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Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte

Jef Galle

An interpreter’s glossary at a conference on recent developments in the ATLAS project at CERN

Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van

Master in het Tolken

2015

Promotor Prof. Dr. Joost Buysschaert

Vakgroep Vertalen Tolken Communicatie 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards prof. dr. Joost Buysschaert, my supervisor, for his guidance and patience throughout this entire project.

Furthermore, I wanted to thank my parents for their patience and support.

I would like to express my utmost appreciation towards Sander Myngheer, whose and insights in the of physics were indispensable for this dissertation.

Last but not least, I wish to convey my gratitude towards prof. dr. Ryckbosch for his time and professional advice concerning the quality of the suggested translations into Dutch.

ABSTRACT

The goal of this Master’s thesis is to provide a model glossary for conference interpreters on assignments in the domain of physics. It was based on criteria related to quality, role, cognition and conference interpreters’ preparatory methodology. This dissertation focuses on terminology used in scientific discourse on the ATLAS experiment at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. Using automated terminology extraction software (MultiTerm Extract) 15 terms were selected and analysed in-depth in this dissertation to draft a glossary that meets the standards of modern day conference interpreting. The terms were extracted from a corpus which consists of the 50 most recent research papers that were publicly available on the official CERN document server. The glossary contains information I considered to be of vital importance based on relevant literature: collocations in both languages, a Dutch translation, synonyms whenever they were available, English pronunciation and a definition in Dutch for the concepts that are dealt with. The 15 terms were furthermore entered into limited GenTerm records, which were included in the appendix. The resulting glossary can be used by a professional interpreter for a conference on , but is by no means complete. It could therefore be useful to expand on this glossary by adding more terms and/or languages to it. 3

1) INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1.1) DISSERTATION CONCEPT ...... 4 1.2) RATIONALE ...... 4 1.3) TRANSLATOR’S NEEDS ...... 5 1.4) INTERPRETER’S LIMITATIONS ...... 5 2) CONFERENCE INTERPRETING ...... 6

2.1) ROLE AND QUALITY ASSESMENT ...... 7 2.1.1) Role ...... 7 2.1.2) Quality ...... 7 2.2) COGNITIVE BACKGROUND ...... 9 2.3) PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND PREPARATION ...... 11 3) TERMINOLOGY AND GLOSSARIES ...... 12

3.1) TERMS ...... 13 3.2) GLOSSARIES ...... 13 4) RESEARCH ...... 14

4.1) THE ATLAS PROJECT AT CERN ...... 14 4.2) TERM EXTRACTION ...... 14 4.3) THE ACTUAL GLOSSARY ...... 17 5) IN-DEPTH DISCUSSION ...... 18

5.1) ...... 18 5.2) PARTICLE COLLISION ...... 19 5.3) LUMINOSITY ...... 20 5.4) CROSS SECTION ...... 22 5.5) PARTICLE DECAY ...... 23 5.6) BRANCHING RATIO ...... 25 5.7) TRANSVERSE ...... 27 5.8) JET ...... 28 5.9) PRIMARY VERTEX ...... 30 5.10) ...... 31 5.11) PARTICLE DETECTOR ...... 32 5.12) SPECTROMETER ...... 34 5.13) ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER ...... 35 5.14) HADRONIC CALORIMETER ...... 36 5.15) HIGGS ...... 38 6) CONCLUSION ...... 39 7) REFERENCE LIST (ISDB) ...... 41 8) APPENDIX ...... 68

8.1) GENTERM RECORDS ...... 68 8.2) BILINGUAL TERM LIST ...... 114 8.3) INTERPRETER’S GLOSSARY ...... 118 8.4) AUTHOR’S RECORD ...... 124

4

1) INTRODUCTION

1.1) Dissertation Concept The modern world is faced with a need for efficient international communication. The combination of communication globalisation and specialisation creates specific working conditions and requirements for facilitators of that interlingual communication: interpreters. Bowker (2008) explains terminology is closely linked to bilingual contexts. She adds: “[…] terms refer to the discrete conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations that constitute knowledge in a particular domain. Ideally, then behind each term there should be a clearly defined concept which is systematically related to the other concepts that make up the knowledge structure of the domain.” In other words, if the interpreter is to be able to comprehend highly specialised discourse, he or she must study the terminology for that domain thoroughly. This dissertation will explore the literature on simultaneous conference interpreting in order to create the insights necessary to draft a conference interpreter’s hypothetical glossary for an international conference on recent developments in the ATLAS project at CERN.

1.2) Rationale Interpreting has become an essential element in international communication. As the world becomes more and more globalized, the need for high quality interlingual communication has never been greater. This is reflected in the ongoing search for technological tools to facilitate or even automatize translations. This technology, however, still has ways to go to replace human translation and, even more so, interpreting.

Aside from this globalization of the political, economic, corporate, financial and cultural world, a trend of specialisation has emerged in these fields. Interpreters receive assignments of a very diverse character. No conference meeting, medical consultation, police interview or legal case is ever the same and each of these assignments imposes new requirements on the interpreter. That being said, trained interpreters have a well-laid foundation to rely on during these assignments from a language-based perspective, as well as from an experience-based perspective. However, this foundation cannot suffice when we assume that the interpreter’s objective is to provide qualitatively good and terminologically correct communication.

This last element is of paramount importance, given the degree of specialisation the world has come to know. An interpreter who has finished an assignment at a conference on infectious 5 viruses, cannot go on to interpret at a NATO summit on the Ukraine crisis without any form of preparation, regardless of his/her mastery of the language aspects.

This preparation phase differs in accordance with the interpreter’s individual style, but it is common practice to scan parallel texts on the assignment’s topic for background information and - more relevant to this paper - unfamiliar terms. These terms are usually listed in a personal glossary, which more often than not contains the equivalents in both the source and target language and occasionally additional notes on grammatical, semantic or syntactic issues. The structure and content of these glossaries is not unambiguous. Vanopstal (2011) explains that the term glossary is used in a wide range of domains and that it is defined differently in each one. In general, the interpreter’s glossary is short, so as to make it convenient to handle in various settings, i.e. in the booth, during a tour of the company facilities, during a medical consultation, etc.

An interpreter’s glossary is an indispensable tool that is used by interpreters throughout the world. However, the academic community has conducted surprisingly little research into the terminological needs of interpreters, instead focusing mainly on the needs of translators.

1.3) Translator’s Needs Since this paper aims at aiding interpreters with the analysis and selection of terms and the drafting of glossaries, little attention will be given to the needs of translators. It might, however, prove interesting to provide a brief overview here, so as to clearly outline the differences in what is expected of a glossary by interpreters and what is considered superfluous in an interpreting context.

As explained in Moser-Mercer’s description of a translator’s general workflow (1992), modern technology has provided the translator with computer-based tools, among which computer-based databases. As the translator receives a text, he can then proceed to scan the text for terminology that is missing from this personal database and add it. Afterwards, he would start translating using several windows and copying the registered terms automatically into the text, assuring consistency. Intelligent systems have created the possibility to update and thus expand these databases as more texts are translated.

1.4) Interpreter’s limitations Interpreters have access to the same wide range of primary and secondary sources as their translator colleagues, but their approach differs due to the limitations of the interpreter’s workspace. Whereas the translator can go back to these sources at any time during the 6 translation process, the interpreter has only a limited amount of preparation time, after which it is usually difficult or impossible to consult the original sources. For example, interpreters who enter the booth and undertake a simultaneous interpreting assignment seldom have the time to verify the legitimacy of a term by searching a computer-based database before using it. Given the difficulty of simultaneous interpreting, any such incursions, would likely result in distortions or lower quality translations, because the task requires maximum concentration and undivided attention. This can be deduced from the Effort Model (Gile, 1995).

Similarly, the medical interpreter cannot consult any of the primary sources from the preparation phase during a medical consultation as this would result in the consultation being delayed. Not only do such interruptions harm the interpreter’s professional image, but they could also distort the faithfulness of the interpretation and hinder the diagnosis, since the doctor might miss non-verbal or stylistic elements in the patient’s replies that may be significant for the diagnosis (Hale, 2007, p. 36).

The interpreter’s preparation phase thus entails a different approach. He/she has to study information received from the commissioning party or gathered through own research to gain an at least elementary level of understanding in the , as well as draft a relatively short bilingual terminology list for him/her to take to the booth or workplace. This term-gathering more often than not constitutes a constant polishing that might continue up to the moment of the assignment itself and that often continues even afterwards as the interpreter monitors and files away these terminology glossaries for future reference (Moser-Mercer, 1992).

The next section of this dissertation will attempt to provide a general overview of different perspectives on what conference interpreting entails in terms of cognitive, practical, terminological and qualitative requirements.

2) CONFERENCE INTERPRETING

In this section of the paper several perspectives on research in conference interpreting literature will be provided. This overview is a selection of research papers and books I deemed relevant and is in no way meant to provide a complete overview of all the research conducted in these fields. The topics that will be briefly discussed in this section are prior knowledge and preparation, the conference interpreter’s role, quality assessment and cognitive processes. 7

2.1) Role and quality assesment This section will provide a general overview of conference interpreting, more specifically how the profession is defined by interpreters and clients in terms of role and quality.

2.1.1) Role According to Feldweg (1996, as quoted in Pöchhacker, 2009) the conference interpreter is subject to “tension between his/her role as a responsible human agent and as a ‘communication device’ ”. Feldweg conducted interviews with over 100 AIIC members in Germany in order to determine their definition of the interpreter’s role. He found that the AIIC interpreters considered themselves enablers of communication, who mediate between speakers of different languages. However, the interpreters also acknowledged the need for invisibility in that very communication. The interpreter provides a technical service and serves as a conduit or ‘transmission belt’ (Pöchhacker, 2009; originally in Feldweg, 1996). This exemplifies the notion that “interpreting is at its best when it goes unnoticed” (Pöchhacker, 2009). The interviewees also expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that their role as a bridge between cultures has dissipated to the point where the conference interpreter is – as defined by Herbert 1978:9; as quoted in Pöchhacker, 2009) – “someone who sits in his glass case, without any contact with the other participants, and translates mechanically what is said on subjects in which he is not interested by people whom he does not know”. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the modern-day conference interpreter maintains a neutral professionalism to the interpreted discourse and his or her clients in order to safeguard his or her neutrality and avoid influencing the meaning of what is said in any way, while relaying the speaker’s message in a truthful manner.

2.1.2) Quality If the above section on defining the conference interpreter’s role is to be considered in terms of quality assessment, there are different possible approaches to do this. On the one hand, interpreters are expected to translate completely and fully, thus relaying the speaker’s meaning in a representative and unedited manner or as phrased by Gile (1991, p. 198) creating a ’faithful image’ of the speaker’s words. Important assessment factors are accuracy, fidelity and clarity according to Pöchhacker’s (2001) overview of the literature on quality assessment in conference interpreting. He defines clarity as ‘listener orientation’ or ‘target-text comprehensibility’, i.e. phrasing the original discourse in such a way in the target language that its meaning becomes clear to the listener(s). Other than these language-based perspectives, Pöchhacker (2001) furthermore mentions that conference interpreters are 8 expected to ‘represent fully the speaker and his or her interests and intentions’(Gile, 1991). Thus, the interpreting service provided must be assessed from an interaction-oriented perspective as well. In order to adequately assess its quality, neither the original wording or the target-language comprehension nor the representation of the speaker’s intentions by the interpreter must have focus. Instead Pöchhacker (2001) provides a definition by Gile (1991) of quality as “successful communication among the interacting parties in a particular context of interaction, as judged from the various perspectives in and on the communicative event”. In other words, a purely lexical or syntactic assessment of the interpreter’s performance does not suffice. Equal attention must be paid to the pragmatic representation of the speaker’s original discourse, i.e. his or her intentions and interests (Pöchhacker, 2001).

Among users, expectations of provided interpreting services have been shown to differ by Kopczynski (1994), whose survey research distinguished between speakers’ and listeners’ expectations in a conference interpreting setting. Speakers encouraged interventions by the interpreter in order to promote the communicative efficacy. Listeners, however, preferred that the interpreter stay as close to the original discourse as possible, with no alterations or additions, even retaining any mistakes the source-language speaker might make.

Kurz (1989, quoted in Kurz, 2001)) conducted an empirical study to determine which quality criteria (as formulated by Bühler (1986, quoted in Kurz, 2001) users deemed more or less important. The user responses in her study differ from the responses of users in Bühler’s original study. Kurz therefore conducted comparative studies to determine whether user expectations differ among types of users (Kurz, 1993, 1994, 1996, quoted in Kurz, 2001). Although her studies show that this thesis was indeed correct and expectations differ significantly among types of interpreting service users, most importantly for this paper, she also noticed a common ground. In all her studies, some of Bühler’s criteria were consistently considered of great importance: logical cohesion (e.g. the use of logical linking words), sense consistency (the complete and truthful transfer of meaning) and -most relevant to this paper- the use of correct terminology (Kurz, 2001).

In fact, for this particular dissertation, which deals with highly specialised scientific jargon, terminological preparation is of paramount importance. This supposition is confirmed by Herbert (1952, as quoted in Kurz, 2001) who says that while in diplomatic settings the ‘nuances’ of the words deserve attention, or ‘elegance of speech’ in the fields of literature and art, the most important element in a scientific conference is technical accuracy. Technical 9 accuracy implies not only knowledge of the field (to some extent) but also, and most importantly, the preparation of glossaries with specialised terminology for a given conference’s domain. Kurz (2001) adds that besides this thematic factor in shaping the interpreter’s language, there is also a defining spatial factor. In other words, the conference interpreter must adjust the ‘tone and style’ of his or her speech not only to the type of audience he or she is addressing, but also to its size. Speakers at a conference with hundreds of participants will differ in tone and style from small board meetings and it is the interpreter’s job to match the tone of the source-language speaker (Gold 1973, as read in Kurz, 2001), as well as the expectations the audience has of the interpreter in that given context.

