of two types of yet smaller constituents called protons and neutrons, and that even pro- tons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called quarks. The quarks inside the nucleus come in two varieties, called “up” or u-quark and “down” or d-quark. As far as we know, quarks and electrons really are fundamental (although experimenters continue to look for evidence to the con- trary). We know that these fundamental building blocks are small, but just how small are they? Using probes that can “see” down to very small distances inside the atom, physicists know that quarks and electrons are smaller than 10-18 (that’s 0.000 000 000 000 000 001! ) meters across. -
Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research Communication Studies, Department of Spring 4-12-2011 Secular Salvation: Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement Brent Yergensen University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss Part of the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons Yergensen, Brent, "Secular Salvation: Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement" (2011). Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication Studies, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SECULAR SALVATION: SACRED RHETORICAL INVENTION IN THE STRING THEORY MOVEMENT by Brent Yergensen A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Communication Studies Under the Supervision of Dr. Ronald Lee Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2011 ii SECULAR SALVATION: SACRED RHETORICAL INVENTION IN THE STRING THEORY MOVEMENT Brent Yergensen, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2011 Advisor: Ronald Lee String theory is argued by its proponents to be the Theory of Everything. It achieves this status in physics because it provides unification for contradictory laws of physics, namely quantum mechanics and general relativity. While based on advanced theoretical mathematics, its public discourse is growing in prevalence and its rhetorical power is leading to a scientific revolution, even among the public. -
Implications of Graviton–Graviton Interaction to Dark Matter
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Physics Letters B 676 (2009) 21–24 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics Letters B www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Implications of graviton–graviton interaction to dark matter A. Deur 1 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA article info abstract Article history: Our present understanding of the universe requires the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Received 26 February 2009 We describe here a natural mechanism that could make exotic dark matter and possibly dark energy Received in revised form 8 April 2009 unnecessary. Graviton–graviton interactions increase the gravitational binding of matter. This increase, Accepted 22 April 2009 for large massive systems such as galaxies, may be large enough to make exotic dark matter superfluous. Available online 25 April 2009 Within a weak field approximation we compute the effect on the rotation curves of galaxies and find the Editor: A. Ringwald correct magnitude and distribution without need for arbitrary parameters or additional exotic particles. PACS: The Tully–Fisher relation also emerges naturally from this framework. The computations are further 95.35.+d applied to galaxy clusters. 95.36.+x © 2009 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY license. 95.30.Cq Cosmological observations appear to require ingredients beyond (dark matter) or gravity law modifications such as the empirical standard fundamental physics, such as exotic dark matter [1] and MOND model [4]. dark energy [2]. In this Letter, we discuss whether the observa- Galaxies are weak gravity field systems with stars moving at tions suggesting the existence of dark matter and dark energy non-relativistic speeds. -
The Shape of Inner Space: String Theory and the Geometry of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions
[PDF] The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Shing-Tung Yau, Steve Nadis - download pdf free book The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions PDF, The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Download PDF, Read Online The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions E-Books, Read The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Full Collection Shing-Tung Yau, Steve Nadis, I Was So Mad The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Shing- Tung Yau, Steve Nadis Ebook Download, PDF The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Free Download, Read Online The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Ebook Popular, online free The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions, Download Online The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions Book, Download PDF The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions, Download pdf The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions, Read Best Book Online The Shape Of Inner Space: String Theory And The Geometry Of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions, Read Online The -
Forces of Nature
Forces of Nature NOVA Activity The Elegant Universe gravity strong force The world is made up of elementary particles called quarks, which include the up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom quarks; and leptons, which include the electron, the muon, the tau, and their corresponding neutrinos. But how do these particles interact? How do they form the world you see around you? Find out in this activity. weak force electromagnetism Procedure 1 Look at the Finding Forces activity sheet. The graphic shows four areas of matter (labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4) that C Gravity is the phenomenon by which massive bodies, are governed by the four fundamental forces of nature. such as planets and stars, are attracted to one another. 2 Read “The Four Fundamental Forces” section that The warps and curves in the fabric of space and time starts below. Then see if you can match each force are a result of how these massive objects influence correctly with the numbers on the Finding Forces one another through gravity. Any object with mass illustration. Write the letter of each description next exerts a gravitational pull on any other object with to the number you think represents the area of matter mass. You don’t fly off Earth’s surface because Earth governed by that force. has a gravitational pull on you. Gravity is thought to be carried by the graviton, though so far no one has 3 Once you have labeled the forces, write next to each found evidence for its existence. force the name of the particle that carries (or is believed to carry) that force between the matter D The weak force is responsible for different types of particles it governs. -
