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Good Practices to Reduce Nutrient Loss in the Brittany Region (France)

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Good Practices to Reduce Nutrient Loss in the Brittany Region (France) Closing the mineral cycles at farm level Good practices to reduce nutrient loss in the Brittany region (France) 2 Closing the mineral cycles at farm level - Good practices to reduce nutrient loss in the Brittany region (France) Content 3 Nutrient loss – Why does it matter? 4 Agricultural structure in Brittany 5 How does nutrient loss affect farming business? 5 How does nutrient loss affect the Brittany region and what are the causes? 6 What has already been done to address the problem in the region? 7 Set of region-specific good practices 8 Adjusting feeding strategies and techniques 9 Improving manure processing 10 Improving manure cover 11 Improving fertilisation management plans for all agricultural sites 12 Optimising grazing intensity – rotational grazing 13 Converting arable land to grassland in at-risk areas 14 Further good practices to reduce nutrient losses 16 Possibilities for financial support 17 Further relevant links 18 References 3 Nutrient loss – Why does it matter? Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential This leaflet was developed in the framework of the for agricultural production as they nourish the crops project “Resource Efficiency in Practice – Closing and support soil productivity. However, if these Mineral Cycles”. It aims at providing practical nutrients are not taken up by plants, they run the information to farmers on how the risk of nutrient risk of being lost in various ways (e.g., leaching, loss can best be minimised or prevented. In particular, run-off, emissions) and causing unnecessary costs the leaflet addresses the effects of nutrient loss in for the farming business. Finding the right amount France, with a specific focus on the Brittany region. required by the plants and optimising the timing and The leaflet also provides practical information to application of the nutrients to match these needs farmers on how resource use efficiency can be can result in an economic gain and a positive effect maximised through good practices at farm level. on human health and the environment, including soil health and fertility. Wheat fields along the coast, Anse du Guesclin in Brittany 4 Closing the mineral cycles at farm level - Good practices to reduce nutrient loss in the Brittany region (France) Agricultural structure in Brittany Approximately 1.73 million hectares were used for centres around tender wheat (1,676 kt in 2013) and agriculture in Brittany in 2013, representing 63 % of maize (583 kt in 2013), which is mainly grown for the total area. The region is one of France’s leading feeding livestock. Brittany is also the leading region agricultural areas, accounting for 12 % of the national for vegetable production, which consumed 23 % of agricultural production income in 2012 even though the national surface area in 2013. In particular, it only represents 6 % of the national surface area. cauliflower and artichoke production within Brittany Livestock breeding is a primary activity in the region represented 85 % and 83 %, respectively, of the total for pigs, poultry and dairy cows and arable production national production (in tonnes) in 2013. Figure 1 - Map of Europe (France in green) and map of France showing the Brittany region in dark green Sweden Finland Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom Germany Poland Belgium Luxembourg Czech Republic Slovakia Austria France Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia Brittany Bulgaria Italy Portugal Spain Greece Cyprus Malta 5 How does nutrient loss How does nutrient loss affect farming business? affect the Brittany region Nutrients are valuable and vital resources, which and what are the causes? can nourish productive grazing lands and crops. From an economical point of view, it therefore Brittany has the highest nitrogen (N) and phosphorus makes sense to match the nutrient application to (P) levels in France and is one of the regions with the grassland and crop requirements, thus limiting the largest concentrations in the EU-28 due to its nutrient loss as much as possible. This in turn could high livestock density, which is unevenly distributed limit the additional costs (e.g., tractor fuel, spreading throughout the territory. The resulting amount equipment, labour, etc.) incurred when nutrients are of phosphorus has been found to exceed the applied beyond the crop and grass requirements. amount that can be assimilated by plants (1) and In addition, nutrient loss can create other costs for additionally, there is limited land where manure can the farmer; for instance, in order to prevent soil be spread. Yet additional organic and chemical N acidification (which can increase with the application fertiliser application is high, in