2.2) Cognitive background In an attempt to justify the stress of this dissertation on preparation, it might be interesting to provide a brief overview of the research that has been conducted concerning the underlying cognitive processes that conference interpreters rely on for their assignments.

Conference interpreters are expected to simultaneously listen and comprehend input in one language and accurately reproduce the message in a different language. In order to do this, interpreters need a high level of proficiency in the source language, as well as flawless mastery of their native language. Generally, conference interpreters will receive input in their second language and speak in their native language, but many interpret in both directions as well. Interpreting into the second language, for which, according to Obler (2012), the interpreter can never fully achieve a native level of proficiency, has been confirmed to take an even higher toll on the cognitive requirements of conference interpreting. Experiments have shown that this type of assignment requires more regions of the brain to be involved (Rinne et al., 2000, quoted in Obler, 2012). Furthermore, Golestani et al. (2010, quoted in Obler, 2012) have determined through MRI imaging that certain brain regions of interpreting students involved in language-related tasks had developed during their training to the point where they could be distinguished by their volume from the controls, even though those controls were multilinguals.

Thus, conference interpreters are faced with a number of challenges, both practical and cognitive. Speakers at conferences often speak too fast, too quietly or unclearly and working conditions can limit the interpreter’s efficiency. However, in order to ascertain that interpreters can fulfil their duties to the best of their abilities, the International Conference 10

Interpreters’ Association (AIIC) has negotiated their working conditions when interpreting for e.g. for the United Nations or the European Union (Obler, 2012). The agreement of 2007- 2011 read that interpreters cannot be expected to longer than six hours in total in one day and no longer than 30 minutes straight with 30-minute breaks in between turns, during which they switch places with a colleague. The agreement also contains regulations about the conditions of the interpreting booths. The space needs to be kept at a work-friendly temperature and must have enough air-flow, as well as provide a good outlook on the speaker or speakers.

Conference interpreting requires an extremely extensive usage of underlying cognitive processes. Obler (2012) discerns four major cognitive factors. Firstly, she defines Working Memory (WM) as “the ability to hold material in mind ‘verbatim’ in order to ‘work’ with it as one processes sentences for comprehension and production”. In other words, the working memory is a temporary buffer that allows interpreters to store a limited number of items. These items are then repeated in the mind through what Baddeley and Hitch (1974) have called the phonological loop, in order to keep them in mind long enough for them to be processed and comprehended. Secondly Obler mentions cognitive load, which she admits overlaps with the working memory, but focuses more on the limited number of different types of items that interpreters are capable of working with. When the input contains too many such items, the interpreter is unable to completely reproduce what has been said because of ‘cognitive overload’. A confirmed strategy for interpreters to cope with cognitive overload is to eliminate items that are judged less important (see for example Schlesinger, 2003 and Liu, Schallert and Carrol, 2004, quoted in Obler, 2012). Thirdly, but not studied as in-depth as the previous two factors, Obler mentions concentration as an elementary prerequisite for conference interpreters. She defines it as ‘the ability to avoid distraction’ but does not elaborate on the subject further. Lastly, she draws attention to the typical lag of ‘simultaneous’ interpreting, which is never completely simultaneous. Lag refers to the period of time between the interpreter’s picking up of the auditive input and his or her reproduction of it in the target language. It corresponds to the time necessary for the interpreter to process, detextualize and analyse and reproduce the discourse. This means that the interpreter is forced to divide his or her attention between the ongoing discourse of the speaker and monitoring his or her own speech, which further stresses his or her cognitive capabilities.

It is obvious that simultaneous interpreting is a highly intensive language activity, for which interpreters have to compensate on a micro and on a macro level (Obler, 2012). Other than 11 those mentioned before in this section, Obler makes mention of two other strategies to cope with the intensity of the task. Firstly, experience has been shown to facilitate conference interpreting for professionals. In a study by Moser-Mercer (2010, quoted in Obler, 2012)), interviewees confirmed that they felt they were at the peak of their capabilities as a conference interpreter at around 10 years of experience. Secondly, and most importantly for this dissertation, the cognitive load can be reduced by careful preparation, as will be discussed in the next section.

2.3) Prior knowledge and preparation Given the extreme cognitive load that comes with simultaneous interpreting tasks and the importance both users (be they listeners or speakers or the commissioning institution or body), as well as the wide range of subjects at international conferences, preparation is indispensable for the interpreter to be able to complete his task and meet the qualitative quota he or she imposes on himself/ herself or that the users demands from the interpreter as a service provider. Therefore, it is very relevant to this paper to provide a short overview of some of the research conducted in the field of preparation through the acquirement of prior knowledge of the conference topics, as well as – and most importantly for this dissertation – terminological preparation through the drafting of glossaries.

According to Galaz (2011) previous preparation is crucial for an interpreter to be able to perform adequately and professionally, as well as required by the interpreter’s code of ethics. In fact, interpreters are expected to prepare for their assignments to the point where they are confident they can render a decent interpretation on site. This preparation can take many forms, but the most recurrent type of previous preparation is the drafting of glossaries with specialised terminology or difficult lexical items. Such a glossary is also what I hope to establish with this paper.

Prior knowledge of the interpreter’s assignment’s topic is beneficial to his or her comprehension of the discourse. The cognitive process behind comprehension is explained in van Dijk and Kintsch (1983) and Johnson-Laird (1983) (as quoted in Galaz, 2011). Discourse is received by the interpreter in its textual form and subsequently transformed into logical propositions and detextualized as such. Then prior knowledge is retrieved from the interpreter’s long-term memory and combined with the logical propositions behind the current textual input to create an image of the discourse. Research has confirmed that even in general discourse, prior knowledge is of paramount importance for the comprehension process to be 12 successful (see for example Galaz, 2011; Kintsch, 1988; Gernsbacher, 1990). This is even more the case for scientific discourse such as conferences on the ATLAS experiments conducted at CERN, around which this dissertation is built. It is assumed for this paper that the audience for such conferences consists of members of a relatively small and highly specialised community of scientists or otherwise involved persons. Furthermore Galaz (2011) mentions that there are also incidental audiences at conferences of this type: journalists and interpreters. For this last of audiences the discourse used among members of the specialised community is often too dense and requires extensive prior research into the field to attain adequate comprehension. Further difficulties in understanding scientific discourse originate from the great amount of detail in descriptions of mechanics or procedures, the lack of redundancy with speakers at scientific forums and the expectation of the speaker that his audience has understood every single scientific specialism he mentioned before and his or her inclination to build arguments on them implicitly or explicitly (Graesser, Leon and Otero, 2002, quoted in Galaz, 2012). In other words, speakers who possess elaborate knowledge of the topic and domain they are talking about, tend to structure their discourse logically based on that prior knowledge, thus likely leaving out explicit explanations that are necessary for incidental audiences to grasp the meaning of what is said to the same extent as the intended audiences (i.e. the scientific community). It is therefore advisable for interpreters to study the topic and domain of the assignment they engage themselves for (Kinstch, 1988, in Galaz 2012), as well as the lexical characteristics of scientific language.

In practice, research on preparation methods for conference interpreting has shown that interpreters generally study conference documents (which are ideally sent to the interpreter a few days before the conference) and other literature with regards to the conference topic, with the purpose of expanding their prior knowledge and drafting an easy-to-consult glossary with terminological information that the interpreter personally deems relevant, which he or she then takes with them to the booth.

3) TERMINOLOGY AND GLOSSARIES

The next sections of this dissertation will clarify some of the core ideas of this dissertation. It has been made clear earlier in this dissertation that the need of interpreters for terminological (and other) preparation is indispensable for the quality of their performance at international conferences to be warranted. This paragraph will attempt to shed some light on what an interpreter’s glossary may look like in terms of structure, information types, length, etc. 13

Furthermore, it is important to provide a clear definition based on conducted research in the field of what is considered a term in order to support the research methods used in this dissertation.

3.1) Terms Terminology is defined in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English as ‘the technical words or expressions that are used in a particular subject ‘. The same dictionary defines a term as ‘a word or expression with a particular meaning, especially one that is used for a specific subject or type of language’. A more specialist source, the ISO Standard (1087:1990), provides two definitions for terminology: (1) “the scientific study of the concepts and terms found in special languages” and (2) “the set of terms representing the system of concepts of a particular subject field”. In other words, terms are words or multi-word expressions which are mainly or even exclusively used in a certain context or domain. In the case of this dissertation, terms will be any words or multi-word expressions that can be considered specialised vocabulary for the domain of particle physics and, specifically, research conducted with regards to the ATLAS project at CERN.

3.2) Glossaries The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English definition of a glossary reads ‘a list of special words and explanations of their meanings’. Other sources, too, including the Oxford English Dictionary, consider a glossary to be a monolingual reference list. In the context of interpreting, however, the name “interpreter’s glossary” had become common to refer to a bilingual (sometimes even multilingual) reference list; this is also the definition that will be assumed in this dissertation. Furthermore, the definition formulated in Wadensjö et al. (2007, as quoted in D’Hoker, 2014) explains that glossaries are drafted when non-experts engage themselves in communication between experts of a field who use highly specialised vocabulary to communicate amongst each other. Interpreters, being non-experts, can –for this particular dissertation– not be expected to fully study the domain of particle physics research conducted at CERN to the same extent as the scientists that hold the conference. Therefore, it is likely that interpreters will encounter terminological difficulties when simultaneously translating this type of discourse.

There appears to be no consensus in the literature on what an interpreter’s glossary is supposed to contain and what kind of information is considered superfluous and therefore to be avoided. The approach assumed in this dissertation is explained in section 4.3. 14

4) RESEARCH

4.1) The ATLAS project at CERN This dissertation is based on a realistic hypothetical situation: an interpreter is to take on a simultaneous interpreting task at an international conference of scientists, the topic of which is recent developments in experiments with the ATLAS-detector at CERN. The ATLAS project is one of the four main experiments at CERN pertaining the Large Collider (LHC). The official ATLAS brochure1 explains that the ATLAS detector uses extremely precise measurement to find answers to fundamental physics questions such as ‘what are the basic building blocks of our ?’. The ATLAS detector is a 25 by 46 meter cylinder of over 7000 tonnes which monitors certain aspects of particle in the Large Hadron Collider’s ‘ATLAS Cavern’ with a measurement precision of 0.001 centimetres. It gathers enormous amounts of data each year (3200 terabytes). The ATLAS project is a collaboration between 3000 scientists (and 1000 graduate students) and 174 universities and laboratories from 38 different countries, which makes an international conference highly plausible, thus supporting the hypothetical situation created in this dissertation.

4.2) Term extraction The corpus for this glossary is composed of highly specified dissertations on various research topics at CERN. Although many sources publish on research done at the CERN, many of these could be argued to address too broad an audience. Examples are scientific magazines like Science and Scientific American, which provide an overview of the most recent scientific developments for an audience which has some scientific background to rely on for their understanding of the publications, but who are not necessarily specialised in that specific domain. Therefore, I considered these sources to be insufficiently domain-specific and did not include them in the corpus. However, they might serve as a source of lay terms for extremely specific terms later on.

The actual corpus, as included in the appendix, was composed from dissertations found on the official online documents server of CERN (https://cds.cern.ch/). This online database includes full-text versions of any published research that has been conducted at CERN. However, the vast multitude of text material that can be found in this directory, suggested that the chosen domain up to this point (CERN research concerning the large hadron collider) was still too broad. This is presumably due to the fact that particle physicists use a highly specialised

1http://www.atlas.ch/fact-sheets-1-view.html 15 terminology in their research and their communication about it with involved colleagues. If an interpreter’s glossary were to be drafted on all the research done at CERN, the list of terms would in all likelihood become so vastly extensive that it would lose most of its functionality. The interpreter’s glossary, as discussed in section 3.2 of this paper, should be compact so as to provide the interpreter with the means to manage the limited time he has before and, especially, during an assignment, when it is key to have a short, orderly structured list to consult in case he/she has doubts about their interpretation of a certain term.

With that in mind, the corpus for this paper was composed from dissertations on the ATLAS experiment at CERN. “ATLAS is one of two general-purpose detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It investigates a wide range of physics, from the search for the to extra and that could make up dark matter.” (quoted from http://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/atlas)

I have made a conscious choice to assemble the 50 most recent dissertations concerning the experiments conducted using the ATLAS detector, because this dissertation is based on the realistic premise that an interpreter is summoned to a conference on recent research at CERN. Therefore, it would seem logical to make use of only the most recent research published in the field.

The textual corpus consists of 50 dissertations or 1700 pages (this includes the references, appendices and abstracts of the dissertations, so the actual number of pages on the research itself, is most likely considerably smaller2). This collection of highly specialised terminology on the most recent research conducted at CERN with regards to the ATLAS experiments, is considered to be representative for its domain.