The Strong Force Announcements 1
The Strong Force Announcements 1. Exam#3 next Monday. (Bring your calculator) 2. HW10 will be posted today. Solutions will be posted Thurs. afternoon (I’m not collecting HW#10) 3. Q&A session on Sunday at 5 pm. 4. Tentative course grades will be posted by Tuesday evening. 5. You can do no worse than this grade if you skip the final (but you could do better if you take it) 6. Final Exam, Friday, May 2 10:15 – 12:15 in Stolkin. The Strong Force Why do protons & protons, protons & neutrons, and neutrons & neutrons all bind together in the nucleus of an atom? Electromagnetic? No, this would cannot cause protons to bind to one another. Gravity ? NO, way too feeble (even weaker than EM force) Need a force which: A) Can overcome the electrical repulsion between protons. B) Is ‘blind’ to electric charge (i.e., neutrons bind to other neutrons!) Quantum theory of EM Interactions is incredibly precise. That is, the theoretical calculations agree with experimental observations to incredible accuracy. Build a similar theory of the strong interaction, based on force carriers ‘Charge’ Electric charge e Electric charge u = +2/3 = -1 What does it really mean for a particle to have electric charge ? It means the particle has an attribute which allows it to talk to (or ‘couple to’) the photon, the mediator of the electromagnetic interaction. The ‘strength’ of the interaction depends on the amount of charge. Which of these might you expect experiences a larger electrical repulsion? u u e e Strong Force & Color u u u We hypothesize that in addition to the attribute of ‘electric charge’, quarks have another attribute known as ‘color charge’, or just ‘color’ for short. -
Sangam@HRI March 25-30, 2013 Tao Han (PITT PACC) Pittsburgh
Higgsology: ! Theory and Practice" Tao Han (PITT PACC) PITTsburgh Particle physics, Sangam@HRI Astrophysics and Cosmology Center March 25-30, 2013 1 Pheno 2013: May 6-8" 2 It is one of the most " exciting times:" 10000 - Selected diphoton sample Data 2011+2012 8000 Sig+Bkg Fit (m =126.8 GeV) H Bkg (4th order polynomial) 6000 ATLAS Preliminary Events / 2 GeV H"!! CMS Preliminary s = 7 TeV, L = 5.1 fb-1 ; s = 8 TeV, L = 19.6 fb-1 4000 35 s = 7 TeV, Ldt = 4.8 fb-1 Data 2000 # s = 8 TeV, #Ldt = 20.7 fb-1 30 Z+X * g 500 Z! ,ZZ 400 25 300 m =126 GeV 200 H Events / 3 GeV 100 0 20 -100 -200 100 110 120 130 140 15015 160 Events - Fitted bk m!! [GeV] 10 5 0 80 100 120 140 160 180 Tao Han 3 m4l [GeV] m = 125.5 GeV ATLAS Preliminary H W,Z H ! bb s = 7 TeV: %Ldt = 4.7 fb-1 s = 8 TeV: %Ldt = 13 fb-1 H ! $$ s = 7 TeV: %Ldt = 4.6 fb-1 s = 8 TeV: %Ldt = 13 fb-1 (*) H ! WW ! l#l# s = 7 TeV: %Ldt = 4.6 fb-1 s = 8 TeV: %Ldt = 20.7 fb-1 H ! "" s = 7 TeV: %Ldt = 4.8 fb-1 s = 8 TeV: %Ldt = 20.7 fb-1 (*) H ! ZZ ! 4l s = 7 TeV: %Ldt = 4.6 fb-1 s = 8 TeV: %Ldt = 20.7 fb-1 Combined ! = 1.30 " 0.20 s = 7 TeV: %Ldt = 4.6 - 4.8 fb-1 s = 8 TeV: %Ldt = 13 - 20.7 fb-1 -1 0 +1 Signal strength (!) 4 Fabiola Gianotti, ALTAS spokesperson Runner-up of 2012 Person of the year 9/30/13 This discovery opens up a new era in HEP! In these Lectures, I wish to convey to you: • This is truly an “LHC Revolution”, ever since the “November Revolution” in 1974 for the J/ψ discovery! • It strongly argues for new physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). -
String Theory, Einstein, and the Identity of Physics: Theory Assessment in Absence of the Empirical
String theory, Einstein, and the identity of physics: Theory assessment in absence of the empirical Jeroen van Dongen Institute for Theoretical Physics Vossius Center for History of the Humanities and Sciences University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein’s biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics. Introduction Theoretical high energy physics is in crisis. Many physicists may wish to deny this, but it is richly illustrated by the heated exchanges, charged manifestos and exclamations of despair in highly visible publications. For example, three prominent cosmologists, Anna Ijjas, Paul Steinhardt and Abraham Loeb, argued in the February 2017 issue of Scientific American that the long favoured model for the early universe, inflationary cosmology, has no data to support it and has gone through so many patch-ups that it is now beyond testability. -
INFORMATION– CONSCIOUSNESS– REALITY How a New Understanding of the Universe Can Help Answer Age-Old Questions of Existence the FRONTIERS COLLECTION
THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION James B. Glattfelder INFORMATION– CONSCIOUSNESS– REALITY How a New Understanding of the Universe Can Help Answer Age-Old Questions of Existence THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION Series editors Avshalom C. Elitzur, Iyar, Israel Institute of Advanced Research, Rehovot, Israel Zeeya Merali, Foundational Questions Institute, Decatur, GA, USA Thanu Padmanabhan, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, India Maximilian Schlosshauer, Department of Physics, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA Mark P. Silverman, Department of Physics, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA Jack A. Tuszynski, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Rüdiger Vaas, Redaktion Astronomie, Physik, bild der wissenschaft, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at the forefront of modern science and scholarship, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinating questions involved. Taken as a whole, the series reflects the need for a fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science and research. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage active academics in all fields to ponder over important and perhaps controversial issues beyond their own speciality. Extending from quantum physics and relativity to entropy, conscious- ness, language and complex systems—the Frontiers Collection will inspire readers to push back the frontiers of their own knowledge. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5342 For a full list of published titles, please see back of book or springer.com/series/5342 James B.