particular for maize of fertilisers), farmers may have to lime their soils. production and on pastures. Nitrates in surface Avoiding the impacts that may result from nutrient waters frequently exceed the legal level. Nutrients, loss provides benefits to farming businesses, such as in particular phosphorus, impact the rivers, largely maintaining soil health and fertility and crop yields. due to agricultural run-off and erosion, which contributes to freshwater and marine eutrophication. This has affected local shellfish farming as well as created algae blooms that impact human health, biodiversity, tourism and recreation. Drinking water treatment, beach and shallow water clean-up, pipe cleaning, as well as processing and spreading of the algae require significant costs. Soil and water acidification and particulate matter formation can result from the ammonia emissions produced by the manure, which pose a risk to human health. Algal bloom (Uva Armoricana) in the North Finistère, region of Brittany 6 Closing the mineral cycles at farm level - Good practices to reduce nutrient loss in the Brittany region (France) What has already been done to address the problem in the region? Brittany has been designated as a nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ) in the implementation of the EU Nitrates Directive. Therefore, the region must comply with certain requirements, such as measures set forth under the French Nitrates Action Programme including nitrogen fertilisation plans for the use of manure, mandatory soil coverage, and a ban on wetland drainage. More restrictive measures have been applied to certain areas with pollution risks around drinking water catchments (in French – ZAR), e.g., a nitrogen budget lower than 50 kg N/ha. Beginning in 2011, based on the size of the farm, P Mixed use landscape with livestock, arable crop production and energy production fertilisation had to be balanced and the application of phosphate from organic and chemical fertilisers was limited to 80 to 95 kg P2O5/ha in areas covered by the “Scheme for planning and managing water at basin level” (SDAGE). The nitrogen to phosphorus ratio varies according to the organic matter though, so this threshold may have also limited the amount of N applied (e.g., 140 kg N/ha for pig slurry). Brittany has largely promoted measures such as adaptation of feeding and fertilisation strategies, band spreading, immediate incorporation of manure, and improved manure management equipment and installations. The region also aims to achieve 100 MW of energy production by 2020 through anaerobic digestion of manure and other materials. Many ongoing studies are aimed at improving manure processing techniques, in particular on experimental farms in the region. In 2007, 41.6 % of the excess nitrogen in Brittany was reduced by manure transfer; 25.7 % through manure treatment (particularly composting and biological treatment of slurry); 23.5 % with feeding practices, especially bi-phase feeding; and 8.9 % by reductions in the Agriculture has a high impact on landscapes in Brittany that include 182,500 km of number of livestock. Between 2000 and 2010, the hedges (survey DRAAF 2008) amount of organic nitrogen applied decreased by 38 %. Mineral fertiliser consumption of N decreased by 26 % over twelve years and by 41 % for P over seven years. (2) However, nutrient losses continue to occur and certain measures have a high potential for improvement, such as livestock feeding, manure cover during storage, manure processing, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation plans, rotational grazing, and the conversion of arable land into grassland. 7 reduce nutrient loss from the farming system, Set of region-specific benefitting both the environment and society. good practices Emphasis was placed on measures that have not yet been exploited to their full potential within Several examples of ‘good practice’ measures to the Brittany region. Further selection criteria were reduce nutrient loss and increase resource efficiency whether the measure might be feasibly implemented in the Brittany region have been identified (see and whether the measure offers benefits which Figure 2) and will be described in more detail in the balance (or outweigh) the costs. following tables. The graphic below highlights various drivers of The measures were selected based on their nutrient loss which exist in the Brittany region and impacts on the agro-ecosystem in terms of reduced problems related to those drivers. The final column losses through improved nutrient utilisation. Thus, presents the good practices that were identified as the selected measures provide some economic ways to potentially solve the problems associated advantages for the farmer and at the same time with nutrient loss. Figure 2: Selection of good practice measures for the Brittany region Driver Problem Good Practice Adjusting feeding Higher
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