The textual corpus was then used as input for the electronic terminology extraction software MultiTerm Extract. This software uses statistical data (frequent words and multi-word expressions), linguistic data (frequent words combinations such as the English grammatical formations Adj + N or N + N) and exclusion lists (stop words, i.e. grammatical items, and other highly frequent words) which are based on non-specialised corpora of the English

2 The actual corpus stripped of references, footnotes, appendices, abstracts and other elements that might interfere with the term extraction software, contained 1237 pages and 426 717 words. However, it should be noted that a fair share of those words were merely numbers or other signs that replaced mathematical notations, tables or images during conversion to .txt format. 16 language3. The software yielded a list of words or phrases in the order of probability of being a domain-specific term. Each of these words and phrases were assigned a probability score between 0 and 100, 100 meaning the software is completely certain they are terms. The highest score was therefore really 99, since the software can never be completely sure. I opted to limit the selection to the 500 highest-scoring terms, which allowed me to manually edit the list. This was necessary because the yield of the software was riddled with ‘noise’, e.g. words or phrases that the software considered probable terms, but which are not specialised enough to qualify as terms. The main causes for this are presumably the flawed conversion of mathematical notations and tables from .pdf to .txt format, as well as the fact that certain strings of words were found to occur very frequently, although they were not part of one phrase. Therefore, the software wrongly recognized those strings as meaningful units that were specific to the domain. It is, however, not unlikely that scientists working with each other on the same type of experiments at the same institution have some common ground in their writing style that is not necessarily domain-specific and thus not terminology. The edited list of suggested terms is included in the appendix of this dissertation and contains 85 terms and their Dutch translation.

As previously discussed in earlier sections of this paper, however, an interpreter’s glossary should be short enough for the interpreter to quickly glance at in order to fill in terminological gaps in his or her memory. That means not all of these 85 terms can realistically be included in the interpreter’s glossary. Besides, the time and resources for this master’s paper are limited. Therefore, I chose 15 terms from the resulting list, which will be discussed in depth in the next section and added to an interpreter’s glossary in the appendix of this paper. The selection was relatively arbitrary and based on the same assumption made by Pignataro (2012) who selected the terms for her study on the basis of ontological and syntactical difficulty. This is in accordance with the Effort Models of Gile (1991), the rationale of this method being that by focusing on the more syntactically complex structures, the cognitive load of comprehending and processing this information is alleviated, leaving the interpreter more working memory capacity for the interpreting to proceed smoothly. Pignataro (2012) found these syntactically most challenging terms to be multi-word terms and, especially, premodified noun phrases.

3 The software offered a choice between UK and US English. I chose UK English, but that choice should not significantly influence the results. 17

4.3) The actual glossary For this dissertation the terms were selected from English research papers (since CERN as an international institution publishes its research mainly if not exclusively in English) and therefore the terms themselves will be in English. This dissertation opts to formulate the definitions of the terms in Dutch because this glossary’s hypothetical user is a Dutch-speaking interpreter who translates the international conference (in English) into his mother tongue. Definitions for the selected terms were extracted from the official website of the ATLAS project (http://www.atlas.ch/glossary/glossary.html).

The key in designing an interpreter’s glossary is striking a balance between the informative aspect and the need for instant utility in the booth, meaning that the interpreter should be able to take the glossary with him or her into the booth and consult it quickly when hesitant about certain terminological items produced by the speaker, so that he or she can recover from these hesitations quickly without interrupting the flow of speech. This means that the amount of information for each term should be limited, but nonetheless contain everything the interpreter might need during interpretation. Optional categories suggested in D’Hoker (2014) are subject field, references and use of the terms in context. Her dissertation focused on community interpreting and she therefore made mention of variants for the terms in different registers, but since it is unlikely that speakers at a conference will speak in different registers than the register expected at formal occasions, my glossary does not include such variants. For the same reason lay terms will be excluded from this study. Categories included in this dissertation’s glossary are the entry number of the term, the term itself, a conceptual explanation in Dutch, a preferred Dutch translation, real synonyms in both languages when available, collocations in both languages if available and phonemic transcript of the English term. The latter category was not included in D’Hoker (2014) ‘s glossary. Given the oral character of the interpreter’s task, however, and the fact that the simultaneous interpreter cannot ask speakers to repeat discourse – as opposed to the community interpreter – pronunciation of the terms is considered important in this dissertation. Phonemic transcript is done using the broad version of the International Phonetic Alphabat (IPA). This broad or phonemic notation will be indicated through the use of slash symbols, e.g. /ˈsɪmbəl/.

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5) IN-DEPTH DISCUSSION

5.1) elementary particle

ATLAS01 elementary particle elementair deeltje

Knowledge of the term elementary particle is of paramount importance for any listener at a hypothetical conference on particle physics, since the concept is the cornerstone of particle physics. Surprisingly, the term only appears twice in the corpus of ATLAS research papers. This, however, may be explained by the fact that these research papers are meant to address an engaged scientific community who have no need for clarification of basic concepts such as this one. Another explanation might be the fact that the term in itself is rather general in terms of meaning. This becomes apparent when the corpus was searched using the key word ‘elementary’ and it revealed the word to be a premodifier for specific particles, e.g. elementary [ic systems] and elementary hadron[ic systems]. It is for this reason and in order for the interpreter to be able to fully grasp the meaning of the other terms listed in the glossary, that elementary particle was added.

The definition for elementary particle was derived from the English Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle) and confirmed by an online publication by professor (1996,http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/27/1/27-1- weinberg.pdf). Elementary particles are the smallest possible units of matter. They do not consist of smaller particles, e.g. the way atoms consist of and and are therefore not elementary particles. One common real synonym for elementary particle was found: fundamental particle. This synonym is used with considerable frequency, but elementary particle remains the most frequent term, as shown in table 5.1.1.

term corpus Google Scholar Google Books elementary particle 2 77,000 2,840 fundamental 0 10,400 1,100 particle

Table 5.1.1: The number of hits for synonyms of ‘elementary particle’

19

No collocations were found in the corpus, nor through an online web search on Google Scholar and Books.

In Dutch several candidate translations were found with varying frequency. The results yielded for each of the possible translations found online are listed in table 5.1.2.

translation Google Scholar Google Books elementair deeltje 78 378 fundamenteel deeltje 12 5 elementaire bouwstenen 18 47

Table 5.1.2: The number of hits for synonyms of ‘elementair deeltje’

5.2) particle collision

ATLAS02 particle collision botsing van deeltjes

Another fundamental term in understanding particle physics research and discourse is particle collision. Similar to particle decay, however, this full version of the term never appears in any of the 50 ATLAS research papers in that form. Much more frequently used are material compounds, i.e. compounds of which the first part is a premodifier that indicates which type of particles collide. When searching the corpus for collision, 512 types of particle collision were found. Some examples are -proton collision, beam-gas collision, non-collision and parton collision. The experiments at CERN focus on collisions between beams of protons and the collocations proton-proton collision and pp collision are ,therefore, the most prominent ones of that type in the corpus. These compounds, as opposed to the general term particle collision, were all recognized as candidate terms. Therefore, the general term is included in the glossary, along with the most frequent collocations to provide examples of specific use of the term. Table 5.2.1 shows the number of these collocations were found in the corpus and online. Bear in mind, however, that many scientific sources use abbreviations for the colliding particles and the online search may not reflect a reliable representation of the term’s professional usage.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books collision data 82 10,300 74,200 collision point 12 11,900 49,400 20

non-collision 12 1,590 44,200 collision 4 52,400 189,00 proton-proton 9 6,010 49,100 collision pp collision 158 9,310 44,900 lead-lead collision 1 177 4,910 central collision 43 4,760 13,500 peripheral collision 16 1,330 8,030

Table 5.2.1: The number of hits for frequently used collocations with ‘collision’ in the field of particle physics, derived from the corpus.

The most frequent one-on-one translation into Dutch of the term particle collision is deeltjesbotsing. One other translation, deeltjescollisie, was encountered on Google Books, but with far fewer hits. Much more frequent than both translations, however, is the shortened variant of the translation: botsing. In order to avoid the search results being compromised by the wide range of meanings the Dutch word botsing can have, only references listed under “botsing” + partikel or “botsing” + deeltje were included in table 5.2.2. However, prof. dr. Ryckbosch, who works on the CMS experiment at CERN, advised against the use of deeltjesbotsing and proposed the Dutch formation botsing van deeltjes. The results for this phrase are also included in table 5.2.2. Based on his advice, botsing van deeltjes is included in the glossary as the preferred translation.

translation Google Scholar Google Books deeltjesbotsing 7 61,300 deeltjescollisie 1 1 botsing [+partikel/deeltje] 1,083 99,570 botsing van deeltjes 7 10

Table 5.2.2: The Number of hits for frequently used translations of ‘particle collision’

5.3) luminosity

ATLAS03 luminosity luminositeit

The term Luminosity appears 268 times in the 50 paper corpus consisting of the 50 most recent research papers on ATLAS experiments at CERN and received a term probability score 21 of 98 compared to a maximum value of 100 (certainty). To my knowledge no Dutch particle physics specific dictionary exists or is available to the public. Therefore, in order to find possible translations, an internet search was used. Through the English Wikipedia page for luminosity I found Dutch equivalents lichtkracht and luminositeit. In order to verify these translations both translations were subsequently entered in a Google Scholar and Google Books search. Through articles found in this manner it became apparent that lichtkracht is not a real synonym of luminositeit and pertains to the electromagnetic that is emitted by stars. Luminositeit, however is the term that is used for particle physics research related to particle acceleration exclusively, meaning lichtkracht is not a current Dutch equivalent for luminosity in the sense that it is meant in the corpus. The results for luminositeit on Google Scholar and Google Books respectively numbered 56 and 186. These results are lower than expected but, no other translations were found for this term, nor any less frequently used synonyms in either language. It is feasible that the results in Dutch are this low because most particle physics research at CERN is of an international character and is therefore conducted in English. It is probable that the English term is even more often used by Dutch-speaking scientists, because of the obvious communicative advantages.

The definition in this dissertation’s glossary was derived from an online particle physics introductory manual by professor Ian Brock from the university of Bonn which was published in 2004 (Brock, 2004). In it luminosity is defined as ‘the number of particles which can interact per unit area per second’. The most frequent collocation for luminosity is integrated luminosity and its Dutch counterpart geïntegreerde luminositeit. This collocation (English) is frequently found in both the corpus (159 times) and online (Google Scholar 185.000 times and Google Books 1390 times), since it is a physical quantity commonly used to assess the effectiveness of a particle accelerator. Results for its Dutch counterpart on Google Scholar and Books number 14 and 8. These low results are probably related to what was said earlier about the translated term itself. No other collocations were found in Dutch, but several others were encountered with lower frequency in the corpus and online, the most frequent of which have been added to the glossary.

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5.4) cross Section

ATLAS04 cross section werkzame doorsnede

A closely related term is Cross Section. This term is known to most as a slice of an object, but has an entirely different meaning in a particle physics context. To avoid a comprehension problem for the interpreter whose prior knowledge of the collocation outside of the particle physics domain might clash with the context of his assignment, it might be useful to add this term to the glossary for on-site reference. The term probability score for cross section is 99. The definition in this dissertation’s glossary was derived from an introductory manual to theory by the late prof. dr. Snijders from the university of Groningen (The Netherlands) written in 1995 that was published online4. Cross Section is a physical quality which can be used to measure the probability of particles interacting with each other in a particular manner.

Again, in the absence of a particle physics dictionary, online publications on cross section were consulted to find a Dutch translation. A general Google search for ‘doorsnede + deeltjesfysica’ led to the most frequently used Dutch translation, werkzame doorsnede. As is to be expected in sciences like particle physics, very little room is left for synonyms to avoid confusion. This is confirmed by the fact that only one probable synonym was found in Dutch: botsingwerkzame doorsnede. However, this variant yields far less results (none on Google Scholar and only one on Google Books) and werkzame doorsnede is therefore the preferred translation. Google books yielded 247 results for werkzame doorsnede and Google Scholar yielded 1620.

Cross section is a term with very little meaning on its own, which means it is usually accompanied by a premodifier, which generally indicates which elements the cross section is composed of. Therefore, collocations such as VH production cross section are frequent, but not interesting enough for the interpreter to add them to his or her glossary. However, other frequent collocations of a more interesting character were found when searching the corpus and were confirmed to be current and often cited in scientific sources. Table 5.4.1 shows the results yielded by the dissertation’s ATLAS corpus and online web browser Google.

4 http://www.theochem.ru.nl/files/dbase/ft270.pdf 23

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books nominal cross 4 2,170 85 section signal cross section 20 3,180 96 stop cross section 2 129 23 differential cross 22 151,000 139 section inclusive cross 13 12,500 261 section theoretical cross 36 8,040 139 section

Table 5.4.1: Number of hits for the most frequent collocations with ‘cross section’

For Dutch the collocation harvest was much smaller, as expected. The only English collocation that has a Dutch equivalent is differential cross section: differentiële werkzame doorsnede. Two more collocations were found using Google Scholar and Google Books both with a quite low result yield, however, as shown in table 5.4.2 below.

collocation Google Scholar Google Books (niet-) gepolariseerde 2 1 werkzame doorsnede (in)elastische werkzame 2 5 doorsnede differentiële werkzame 30 8 doorsnede

Table 5.4.2: Number of hits for the most frequent collocations with ‘werkzame doorsnede’

5.5) particle decay

ATLAS05 particle decay verval van deeltjes

The term particle decay appears 9 times in the corpus, which is an unexpectedly low score. However, a closer look at the corpus reveals that the term is often shortened to decay to describe the exact same meaning. Therefore, it was included in this dissertation’s glossary in 24 the appendix. The term was selected because it aligns with the previous two terms in the sense that it is also a measurable phenomenon studied at CERN within the ATLAS project and is of vital importance for the research conducted there. The shortened version of the term particle decay (i.e. decay) is found 1600 times in the corpus. This dissertation will therefore consider the term for this section to have been found 1609 times in the corpus of ATLAS research papers. It is unlikely that decay has been used in a different sense such as radioactive decay because this corpus exclusively consists of ATLAS dissertations. The term probability scores for particle decay and decay are 70 and 99 respectively, which indicates that both forms are probably highly domain-specialised. The corpus contained several frequently used collocations, some of which were, much like cross section, simply compounds indicating which particle was decaying, e.g. hadron decay. This is a very frequent example of this type of compounds and it was therefore added to the glossary and table 5.5.1 below. The table furthermore contains collocations that do not fit inside the ‘material’ compound category mentioned earlier. The most important and most frequent collocation to appear in both the collected corpus and an online search in Google Books and Google Scholar was [particle] decay mode. This notion is indispensable in understanding the term branching ratio in the next section. The corpus-based and online search yielded the results shown in table 5.5.1.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books decay mode 86 52,900 1,030 decay product 64 19,700 976 hadron decay 22 3,730 238 invisible decay 2 2,110 378

Table 5.5.1: number of hits for the most frequent collocations with ‘[particle] decay’

The only Dutch translation an extensive online search on Google Scholar, Books and general Google was deeltjesverval. With only four hits on Google Scholar and merely two hits on Google Books, the quality of this translation is dubious. However, no Dutch publications could be found where the original English term is used. Another argument in favour of deeltjesverval as a correct translation is the fact that its shortened version verval is used much more commonly with the exact same meaning. This is further confirmed by prof. dr. Ryckbosch, who suggested verval van deeltjes as the preferred translation, based on his experience at CERN. Therefore, the latter translation was added to the glossary. 25

Dutch collocations with deeltjesverval could not be found, but through a google search for verval as a shortened version with the same meaning in particle physics context, Google Scholar and Books yielded 1,530 and 627 results respectively. However, most of these the collocations found seem too infrequent to be used in a professional interpreting context. It does, however suggest that the translation deeltjesverval is correct, if verval (van deeltjes) is a shortened version of deeltjesverval with the same meaning in the particle physics domain. The findings on Dutch collocations for this term are shown in table 5.5.2 below.

collocation Google Scholar Google Books vervalprobabiliteit 1 1 vervalgedrag 2 1 vervalmode 30 1 hadronverval 0 1

Table 5.5.2: The number of hits for collocations with ‘verval’.

5.6) branching ratio

ATLAS06 branching ratio vertakkingsratio

The term studied in this section is closely related to particle decay in the sense that it refers to a physical property of particle decay, as will become apparent from its definition. Branching ratio featured 293 times in the corpus and received a term probability score of 99 in the MultiTerm Extract program. It has been added to the glossary because the term features prominently on Google Scholar and Books, but has no obvious Dutch counterpart at first glance.

The definition for branching ratio was derived from a lecture (lecture 7, S. Lehti and V. Karimaki, 2010) on computing methods in high energy physics. However, in order to grasp fully what the term means, the previously mentioned collocation decay mode must be explained. Fundamental particles can decay into a lighter particle and an intermediate particle, the latter of which then transforms into completely different particles (see fundamental particle). An individual type of particle can, however, decay into different sets of particles. For example, a particle A can on one occasion decay into a particle A* and an intermediate particle (IP) and on another occasion the same kind of particle may decay into a particle A** 26 and an intermediate particle. These different types of decay are called decay modes. The branching ratio is the fraction of the number of particles that decay by a certain decay mode to the total number of decaying particles. Only this last part of the definition was added to the glossary to avoid an overflow of information, since that may reduce the efficiency of the glossary during an interpreting assignment. However, in case of comprehension problems, the interpreter can seek clarification in this section of the dissertation.

No collocations were found in the corpus for branching ratio, except compounds indicating which type of decaying particles the branching ratio was measured for, but these were not added to the glossary.

English real synonyms for branching ratio are branching proportionality and branching fraction, the most frequent of which is the latter, as shown in the frequency table below.

synonym corpus Google Scholar Google Books branching ratio 293 157,000 1,080 branching fraction 88 24,600 607 decay Branching 11 5,650 86 ratio branching 0 4 1 proportionality

Table 5.6.1: Number of hits for the most frequent synonyms of ‘branching ratio’

Only one Dutch translation could be found through an improvised internet search: vertakkingsratio. Prof. dr. Ryckbosch also provided a synonym for vertakkingsratio: vertakkingsverhouding. Disappointingly, no collocations were found whatsoever. In fact, the results yielded for vertakkingsratio were statistically insignificant: one hit on Google Scholar and one hit on Google Books. However, confirmation of the Dutch translation among CERN scientists on Dutch research teams was given by prof. dr. Ryckbosch who asserted that both vertakkingsratio and vertakkingsverhouding are frequently used.

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5.7) transverse momentum

ATLAS07 transverse momentum transversale impuls

The term transverse momentum appears 386 times in the ATLAS corpus and received a term probability score of 99 out of 100 in the MultiTerm Extract results. However, since these papers are highly specialised and dense in terms of information, often abbreviations are used. For transverse momentum that abbreviation is pT, which yields far more results in the ATLAS papers, as shown in table 5.7.1. The term is so predominately present in ATLAS-related papers that I considered it an indispensable addition to the glossary.

transverse momentum 386 pT 5,188 Total 5,574

Table 5.7.1: Number of hits in the ATLAS corpus for ‘transverse momentum’

The definition for transverse momentum was derived from online physics fora5. The term is made up of two terms from physics: transverse and momentum. Momentum is the tendency of a particle, or object in general, to keep moving in a given direction. Transverse means ‘away from the main beam’s direction’. Therefore, transverse momentum is the mean transversal component (measured on a perpendicular axis) of the resulting momentum after the collision of particles. In other words, when two beams of particles, usually protons in the ATLAS experiments, are hurled at each other at near light speed, they travel in a main direction, i.e. the direction of the beam. When the particles from both beams collide, some particles continue travelling in this direction and do not interact with the particles travelling in the opposite direction. Other particles do interact with the opposing protons and transform into elementary particles which are scattered in directions away from the main beam direction. The transverse momentum is therefore a useful physical quality to monitor the effects of particle collision, since the non-colliding particles are not included in its measurement. The closer the trajectory of scattered particles is to the perpendicular axis, the higher the transverse momentum will be. The only collocations found in the ATLAS corpus were therefore high-pT and low-pT followed by a wide range of substantives such as jet,

5 http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/61194/what-is-transverse-energy and http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/19361/what-is-p-t-transverse-momentum 28 trigger, etc. An online search on Google Scholar and Books confirmed their frequent use in scientific discourse concerning particle physics, as shown in table 5.7.2.

collocation Google Scholar Google Books high-pT 25,500 111,000 low-pT 18,400 66,700

Table 5.7.2: The number of hits for collocations with ‘pT’

Despite an extensive online search, no highly frequent Dutch equivalent for the term was found, suggesting once again that publications on particle physics research are very limited in Dutch and mainly published in English. One possible translation was found to yield 25 results on both Google Scholar and Google Books for transverse momentum: transversaal momentum. However, prof. dr. Ryckbosch suggested that the phrase transversale impuls is more commonly used among CERN scientists. Therefore, the latter translation was selected for the glossary.

5.8) jet

ATLAS08 jet jet

The term jet is found no fewer than 5,073 times in the corpus. However, the MultiTerm Extract software did not recognize it as a domain-specific domain, leaving it without a term probability score. This is most likely due to the fact that jet is also a common word in the general vocabulary of the English language. A wide range of collocations, usually simply indicating what kind of the jets are made of, did receive term probability scores however. Given the frequency of the term jet in the corpus and the number of relevant references found on jets on the internet, the term is included in the glossary, along with its most frequent collocations.

The definition for jets is provided with great detail on a specific Wikipedia page on the subject and was confirmed by the more reliable online publication by professor Matt Strassler (2011)6. A short explanation will be provided here, in case the Dutch definition proves insufficient for the interpreter to grasp its meaning. Two beams of protons are hurled at each

6 http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-known-apparently-elementary- particles/jets-the-manifestation-of--and-/ 29 other at nearly light speed. They consist of several types of elementary particles, quarks and gluons. When two protons collide, that sets in motion a reaction which results in the protons scattering into unorganised quarks. However, quarks cannot exist on their own, so they immediately form new hadrons with nearby quarks and gluons. They are subsequently ejected from the original beam in several directions. These sprays of hadrons are called jets and are closely studied in the ATLAS experiments.

Collocations with jet were numerous in the ATLAS corpus, but most were merely indicators of the type of particles the jet consists of, or the number of jets ejected from the main beam after collision. To avoid presenting the interpreter with an overflow of information, only a few of those are included in the glossary so as to serve as a paradigm for other possible colocations of the type. The number of hits for the most frequently used collocations in the corpus and online are shown in table 5.8.1.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books jet energy 41 4,200 114 resolution Z+ jet 219 3,190 712 W+ jet 193 4,390 669 jet trigger 53 2,520 216 calorimetric jet 4 172 60 jet-triggered sample 12 38 5 lepton+ jet 66 1,160 147

Table 5.8.1: Number of hits for collocations with ‘jet’.

No Dutch translation for the term jet could be found online, but the original term can be found in several relevant references on Google Scholar and Books. Therefore, I propose using the English term in Dutch scientific discourse, as well. Table 5.8.2 shows the results yielded for a Google Search for jet limited to Dutch results only.

Term Google Scholar Google Books jet 202 2187

7 To avoid distortion from other meanings of the Dutch ‘jet’ and to avoid English results from being listed, the search entry for Google Books had to be altered to ‘“jets”+deeltje’. 30

These sources did not provide any collocations, however, so none have been added to the glossary for this dissertation.

5.9) primary vertex

ATLAS09 primary vertex primaire vertex

The term primary vertex is closely related to the previous two terms (particle collision and jet). The definition of primary vertex was derived from the Wikipedia page for the more general term vertex8 and the online CERN publication The Primary Vertex Reconstruction in ATLAS by Piacquadio et alii (2008). When particle beams collide, the protons are deconstructed into quarks and gluons, which cannot exist on their own. They therefore immediately form new hadrons and are ejected in jets from the main beam. The point where these jets are emitted from is known as the primary vertex.

Primary vertex appears in the ATLAS corpus 111 times and received a term probability score of 99 out of 100 using MultiTerm Extract. The term is exclusively used in particle physics research and thus domain-specific enough to be included in the glossary.

Few collocations with primary vertex can be found in the ATLAS corpus. A Google Scholar and Books search was run to determine whether they are commonly used in scientific discourse on particle physics. The results are listed in table 5.9.1.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books reconstructed 15 1,560 68 primary vertex hard-scatter 3 47 2 primary vertex event primary 5 456 49 vertex

Table 5.9.1: The number of hits for collocations with ‘primary vertex’

Only two Dutch publications could be found through an online search featuring a possible translation of primary vertex. Both yielded very few results, as shown in table 5.9.2. The word

8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(geometry) 31 vertex does appear as a translation for the term, but it often refers to other types of vertices, such as decay vertex. Therefore, it was not chosen as the preferred translation in the glossary.

collocation Google Scholar Google Books primaire vertex 1 1 primaire oorsprong 2 2 Vertex 63 27

Table 5.9.2: The number of hits for Dutch collocations with ‘primary vertex’

5.10) invariant mass

ATLAS10 invariant mass rustmassa

The term invariant mass is found 268 times in the ATLAS corpus, but was not recognized by the MultiTerm Extract as a term. However, the term refers to research conducted at CERN in the ATLAS project into the invariant mass of jets and particles. In fact, the term is regularly mentioned in recent research papers concerning the ATLAS project, so it can be argued that knowledge of the term is indispensable for an interpreter to complete his assignment at a particle physics conference. Therefore, invariant mass was added to this dissertation’s glossary.

English collocations with invariant mass are limited to compounds which indicate of which particle or collection of particles the invariant mass is measured, e.g. lepton invariant mass and dijet invariant mass. These collocations, however, can be rephrased using a prepositional phrase with of. For example, lepton invariant mass would simply be rephrased in the formation ‘invariant mass of a lepton’, if the interpreter is not familiar with the collocation and this would not entail lower quality of translation. In fact, including easily rephrasable and comprehensible collocations like this might lower the general efficiency of the glossary by presenting the interpreter with an overflow of information. Therefore, no collocations were included in the glossary for this term.

The definition for invariant mass was found in an online publication by Don Koks (2012)9. In this document a comparison is made between invariant and relativistic mass. For particle physics specifically, invariant mass is used to describe the mass of a particle at rest or with

9 http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/mass.html 32 zero momentum. The value for a particle’s invariant mass does not change, as opposed to its relativistic mass, which changes when the particle’s speed is changed (greatly). In other words, the invariant mass and relativistic mass are only ever the same, when the particle is at rest.

Several synonyms were found in English for invariant mass which are used with varying frequency, as indicated in table 5.10.1. Interestingly, more online publications feature rest mass than invariant mass. However, since the corpus consists of research papers on the ATLAS project published by CERN, it is assumed in this dissertation that the consistent use of invariant mass and the complete absence of its synonyms is a conscious choice. For the sake of consistency, the term included in this glossary is invariant mass.

synonym corpus Google Scholar Google Books invariant mass 268 58,200 1,080 rest mass 0 72,200 1,910 intrinsic mass 0 3,360 465 proper mass 0 7,200 859

Table 5.10.1: Number of hits for synonyms of ‘invariant mass’.

5.11) particle detector

ATLAS11 particle detector deeltjesdetector

The term particle detector is obviously specific for the research done in the ATLAS project, given the fact that ATLAS is a particle detector. Surprisingly, the term (in that form) only surfaces 6 times in the ATLAS corpus. However, it did receive a 68 term probability score (TPS) in the MultiTerm Extract software and when the premodifier particle is left out of the search query it yields 853 results and a TPS of 84. This is because, much like decay, the premodifier particle is often replaced with a more specific term. The most frequent of those compounds have been considered collocations and are included in the glossary. The results yielded by an automated search of the corpus and an online search on Google Scholar and Books are shown in tables 5.11.1 and 5.11.2. They consist of two categories: types of detector(1) and other collocations(2).

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(1) collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books ATLAS detector 255 20,300 1,015 silicon pixel 21 3,180 86 detector silicon microstrip 14 2,560 102 detector tracking detector 46 10,500 431 inner detector 65 12,200 510

Table 5.11.1: Number of hits for collocations with ‘[particle] detector’ (2) detector noise 10 33,000 1,010 detector response 27 175,000 1,320 detector simulation 42 19,400 433

Table 5.11.2: Number of hits for collocations with ‘[particle] detector’

A Google Scholar and Books search was run with the following query: “detector” + deeltje. The last part is a Dutch translation of particle. It was added to make sure Google only generated Dutch references, since the general language settings still listed far more English references than Dutch ones. Only one frequent translation surfaced through this online search for particle detector: deeltjesdetector. Like in English, the Dutch detector accompanied by premodifiers is much more frequent. Table 5.11.3 shows the results yielded by the internet search.

collocation Google Scholar Google Books deeltjesdetector 9 15 ATLAS-detector 1 2 detector 656 135 detectorruis 4 26 detectorrespons 9 4 detectorsimulatie 4 1

Table 5.11.3: Number of hits for Dutch collocations with ‘detector’.

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5.12) muon spectrometer

ATLAS12 muon spectrometer muonspectrometer

The term muon spectrometer is found 100 times in the ATLAS corpus and was given a 99 out of 100 term probability score by the MultiTerm Extract software. This term is the first of three in this glossary to refer to analytical instruments, specifically used in particle physics and the ATLAS experiments. The word spectrometer does not come up in combination with any other premodifiers, so the collocation muon spectrometer is considered a better domain-specific term than spectrometer, which also appeared in references to fields outside of particle physics. Collocations with muon spectrometer are all but absent from the ATLAS corpus. Regardless, a Google Scholar and Google Books search was run to confirm the rarity of collocations with muon spectrometer. The results yielded for those collocations are listed in table 5.12.1.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books ATLAS muon 1 1,840 153 spectrometer external muon 2 133 20 spectrometer muon spectrometer 4 215 6 track muon spectrometer 1 5 1 station muon spectrometer 1 7 2 chamber

Table 5.12.1: Number of hits for collocations with ‘muon spectrometer’.

As, shown in table 5.12.1 the online search confirmed that muon spectrometer is only occasionally used in collocations. Furthermore, the most recurrent collocation is ATLAS muon spectrometer which is used to make a distinction between research within the ATLAS project and other research. However, this collocation does not provide the interpreter with useful information and is left out of the glossary. Only the two most frequent collocation besides ATLAS muon spectrometer have been included in the glossary. 35

The Dutch translation has almost the same spelling as the English term. This is most likely the case because the term consists of the universally used name for a type of particles called and the equally universally used name for an analytical instrument used to generally measure intensity10 and , specifically for the ATLAS project, “measure muon paths to determine their momenta with high precision”11. The more specific definition provided on the official ATLAS website was used to derive a Dutch definition for the glossary. An online Google Search revealed very few references in Dutch where muonspectrometer was used (two on Scholar and three on Books), which again indicated that nearly all available literature on particle physics is published in English. This can be considered an argument in favour of a close-to-source-language translation like muonspectrometer.

5.13) electromagnetic calorimeter

ATLAS13 electromagnetic elektromagnetische calorimeter calorimeter

This term refers to another analytical instrument specifically used in the ATLAS detector at CERN, which is why it has been included in the glossary. The term is found 32 times in the ATLAS corpus and received a 82 out 100 term probability score. Several English collocations were found in the corpus and entered in a Google search query. The results are listed in table 5.13.1.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books electromagnetic 1 1 15 calorimeter energy high granularity 1 1 17 electromagnetic calorimeter sampling 2 0 38 electromagnetic

10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometer 11 http://www.atlas.ch/muon.html 36

calorimeter endcap 1 0 35 electromagnetic calorimeter

Table 5.13.1: The number of hits for collocations with ‘electromagnetic calorimeter’

Table 5.13.1 shows that the term electromagnetic calorimeter is only rarely used in collocations. Very few results were yielded through the online search, which is why no English collocations were added to the corpus, since only information relevant to the interpreter’s assignment should be included. The only Dutch translation found is elektromagnetische calorimeter. No reliable sources in a general Google Search offered a translation for the entire term, but through two search queries for electromagnetic and calorimeter individually, this translation was found and confirmed by a few online publications found on Google Scholar and Google Books, as shown in table 5.13.2. However, these few sources did not contain any collocations and to the my knowledge none exist that are in current use. Therefore no Dutch collocations are included in the glossary.

translation Google Scholar Google Books elektromagnetische 6 5 calorimeter

Table 5.13.2: Number of Dutch hits for ‘elektromagnetische calorimeter’

5.14) hadronic calorimeter

ATLAS14 hadronic calorimeter hadronische calorimeter

The term hadronic calorimeter features in the ATLAS corpus 60 times, but received no term probability score using the MultiTerm Extract software. Like electromagnetic calorimeter the term refers to an analytical instrument used in the ATLAS experiments at CERN. A Google search reveals that hadronic calorimeters are used exclusively in the field of particle physics. Therefore, and because of the close relation with the previous term electromagnetic calorimeter, the term was included in the glossary. The corpus, furthermore, contained one alternative spelling for the term: hadron calorimeter. Results for both variants on Google 37

Scholar and Books are shown in table 5.14.1. Both variants are very commonly used and the alternative spelling has therefore been added to the glossary.

term corpus Google Scholar Google Books hadronic 60 10,500 263 calorimeter hadron calorimeter 1 10,700 448

Table 5.14.1: Number of hits for spelling variants of ‘hadronic calorimeter’

Several English collocations are used in the ATLAS corpus, some of which are similar to collocations with electromagnetic calorimeter, again confirming the close relation between the two instruments in CERN research. A Google Scholar and Books search was run to verify how commonly those collocations are used in professional discourse. The results are shown in table 5.14.2. The most frequent collocations are included in the glossary.

collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books sampling hadronic 2 134 14 calorimeter ATLAS hadronic 1 266 25 calorimeter tile hadronic 2 379 38 calorimeter central hadronic 1 408 49 calorimeter LAr (Lead/liquid 5 56 2 Argon) hadronic calorimeter Table 5.14.2: The number of hits for collocations with ‘hadronic calorimeter’.

The Dutch translation for hadronic calorimeter was found in a Dutch publication on Google Books by G. Bertone (201412) that was consulted to verify the translation of electromagnetic calorimeter. That translation hadronische calorimeter was found in other Dutch publications as well, as shown in table 5.14.3. No results were found for hadroncalorimeter. Therefore,

12 https://books.google.be/books?id=95vKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68&dq=%22hadronische+calorimeter%22&hl=en&s a=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAGoVChMItJyUwIj7xgIVxuwUCh1iCgqu#v=onepage&q=%22hadronische%20calorimeter %22&f=false 38 hadronische calorimeter is considered the only valable Dutch translation for this term and is included in the glossary as the preferred translation.

translation Google Scholar Google Books hadronische calorimeter 4 1 hadroncalorimeter 0 0

Table 5.14.3: Number of hits for Dutch translations of ‘hadronic calorimeter’.

5.15) Higgs boson

ATLAS15 Higgs boson Higgs-boson

Higgs boson is a highly frequent term in the ATLAS corpus, with 549 mentions in 50 papers. This can be explained by the fact that most research at CERN is dedicated to proving or disproving the of particle physics. Therefore, I consider the term to be indispensable for the glossary and included it. Another argument for the inclusion of Higgs boson in the glossary is the wide array of collocations found in the corpus for this term. The most frequent and most relevant collocations have been extracted from the corpus and listed in table 5.15.1. Collocations that were not included yielded only two or fewer results and were deemed less collocational. I recognize that this selection was somewhat arbitrary, but in order to avoid an overflow of information in the interpreter’s glossary, only the most frequent and/or relevant collocation may be included.

Collocation corpus Google Scholar Google Books Higgs boson mass 56 15,800 414 Higgs boson 13 1,230 70 couplings Higgs boson 6 226 34 hypothesis Higgs boson 48 8,190 266 production Higgs boson decay 44 3,510 163 Higgs boson 3 182 45 Higgs boson parity 1 40 7

Table 5.15.1: The number of hits for collocation with ‘Higgs boson’. 39

Two Dutch translations of Higgs boson are commonly used on Google Scholar and Google Books. The respective results yield for both translations are listed in table 5.15.2. Although more hits were found online for Higgs-deeltje, this translation features mainly in literature meant to educate a non-specialised public on the Higgs boson. Furthermore, prof. dr. Ryckbosch suggested that the phrase Brout-Englert-Higgsboson is most commonly used in Belgium. This is most likely because of the fact that the scientists Brout and Englert were born in Belgium. However, given the international character of the hypothetical conference that the interpreter is attending and the need for concise and truthful interpreting, this expanded translation is not included in the glossary.

collocation Google Scholar Google Books Higgs-boson 44 51 Higgs-deeltje 55 122

Table 5.15.2: The number of hits for translations of ‘Higgs boson’.

The online search did not present any commonly used collocations with Higgs-boson. Therefore, none are included in the interpreter’s glossary.

6) CONCLUSION

This dissertation presents a self-drafted interpreter’s glossary for a hypothetical setting, in which the interpreter receives the assignment to provide simultaneous interpreting at an international conference held by representatives of CERN on the most recent developments in the ATLAS experiments. The bilingual glossary consists of English and Dutch sections, but might later be expanded into a multilingual glossary.

The glossary is based on a corpus consisting of the 50 most recent research papers that were published on the official CERN website. They exclusively pertain to ATLAS-related research, but it is to be expected that other research projects at CERN use similar terminology. The corpus was edited to remove references, headings and other elements that do not contain specialised terminology. Next, the corpus was processed by the terminological tool MultiTerm Extract. This software delivered a list of candidate terms and the probability that they are specialised terminology. The 500 most frequent candidate terms were manually analysed and a list of 85 terms was derived. They were added to the appendix of this paper with their translation. From this list, 15 terms were selected for in-depth discussion in this dissertation 40 on the basis of frequency, syntactical difficulty (of the term or collocations) and level of specialisation.

In the absence of a Dutch specialised dictionary for the field of particle physics, all Dutch translations were found through an online search, using Google Books and Google Scholar. Given the limitations of this research method and my own limited knowledge of the field of particle physics, it is feasible that the translation of some terms could be improved upon. This dissertation’s findings are solely based on the frequency of the translated terms in online scientific publications.

The glossary itself consists of the 15 terms that are discussed in-depth in this dissertation. For each term collocations and synonyms were given in both languages (if available), as well as the English pronunciation and a definition of the concept behind the term in Dutch. Whenever possible, a universal symbol was added to aid the interpreter in his note-taking. The information for each of the terms was also inserted in the GenTerm records, which are also included in the appendix. The properties and format of this glossary were based on the literature discussed in section 2 of this paper. There is no consensus on the layout and contents of glossaries and often some elements are based on personal preference. My glossary derives its layout from a similar study conducted by Mercedes D’Hoker (2014). However, her dissertation dealt with medical interpreting. Therefore, some categories were not relevant to this dissertation’s glossary and some had to be added, such as the pronunciation and symbol categories.

It is advisable for the scientific community to expand on this study, given its highly specialised character and domain. It might also prove useful to rework the glossary for more languages so as to create a multilingual glossary and increase its immediate usefulness for the interpreting community.

41

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INFORMANT

>Ryckbosch, D. >Prof. Dr. Dirk Ryckbosch. – Universiteit Gent: Vakgroep Subatomaire en Stralingsfysica. – CERN: head of CMS research group ‘Experimental Particle Physics’. – [email protected]

8) APPENDIX

8.1) GenTerm Records

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS11 machine die elementaire deeltjes kan detecteren deeltjesdetector particle detector 69

particle detector 3pri sub plu: particle detectors ATLAS detector, silicon pixel detector, silicon microstrip detector, tracking detector, inner detector, detector noise, detector response, detector simulation ^^ ^^ ^^

No definition found. Suggestion: machine that has the ability to detect elementary particles.

In this letter, we report on experimental results obtained with cryogenic particle detectors to measure the arrival times of macromolecules in a biopolymer mass spectrometer. (^Twerenbold, D.^ 3503)

Since its very first configuration in 1971-1972 with a system of optical chambers operated inside a and a read-out of two sets of plumbicon cameras, the CERN Omega Particle Detector System has continuously evolved and is now fully equipped with a system of drift and multi-wire proportional chambers. (^Lasalle, J.^ 371)

A novel monolithic pixelated particle detector implemented in high-voltage CMOS technology (^Peric, I^ 876 ) 70

deeltjesdetector 3pri sub m plu: deeltjesdetectoren, deeltjesdetectors ATLAS-detector, detectorruis, detectorrespons, detectorsimulatie ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: machine die elementaire deeltjes kan detecteren.

Een deeltjesdetector zoals CMS is opgebouwd in een cilindervorm en bestaat uit verschillende subdetectoren die concentrisch rond het interactiepunt zijn opgebouwd. (^Van Goethem, J.^ 13)

De bevestiging van een theorie over unobservables kan volgens Van Fraassen nooit aanleiding geven om te denken dat deze objecten ook bestaan. Het waarneembare, observable bellenspoor in het vat van de deeltjesdetector bestaat. (^Rijssenbeek, T.^ 12)

71

Het instrumentarium voor dit type experimenten omvatte een complexe maar ingenieuze deeltjesdetector die in samenwerking met het Indiana Cyclotron instituut (Bloomington, Indiana) werd ontwikkeld, de SALAD-detector, en de TAPS-detector voor het meten van de γ-straling.(^Huygens, E.^ 112)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS13 meetinstrument dat elektromagnetische energie waarneemt bij interactie tussen deeltjes en zo precies de locatie van die interacties bepaalt elektromagnetische calorimeter electromagnetic calorimeter

electromagnetic calorimeter 3pri sub plu: electromagnetic calorimeters electromagnetic calorimeter energy, high granularity electromagnetic calorimeter, sampling electromagnetic calorimeter, endcap electromagnetic calorimeter 72

^^ ^^ ^^

The electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that interact electromagnetically, which include charged particles and photons. It has high precision, both in the amount of energy absorbed and in the precise location of the energy deposited. (^Wikipedia^ 2015-07-28)

The latter requirements reject events in which beam halo muons deposit a large amount of energy in the electromagnetic calorimeter while keeping a high efficiency for jets originating from pp collisions. (^ATLAS Collaboration.^ 294)

Liquid argon (LAr) technology providing excellent energy and resolution is used in the electromagnetic calorimeter that covers the pseudorapidity range. (^Consonni, M.^ 1)

The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal) is a subdetector of ALICE which is designed to measure the energy of particles which interact primarily through the electromagnetic interaction. (^Lumens, E.^ 15)

elektromagnetische calorimeter 3pri sub m plu: elektromagnetische calorimeters 73

^^ ^^ ^^

Een elektromagnetische calorimeter is een detector die de kinetische energie en positie van geladen deeltjes bepaalt door middel van absorptie. In het absorptieproces worden de zo genoemde 'showers' van deeltjes gecreëerd uit cascades van interacties. Elk geladen deeltje dat wordt geabsorbeerd of verstrooid maakt fotonen in het absorptiemateriaal. Hierdoor is de hoeveelheid vrijgekomen fotonen een maat voor de energie van het deeltje. (^van Wijck, J.^ 10)

Geladen deeltjes worden gereconstrueerd in een dradenkamer en in een silicium vertexdetector, en fotonen (in de eindtoestand) in een elektromagnetische calorimeter met hoge resolutie. (^van Rhee, T.^ 123-124)

Een elektromagnetische calorimeter is een detector die de kinetische energie en positie van geladen deeltjes bepaalt door middel van absorptie. In het absorptieproces worden de zo genoemde 'showers' van deeltjes gecreëerd uit cascades van interacties. Elk geladen deeltje dat wordt geabsorbeerd of verstrooid maakt fotonen in het absorptiemateriaal. Hierdoor is de hoeveelheid vrijgekomen fotonen een maat voor de energie van het deeltje. (^van Wijck, J.^ 10)

CMS heeft een schillenstructuur die men duidelijk kan zien op figuur 2.1. De binnenste laag is een spoordetector op basis van silicium. Vervolgens komt men een elektromagnetische calorimeter, een hadron calorimeter, een supergeleidende solenoid en de muonkamers tegen. (^Vanderhaegen, V.^ 10)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS01 74

kleinst mogelijke bouwsteen van materie elementair deeltje elementary particle, fundamental particle

elementary particle 3pri sub plu :elementary particles ^^ ^^ ^^

A particle is simply a physical system that has no continuous degrees of freedom except for its total momentum. (^Weinberg,S.^ 2015-07-28)

We present a series of hypotheses and speculations leading inescapably to the conclusion that SU(5) is the gauge group of the world~hat all elementary particle forces 75

(strong, weak, and electromagnetic) are different manifestations of the same involving a single coupling strength, the fine-structure constant. (^Georgi, H^ and Glashow, S.L. 438)

The fictitious elementary particle provides a good representation of a real composite particle if the modified interaction is sufficiently weakened for perturbation theory to work. (^Weinberg, S.^ 2015-07-28)

These sections may be omitted in a one-year course emphasizing the less formal aspects of elementary particle physics. (^Peskin, M. and Schroeder, D.^ 2015-07-27)

fundamental particle 3pri sub plu: fundamental particles ^^ ^^ ^^

A particle is simply a physical system that has no continuous degrees of freedom except for its total momentum. (^Weinberg,S.^ 2015-07-28) 76

The term "fundamental particle" was introduced by Nadeau et al. (1984) to indicate the thinnest physically separable clay particles (e.g., --1 nm thickness for smectite particles, and 2 nm or larger thicknesses for illite particles) that produce single, hexagonal- based, electron diffraction patterns when observed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). (^Srodon, J.^ 1)

In principle gravitational forces should also be included in the list of fundamental interactions but their impact on fundamental particle processes at accessible is totally negligible. (^Altarelli, G.^ 1)

The set of new fundamental particles, corresponding to the new strict , is then reflected in the existence of new stable particles, which should be present in the Universe and taken into account in the total . (^Khlopov, M.^ 4)

elementair deeltje 2pri sub n plu: elementaire deeltjes elementaire bouwsteen, fundamenteel deeltje ^^ ^^ ^^

77

geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: kleinst mogelijke bouwsteen van materie

Systematische afwijkingen in de meting van de kromming van de baan van een geladen hoogenergetisch elementair deeltje met behulp van drie driftkamers en leading-edge discriminatoren kunnen alleen worden vermeden door driftkamers met gelijk electrisch (sic) gedrag te gebruiken.(^Hartjes, F.^ 2015-07-28)

Uit de rij van namen element, atoom, elementair deeltje, quark blijkt dat de moderne physicus (sic) bescheidener is geworden in zijn verwachting over het absoluut fundamentele karakter van nieuw veronderstelde bouwstenen der materie. (^van Apeldoorn, G.^ 2015-07- 26)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS14 meetinstrument dat energie absorbeert van deeltjes die interageren door middel van de sterke kernkracht hadronische calorimeter hadronic calorimeter, hadron calorimeter

hadronic calorimeter 78

3pri sub plu: hadronic calorimeters sampling hadronic calorimeter, ATLAS hadronic calorimeter, tile hadronic calorimeter, central hadronic calorimeter, LAr hadronic calorimeter ^^ ^^ ^^

The hadron calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that pass through the electromagnetic calorimeter, but do interact via the strong ; these particles are primarily hadrons. (^wikipedia^ 2015-07-28)

In a sample of lead-lead events with a per-nucleon center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV, selected with a minimum bias trigger, jets are reconstructed in fine-grained, longitudinally-segmented electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters.(^ATLAS Collaboration^ 1)

In the central barrel region, the ATLAS calorimeters consist of the lead–liquidargon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter and the Tile steel–scintillator hadronic calorimeter. (^Abat, E^ 25)

The hadronic calorimeter is dedicated to the reconstruction of hadronic showers from quarks, gluons and hadronically decaying taus. (^Rijpstra, M^ 28)

79

hadron calorimeter 3pri sub plu: hadron calorimeters sampling hadron calorimeter, ATLAS hadron calorimeter, tile hadron calorimeter, central hadron calorimeter, LAr hadron calorimeter ^^ ^^ ^^

The hadron calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that pass through the electromagnetic calorimeter, but do interact via the strong force; these particles are primarily hadrons. (^wikipedia^ 2015-07-28)

The CDF Central and Endwall hadron calorimeter covers the polar region between 30 and 150 degrees and a full 27~ in azimuth. (^Bertolucci, S.^ 1)

Large hadron calorimeters will be the key instruments for particle detection in many experiments at the next generation of colliding-beam accelerators (SLC, Tevatron, HERA). (^Wigmans, R.^ 2)

80

This allowed signals from the photon and hadron calorimeter to be transmitted by a common readout rod and rendered a compact and economical construction of the calorimeters. (^De Marzo, C.^ 405)

hadronische calorimeter 3pri sub m plu: hadronische calorimeters ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: meetinstrument dat energie absorbeert van deeltjes die interageren door middel van de sterke kernkracht.

Fout! Verwijzingsbron niet gevonden.: sporenkamer (=silicon tracker , 1), elektromaganetische (sic) calorimeter (2), sampling-hadronische calorimeter (3), hadronische calorimeter (4), muonkamers (5). (Van Goethem, J.^ 5)

81

De hadronische calorimeter is het equivalent van de ECAL voor deeltjes die aande (sic) sterke kracht gevoelig zijn: gluonen en quarkmateriaal zoals hadronen, maar ook mesonen. Hij bestaat uit verschillende lagen absorberend materiaal, afgewisseld met lagen scintillatoren. (^Naert, K.^18)

Door de grote dimensies van de spoel (13 m lang en 3 m straal) kan men zowel het trackersysteem, als de elektromagnetische en hadronische calorimeter erbinnen monteren, waardoor de metingen van de calorimeters niet kunnen worden beïnvloed door het spoelmateriaal. (^Heyninck, J.^ 42)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS15 elementair deeltje dat voorspeld is in het Standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica Higgs-boson Higgs boson, Higgs particle

Higgs boson 3pri sub Higgs boson mass, Higgs boson couplings, Higgs boson hypothesis, Higgs boson production, Higgs boson spin, Higgs boson parity, Higgs boson decay 82

H0 ^^ ^^ ^^

The Higgs boson, as proposed within the Standard Model, is the simplest manifestation of the Brout-Englert-. (^CERN official^ 2015-07-28)

The search for the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson [1–3] is a major goal of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) programme.(^Aad, G.^ 435)

In the standard model (SM), the Higgs boson (H) is the last undiscovered particle that provides crucial insights on the spontaneous breaking of the electroweak symmetry and the generation of mass of the weak gauge bosons and . (^Abazov, V.^3)

In the standard model (SM), the Higgs boson decays predominantly to aWW pair for Higgs boson above 135 GeV and, with a moderate branching fraction, to a ττ-pair for lower masses, both of which decay to leptonic final states involving neutrinos. (^de Jong, S.^ 3)

Higgs particle 3pri sub 83

Higgs particle hypothesis H0 ^^ ^^ ^^

The Higgs boson, as proposed within the Standard Model, is the simplest manifestation of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism. (^CERN website^ 2015-07-28)

We present the Fortran code SuSpect version 2.3, which calculates the Supersymmetric and Higgs particle spectrum in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). (^Djouadi, A.^ 1)

The Higgs particle can decay dominantly into an invisible channel in the Majoron models. We have explored the prospect of detecting such a Higgs particle at LHC via its associated production with a , Z or W boson. (^Choudhury, D.^ 1)

Fundamental or composite Higgs particles could exist at any mass; some new physics must exist, but there need not be any light particles. (^Haber, H.^ 196)

Higgs-boson 2pri 84

sub n H0 Higgsdeeltje, Brout-Englert-Higgsboson ^^ ^^ ^^

Het standaardmodel voorspelt een deeltje dat nog niet is aangetoond: het Higgsdeeltje. Als het standaardmodel klopt bestaat het Higgsdeeltje echt. (^natuurkunde.nl^ 2015-07-28)

Het Higgs-boson speelt een wat merkwaardige rol in het standaard model. Het Higgs-doublet wordt ingezet om te zorgen dat de W- en Z-bosonen via spontane symmetriebreking massa krijgen. (^de Roo, M.^ 64)

Het Standaardmodel mag dan wel knap in elkaar zitten, er blijft nog steeds (minstens) 1 belangrijke vraag onbeantwoord : hoe ontstaat massa ? De theorie voorspelt hiervoor het bestaan van een extra deeltje : het Higgs-boson) (^Maerivoet, S.^ 9)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 85

^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS10 massa van een deeltje in rust of met nul momentum rustmassa invariant mass, rest mass

invariant mass 3pri sub plu: invariant masses

m0 intrinsic mass, proper mass ^^ ^^ ^^

[…] mass was that property of a body that enables it to resist externally imposed changes to its motion. […]The above definition of mass still holds for a body at rest, and so has come to be called the body's rest mass, denoted m0 if we wish to stress that we're dealing with rest mass. (^Koks, D.^ 2015-07-24) 86

Now all states with invariant masses up to mD contribute without any preferential weighting towards the lowest mass ones. (^Falk, A.^ 4)

The invariant mass distribution for all π+π−J/ψ candidates where more than one entry per event is allowed. (^Aubert, B.^ 5)

We report a study of the invariant mass distribution of jet pairs produced in association with a W boson using data collected with the CDF detector which correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.3 fb-1. (^Aaltonen, T.^ 3)

rest mass 3pri sub plu: rest masses

m0 intrinsic mass, proper mass ^^ ^^ ^^

87

[…] mass was that property of a body that enables it to resist externally imposed changes to its motion. […]The above definition of mass still holds for a body at rest, and so has come to be called the body's rest mass, denoted m0 if we wish to stress that we're dealing with rest mass. (^Koks, D.^ 2015-07-24)

New Experimental Limit on the Photon Rest Mass with a Rotating Torsion Balance (^Luo, J.^ 1)

Low-accuracy experimental estimates of the rest mass of the neutrino [1] yield [..] for the electronic neutrino […] for the electronic neutrino and […] for the muonic neutrino. (^Gershtein, S.^ 120).

The sensitivity of the experiment is given in terms of a finite photon rest mass using the Proca equations. (^Williams, E.^ 721)

rustmassa 3pri sub f plu: restmassa’s

m0 ^^ ^^ 88

^^

De massa van een deeltje dat zich in rust bevindt. (^encyclo.nl^ 2015-07-28)

Wat mechanische eigenschappen betreft, is een puntvormig deeltje gekenmerkt door zijn (rust)massa mo' zijn plaats in de ruimte, zijn snelheid en zijn impulsmoment. (^Blok, H.^7)

De energierelaties binnen het rooster zijn zodanig dat de rustmassa voor ieder atoom kan worden weergegeven door de formule:[…] (^Octrooiraad Nederland^ 3)

Tabel 2.1: Een overzicht van de gekende quarks met bijhorende elektrische lading en rustmassa's. (^Colle, C.^ 6)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS08 Deeltjes die nieuw gevormd worden na de botsing en in kegelvormige stralen worden uitgezonden uit de primaire vertex. jet jet

jet 89

3pri sub plu: jets jet energy resolution, Z+ jet, W+ jet, jet trigger, calorimetric jet, jet-triggered sample, lepton+ jet ^^ ^^ ^^

It is a fascinating aspect of the physics of our world that when one of these particles is kicked out of the hadron that contains it, flying out with high motion-energy, it is never observed macroscopically. Instead, a high-energy quark (or gluon or anti-quark) is transformed into a spray of hadrons [particles made from quarks, antiquarks and gluons]. This spray is called a “jet.”(sic) (^Strassler, M.^ 2015-07-19)

It is a fascinating aspect of the physics of our world that when one of these particles is kicked out of the hadron that contains it, flying out with high motion-energy, it is never observed macroscopically. Instead, a high-energy quark (or gluon or anti-quark) is transformed into a spray of hadrons [particles made from quarks, antiquarks and gluons]. This spray is called a “jet.” (^Strassler, M.^ 2015-07-19)

In case the gluons are radiated inside the jet cone, the constituents of the jet are expected to be softer and have a broader density profile compared to jets in vacuum. (^Verweij, M^ 2)

Therefore, the forward calorimeter jet response is calibrated with respect to the central, to flatten out the jet response versus the jet polar angle. (^Bhatti, A.^ 2) 90

jet 1pri sub ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: Deeltjes die nieuw gevormd worden na de botsing en in kegelvormige stralen worden uitgezonden uit de primaire vertex.

Zoals in figuur 1.5 geïllustreerd wordt, behoren geladen leptonparen, quarkparen (die aanleiding geven tot twee hadronjets) en neutrinoparen tot de mogelijke vervalproducten. (^Vancraeyveld, P.^ 8)

** deeltjesfysica 91

539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS03 verhouding tussen het aantal botsende deeltjes en het totaal aantal deeltjes per eenheid van tijd per werkzame doorsnede luminositeit luminosity

luminosity 3pri sub sine plu integrated luminosity L ^^ ^^ ^^

the ratio of the number of events detected (N) in a certain time (t) to the interaction cross-section (σ) (^Wikipedia^ 2015-07-21) 92

How high the luminosity can be depends on how many particles you can get into a bunch that has a given cross-sectional area. (^Brock, I.^ 8)

In a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20 µ b − 1 , events are selected by requiring hits on scintillation counters mounted in the forward region of the detector. (^Mitsou,V.^ 1)

It turned out that since the use of electron cooling, the increased number of antiprotons stored in the recycler led to a higher antiproton production rate in the Accumulator and an increase in the luminosity of the Tevatron collider. (Mitsou, V.^ 24)

luminositeit 2pri sub f sine plu geïntegreerde luminositeit L ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: verhouding tussen het aantal botsende deeltjes en het totaal aantal deeltjes per eenheid van tijd per werkzame doorsnede 93

De luminositeit van de de versneller is belangrijk want deze geeft een idee over het aantal interessante botsingen. (^Vanderhaegen, V.^ 8)

Door de luminositeit van de botsingen te vermenigvuldigen met de crosssectie, kan het totaal aantal gewenste events worden uitgerekend. (^Verhallen, J^8)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS12 meetinstrument dat het elektromagnetisch spectrum van muonen waarneemt muonspectrometer muon spectrometer

muon spectrometer 2pri sub muon spectrometers 94

ATLAS muon spectrometer, external muon spectrometer, muon spectrometer track, muon spectrometer station, muon spectrometer chamber, ^^ ^^ ^^

The Muon Spectrometer is an extremely large tracking system, consisting of three parts: (1) a magnetic field provided by three toroidal magnets, (2) a set of 1200 chambers measuring with high spatial precision the tracks of the outgoing muons, (3) a set of triggering chambers with accurate time-resolution. (^Wikipedia^ 2015-07-28)

It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and an external muon spectrometer incorporating three large superconducting toroid magnets. (^Aad, G.^ 294)

The ATLAS detector is a multipurpose apparatus consisting of a precise tracking system, calorimeters and a muon spectrometer. (^Aad, G.^ 119)

Outside the main barrel the muon spectrometer is located. It measures muon pairs that are created by decaying quark-antiquark pairs, mainly charm-anticharm and bottom-antibottom pairs. (^Koot, T.^ 11)

muonspectrometer 95

2pri sub m muonspectrometers ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Suggestie: meetinstrument dat het elektromagnetisch spectrum van muons waarneemt.

Na de muonspectrometer, zijn in principe alle deeltjes gemeten behalve neutrino’s die ook na de detector onverstoord door blijven reizen. (^Verhallen, J.^ 9)

Met behulp van een aantal scintillatoren worden deze muonen gedetecteerd. Met de lood- calorimeter en de muonspectrometer wordt de baan van de muonen gevolgd. (^van Kasteren, J.^ 12)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ 96

ATLAS02 botsing van deeltjes botsing van deeltjes, deeltjesbotsing particle collision

particle collision 3pri sub plu: particle collisions collision data, collision point, non-collision, collision energy, proton-proton collision, pp collision, lead-lead collision, central collision, peripheral collision ^^ ^^ ^^

geen citaatdefinitie gevonden van de gehele term, maar wel van de onderdelen. Collision: The action of colliding or forcibly striking or dashing together; violent 97 encounter of a moving body with another; in recent use esp. of railway trains, ships, motor vehicles, aircraft, etc. In Physics, spec. of particles. (^OED^2015-07-28) particle: A minute fragment or quantity of matter; the smallest perceptible or discernible part of an aggregation or mass; (formerly often) an atom or molecule. (^OED^2015-07-28)

This has led to the development of several mesoscale simulation techniques; prominent examples are lattice models such as lattice-gas automata [1] and lattice-Boltzmann methods [2], and particlebased off-lattice methods such as dissipative particle dynamics [3] and multi- particle-collision dynamics (MPCD) [4–6] (also called stochastic dynamics (SRD) [7] or Malevanets Kapral method [8]). (^Winkler, R.^2)

The reason for this is that the multi-particle collisions do not, in general, conserve . (^Gompper, G^ 8)

To obtain useful numerical expressions for electron-neutral particle collision frequencies and energy transfer rates, an analysis has been made of the momentun transfer cross sections for N ", O', 0, H and He. (^Banks, P.^ 1)

deeltjesbotsing 3pri sub f plu: deeltjesbotsingen deeltjescollisie 98

^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: botsing van deeltjes.

Een mogelijkheid is dat er zich tijdens de deeltjesbotsing heel kortstondig een leptoquark vormt. (^Stroeykens, S.^ 2015-07-25)

Gebonden-gebonden excitatie en de¨excitatie evenals gebonden-vrij ionisatie en recombinatie kunnen geschieden door zowel opnemen dan wel vrijmaken van stralingsenergie in de vorm van fotonen als door opnemen dan wel vrijmaken van kinetische energie door een deeltjesbotsing. (^Aerts, C.^ 16)

Volgens de uitvinding wordt van deeltjesbotsingen gebruik gemaakt voor het verkrijgen van de ionisatie van deeltjes uit sterk geëxciteerde energietoestanden, welke op een isotoop- selectieve wijze zijn gepopuleerd. (^Octrooiraad Nederland^ 4)

botsing van deeltjes 3pri sub f plu: botsingen van deeltjes 99

deeltjescollisie ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: botsing van deeltjes.

Het deel van het polymeer dat niet aan het oppervlak hecht zal in de oplossing steken en door ruimtelijke hindering en lading een botsing van deeltjes verhinderen en daardoor de dispersie stabiliseren. (^Snoeren, R. ^12) Bij hoqere kmncentratie van disperse deeltjes wordt de kens op botsing van deeltjes en cualescentie greter (sic). (^Barentsen, W.^ 2015-08-3) Botsing van deeltjes met de collector: Theoriën om de botsingskans van een klein gesuspendeerd deeltje met de filterkorrel te berekenen zijn vanaf ongeveer 1940 ontwikkeld. In de laatste tien jaar is hier grote vooruitgang geboekt. (^Vreeken, C.^ 13)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS05 spontane transformatie van een elementair deeltje verval van deeltjes, deeltjesverval particle decay

100

particle decay 3pri sub sine plu decay mode, decay product, hadron decay, invisible decay decay (shortened version is much more frequently used) ^^ ^^ ^^

Particle decay refers to the transformation of a fundamental particle into other fundamental particles. This type of decay is strange, because the end products are not pieces of the starting particle, but totally new particles. (^Towson University^ 2015-07-28)

There are several event generators available for the simulation of particle decays in high energy physics experiments. (^Lange, D^ 152)

deeltjesverval 3pri sub n 101

sine plu vervalprobabiliteit, vervalgedrag, vervalmode, hadronverval ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: spontaan verval van een elementair deeltje.

Al eerder zijn deze berekeningen verricht met behulp van kwantummechanica. Wanneer de snaren relatief zwaar zijn, komen de resultaten van beide methoden nauwkeurig overeen. In dat geval leidt onze eenvoudige beschrijving van deeltjesverval dus tot betrouwbare resultaten. (^Ruijter, B.^ 1)

De muonen kunnen ook gevormd worden uit de botsingen zelf, of bij verval van kortlevende deeltjes, wanneer nucleaire interactie niet meer waarschijnlijk is dan deeltjesverval (bijvoorbeeld charm deeltjes, ontstaan uit de kosmische straling). (^Van Den Broucke, E.^ 4)

Aangezien neutrino’s een massa hebben, zal dit meetbare gevolgen hebben op de kinematica van deeltjesverval waarbij neutrino’s betrokken zijn (^Vancraeyveld, P.^ 13)

verval van deeltjes 1pri 102

sub n sine plu vervalprobabiliteit, vervalgedrag, vervalmode, hadronverval ^^ ^^ ^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: spontaan verval van een elementair deeltje.

Het atoom zou zijn vervallen volgens de wetten van de kwantumfysica, die toen juist bekend raakte, net zoals het radioactieve verval van deeltjes die in het laboratorium waren onderzocht. (^Ferreira, P^ 2015-08-03)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS09 het punt waaruit jets uitgestraald worden na de deeltjesbotsing primaire vertex 103

primary vertex

primary vertex 3pri sub plu: primary vertices reconstructed primary vertex, hard-scatter primary vertex, even primary vertex ^^ ^^ ^^

No definition found for term as a whole. Vertex: In geometry, a vertex (plural vertices) is a special kind of point that describes the corners or intersections of geometric shapes. (^Wikipedia^ 2015-07-28)

As mentioned in the Sec. 2, both “fitting-after-finding” and “finding-through- fitting” approaches are implemented in the ATLAS offline software framework for primary vertex reconstruction. (^Piacquadio, G.^ 4)

104

For each event the primary vertex was determined. Events in which no primary vertex was found were rejected. (^Alt, C.^ 2)

A track from the primary vertex has a kink with an angle of 93 mrad in the 200 μm plastic base of an emulsion plate, 4.5 mm from the primary vertex.(^Kodama, K.^ 7)

primaire vertex 1pri sub plu: primaire vertices primaire oorsprong ^^ ^^ ^^

Men beschouwt in eerste instantie de primaire vertex, die we definiëren als de vertex waar de som van de PT 's van de tracks die er samenkomen zo groot mogelijk is. (^Naert, K.^ 34)

Men beschouwt in eerste instantie de primaire vertex, die we definiëren als de vertex waar de som van de PT 's van de tracks die er samenkomen zo groot mogelijk is. (^Naert, K.^ 34) 105

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS07 meetbare waarde voor de mate waarin stralen deeltjes uitwijken na de botsing transversale impuls, transversaal momentum transverse momentum

transverse momentum 3pri sub sine plu high-pT, low-pT pT ^^ ^^ ^^

106

Transverse momentum, p⃗ T, is the momentum of an object transverse to the beam. (^StackExchange Physics^ 2015-07-24)

Evidence of the influence of the Coulomb interaction from the fireball is found in the pion transverse momentum spectra. (^Barrette, J.^ 2)

[…] two isolated leptons with high transverse momentum (pT > 15, 20 GeV/c) at central(forward) rapidity for ATLAS/CMS (LHCb) with a dilepton invariant mass closer to the nominal peak Z mass. (^De Capua, S.^ 429)

In this note we discuss transverse momentum distributions in heavy flavour decays. (^Aglietti, U.^ 1)

transversaal momentum 2pri sub n plu: transversale momenta pT ^^ ^^ ^^ 107

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: meetbare waarde voor de mate waarin stralen deeltjes uitwijken na de botsing.

De laterale distributie van de muonen is vooral te wijten aan het transversaal momentum die ze meekregen van hun moederdeeltjes, aangezien in de lucht muonen enkel reageren door middel van ionisatie of verval, geen botsingen met atomen. (^Van Den Broucke, E.^ 9)

Vervolgens definieert men de isolatieparameter als de verhouding van de som van de transversale momenta van de tracks die zich in een kegel met […] omheen de lead track bevinden tot het transversaal momentum van de lead track. (^Naert, K.^ 34)

transversale impuls 2pri sub n plu: transversale impulsen pT ^^ ^^ ^^

108

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel: meetbare waarde voor de mate waarin stralen deeltjes uitwijken na de botsing.

Deze betreffen onder andere de produktie-eigenschappen (werkzame doorsnede, transversale en longitudinale impuls afhankelijkheid) van het D-; vervalseigenschappen van het D-meson; en sen bovengrens voor de werkzame doorsnede van het toverbaryon Ag*. (^NIKHEF^ 19) Om deze reden beperkt men zich meestal tot de transversale componenten van de impuls p, dit is de component in het vlak loodrecht op de protonbundel, het is dan immers geweten dat de totale transversale impuls pT nul is. (^Naert, K.^ 15) Daarom is het bij proton (anti-proton) botsers makkelijker om met alleen de transversale impuls te werken. Uit de transversale impuls wordt dan een invariante massa gemaakt die de transversale invariante massa heet. (^de Jong, S.^ 78)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 ^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS04 maat voor de waarschijnlijkheid dat deeltjes met elkaar zullen interageren op een bepaalde manieren werkzame doorsnede cross section

cross section 3pri sub 109

sine plu nominal cross section, differential cross section, inclusive cross section, signal cross section, theoretical cross section, stop cross section σ ^^ ^^ ^^

The cross section of two particles (i.e. observed when the t w o particles are colliding with each other) is a measure of the interaction event bet ween the two particles. (^Lehti, S.^ 2015-07-26)

In HEP experiments the measured variable related to cross section is the number of measured events. (^Lehti, S.^ 2015-07-26)

To incorporate the radiative corrections consistently in the calculation of a physical cross section, all the component parts of the calculation must be included at next to leading order accuracy. (^Nason, P.^ 2)

We shall now relate the right-hand side of (5) to the absorption cross section of low-energy . (^Kovtun, P.^ 3)

werkzame doorsnede 3pri sub 110

f plu: werkzame doorsneden (niet-) gepolariseerde werkzame doorsnede, (in)elastische werkzame doorsnede, differentiële werkzame doorsnede σ ^^ ^^ ^^

De werkzame doorsnede is een maat voor de waarschijnlijkheid dat de verstrooiing optreedt. (^van Hunen, J.^ 2015-07-16)

We shall now relate the right-hand side of (5) to the absorption cross section of low-energy gravitons. (^van Rhee, T.^ 123)

De werkzame doorsnede is een maat voor de waarschijnlijkheid dat de verstrooiing optreedt. (^van Hunen, J.^ 2015-07-16)

De werkzame doorsnede is in dat geval ruwweg gelijk aan de geometrische doorsnede van de kern en verloopt slechts zeer geleidelijk met de energie. (^Kloosterman, J.^ 7)

**deeltjesfysica 539.1 111

^ATLAS E8 JG 8^ ATLAS06 De verhouding tussen het aantal deeltjes dat vervalt volgens een bepaalde vervalmode en het totale aantal deeltjes. vertakkingsratio branching ratio, branching fraction

branching ratio 3pri sub plu: branching ratios branching proportionality, decay branching ratio ^^ ^^ ^^

The branching ratio (branching fraction) is the fraction of events for a chosen particle measured to decay in a certain way. The sum of branching ratios for a particle is one. 112

The branching ratio is defined as the partial decay width divided by the total width. (^Lehti, S.^ 2015-07-20)

Over the last few years the measured semileptonic branching ratio of B mesons has consistently turned out to be noticeably smaller than theoretical expectations. (^Bigi, I.^ 1)

The semileptonic branching ratio is then evaluated using both pole masses and running quark masses. (^Bagan, E.^ 1)

This lepton universality is studied with π, τ, and W leptonic decays; in particular, e-μ universality is tested precisely by a measurement of the branching ratio of the helicity- suppressed decay πμv with respect to the common decay πμv. (^Britton, D.^ 3000)

branching fraction 3pri sub plu: branching fractions branching proportionality, decay branching ratio ^^ ^^ ^^

113

The branching ratio (branching fraction) is the fraction of events for a chosen particle measured to decay in a certain way. The sum of branching ratios for a particle is one. The branching ratio is defined as the partial decay width divided by the total width. (^Lehti, S.^ 2015-07-20)

The branching ratio (branching fraction) is the fraction of events for a chosen particle measured to decay in a certain way. The sum of branching ratios for a particle is one. The branching ratio is defined as the partial decay width divided by the total width. (^Lehti, S.^ 2015-07-20)

We present the branching fraction and the first and second moments of the photon energy spectrum. (^Chen, S.^ 4)

To summarize, we have measured the inclusive branching fraction of B→Xsγ decay with the Belle detector. (^Abe, K.^ 9)

vertakkingsratio 1pri sub f plu: vertakkingsratio’s vertakkingsverhouding ^^ ^^ 114

^^

Geen citaatdefinitie gevonden. Voorstel:

Er werd een vertakkingsratio van 3.8 en een lengteratio van 4.0 bekomen voor een derde-orde systeem en een vertakkingsratio van 2.6 en lengteratio van 2.7 voor een vierde orde systeem. (^De Wilde, D.^ 12)

8.2) Bilingual Term List

A antiquark antiquark ATLAS ATLAS ATLAS detector ATLAS-detector

B background estimate achtergrondschatting black hole zwart gat bottom quark bodemquark branching fraction vertakkingsratio branching ratio vertakkingsratio

C calorimeter calorimeter 115

centrality belangrijkste vertices central value centrummaat charge lading chargino chargino charm quark toverquark CMS CMS cross section werkzame doorsnede

D decay verval decay mode vervalmode detector detector detector noise detectorruis diboson diboson differential cross section differentiële werkzame doorsnede dilepton dilepton down quark neerquark

E electron elektron electromagnetic calorimeter elektromagnetische calorimeter elementary particle elementair deeltje event gevolgen van fundamentele interactie/botsing

F flavour smaak van het quarkdeeltje force carrier krachtdrager fundamental particle elementair deeltje

G GeV (gigaelectronvolt) giga-elektronvolt (GeV) gluon gluon

H hadron hadron hadron calorimeter hadronische calorimeter hadronic calorimeter hadronische calorimeter 116

hadron collider hadronenbotser Higgs boson Higgs-boson, Higgs-deeltje, Brout-Englert- Higgsboson

I integrated luminosity geïntegreerde luminositeit invariant mass rustmassa

J jet jet jet energy resolution energieresolutie van een jet (maat voor kleurzuiverheid)

K

L LAr (liquid Argon) vloeibaar Argon lepton lepton LHC LHC, Grote Hadronenbotser luminosity luminositeit

M muon muon muon spectrometer muonspectrometer

N neutrino neutrino neutralino neutralino neutron

P parity pariteitsymmetrie particle deeltje particle collision botsing van deeltjes particle detector deeltjesdetector particle shower deeltjesshower parton parton parton shower partonshower photon foton 117

primary vertex primaire vertex proper mass rustmassa proton proton

Q quark quark

R relativistic mass relativistische massa rest mass rustmassa

S secondary vertices secundaire vertices SM Higgs boson Higgs-boson van het Standaardmodel spectrum spectrum spin spin Standard Model of particle physics Standaarmodel van de deeltjesfysica statistical uncertainty (statistische) onzekerheid strange quark vreemd quark systematic uncertainty systematische meetonzekerheid

T TeV (teraelectronvolt) TeV (tera-elektronvolt) top quark topquark transverse energy transversale energie transverse mass transversale massa transverse momentum transversale impuls trigger trigger

U universal coupling kruiskoppeling up quark opquark

V validation region validatieregio vector vector

W W boson W-boson

118

X

Y

Z Z boson Z-boson

8.3) Interpreter’s Glossary

ATLAS01 Reference term **elementary particle elementair deeltje

Real synonyms fundamental particle elementaire bouwsteen, fundamenteel deeltje

Concept kleinst mogelijke bouwsteen van materie

Pronunciation /ɛlɪˈmɛntərɪ ˈpɑːtᵻkl /

ATLAS02 Reference term **particle collision botsing van deeltjes 119

Real synonym deeltjesbotsing, deeltjescollisie Collocations collision point central collision peripheral collision collision energy proton-proton collision

Concept botsing van deeltjes Pronunciation /ˈpɑːtᵻkl kəˈlɪʒən/

ATLAS03 Reference term **luminosity luminositeit

Symbol L L

Collocations integrated luminosity geïntegreerde luminositeit

Concept verhouding tussen het aantal botsende deeltjes en het totaal aantal deeltjes per eenheid van Pronunciation /l(j)uːmɪˈnɒsɪtɪ/ tijd per werkzame doorsnede ATLAS04 Reference term **cross section werkzame doorsnede

Symbol σ σ

Collocations nominal cross section niet-gepolariseerde signal cross section werkzame doorsnede 120

differential cross section inelastische werkzame inclusive cross section doorsnede differentiële werkzame doorsnede Concept maat voor de waarschijnlijkheid dat deeltjes met elkaar zullen Pronunciation /ˈkrɒs ˈsɛkʃən/ interageren op een bepaalde manieren

ATLAS05 Reference term **particle decay verval van deeltjes, deeltjesverval

Collocations decay mode vervalprobabiliteit decay product vervalgedrag hadron decay vervalmode invisible decay hadronverval

Concept spontane transformatie van een elementair Pronunciation /ˈpɑːtᵻkl dɪˈkeɪ/ deeltje

ATLAS06 Reference term **branching ratio vertakkingsratio

Real synonyms branching fraction vertakkingsverhouding branching proportionality decay branching ratio Concept de verhouding tussen het aantal deeltjes dat vervalt volgens een bepaalde vervalmode en het totale 121

aantal deeltjes Pronunciation /ˈbrɑːnʃɪŋ ˈreɪʃɪəʊ/

ATLAS07 Reference term **transverse momentum transversale impuls

Symbol pT pT

Collocations high-pT low-pT Concept meetbare waarde voor de mate waarin stralen deeltjes uitwijken na de Pronunciation /trɑːnsˈvɜːs mə(ʊ)ˈmɛntəm/ botsing

ATLAS08 Reference term **jet jet

Collocations jet energy resolution calorimetric jet jet trigger Z+ jet W+ jet jet-triggered sample Concept deeltjes die nieuw gevormd worden na de botsing en in kegelvormige stralen Pronunciation /dʒɛt/ worden uitgezonden uit de primaire vertex

ATLAS09 Reference term **primary vertex primaire vertex

Real synonyms primaire oorsprong 122

Collocations reconstructed primary vertex event primary vertex hard-scatter primary vertex Concept het punt waaruit jets uitgestraald worden na de deeltjesbotsing Pronunciation /ˈprʌɪm(ə)ri ˈvɜːtɛks/

ATLAS10 Reference term **invariant mass rustmassa

Real synonyms rest mass proper mass intrinsic mass

Symbol m0 m0

Concept massa van een deeltje in rust of met nul Pronunciation /ɪnˈvɛərɪənt mæs/ momentum

ATLAS11 Reference term **particle detector deeltjesdetector

Collocations ATLAS detector ATLAS-detector silicon pixel detector detectorsimulatie silicon microstrip detector detectorrespons inner detector detectorruis detector noise

Concept machine die elementaire deeltjes kan detecteren Pronunciation /ˈpɑːtᵻkl dɪˈtektə /

123

ATLAS12 Reference term **muon spectrometer muonspectrometer

Collocations ATLAS muon spectrometer External muon spectrometer Muon spectrometer track Concept meetinstrument dat het elektromagnetisch spectrum van muons Pronunciation /muːɒn spekˈtrɒmɪtə/ waarneemt

ATLAS13 Reference term **electromagnetic calorimeter elektromagnetische calorimeter Collocations electromagnetic calorimeter energy endcap electromagnetic calorimeter high granularity electromagnetic calorimeter sampling electromagnetic Concept calorimeter meetinstrument dat elektromagnetische energie waarneemt bij interactie tussen deeltjes Pronunciation en zo precies de locatie /ɪˌlektrəʊmæɡˈnetɪk van die interacties bepaalt ˌkæləˈrɪmɪtə/ ATLAS14 Reference term **hadronic calorimeter hadronische calorimeter

Real synonyms hadron calorimeter

Collocations ATLAS hadronic calorimeter sampling hadronic calorimeter tile hadronic calorimeter 124

LAr hadronic calorimeter central hadronic calorimeter Concept meetinstrument dat energie absorbeert van deeltjes die interageren door middel van de sterke Pronunciation /hæˈdrɒnɪk ˌkæləˈrɪmɪtə/ kernkracht

ATLAS15 Reference term **Higgs boson Higgs-boson

Real synonyms Higgs particle Higgs-deeltje, Brout- Englert-Higgsboson

Symbol H0 H0

Collocations Higgs boson mass Higgs boson couplings Higgs boson spin Higgs boson parity Higgs boson hypothesis Concept elementair deeltje dat voorspeld is in het Standaardmodel van de Pronunciation /hɪɡz ˈbəʊzɒn/ deeltjesfysica

8.4) Author’s Record

**ATLAS

07-08-2015 125

Jef Galle

Prof. Dr. Joost Buysschaert

Dutch-English