unesp
Phenology, Networks and Climatic Change
Patrícia Morellato Laboratório de Fenologia Phenology Laboratory Departamento de Botânica UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo Brazil PHENOLOGY “Phainestai”, the ancient Greek word meaning to show or to appear.
Modern phenology is the study of the timing of recurring biological events in the animal and plant world, the causes of their timing with regard to abiotic and biotic forces, and the interrelation among phases of the same or different species. Following the definition of Lieth (1974), which goes back to Schnelle (1955).
“The scientific study of periodic biological phenomena, such as flowering, breeding, and migration, in relation to climatic conditions.” The American Heritage Dictionary WHY PHENOLOGY?
The timing of seasonal activities of animals and plants – is perhaps the simplest process in which to track if changes in ecology of species is responging to climatic changes
Starting flower of Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) - Wageningen, Neederlands, from 1901 to 2000. Phenology and Climatic Change
Dates of leaf bud burst of the horse-chestnut in Geneva, 1808–2000. Smoothing: Gauss low-pass filter with a period of 20 years (extended according to Defila 1996) Phenology, Networks and Climatic Change
http://www.naturescalendar.org.uk http://www.dow.wau.nl/msa/epn/education.asp In recent years phenology has changed its image from a traditional data collection to a very important integrative parameter to assess the impact of climate change on ecosystems.
Long phenological data series, historical (legacy) data or those originating from the plant-observation networks, have become the basis of several climate change research projects
Actually, the observation networks are a priority and phenological observations integrate several national meteorological services and long term ecological projects Plantwatch Canadian Phenology Network http://plantwatch.sunsite.ualberta.ca/
Action 725-Establishing a European Phenological Data Platform for Climatological Applications http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/Geography/npn/ http://topshare.wur.nl/cost725 Models
• Mechanistic models • Prognostic phenology • Statistical models
Measurements • Remote sensing • Near-surface Phenology remote sensing Events & Phases • Leaf Area Index • Flux measurements • Environmental parameters
Observations
• Phenology Networks • Legacy data sets • Experimental sites Tropical phenology has not contributed much for climatic change research since the
• historical or legacy data sets are scarce or absent • the lack of a restrictive season and of a distinctive factor driving phenology • High within site species diversity
make difficult the detection of changes over time. One way to have insights on climate driven phenology shifts on tropical plants is through the comparison of plant species phenology under different environmental conditions. Local Environment
interior
borda
Cannopy openess: Fisheye photos Temperature , relative humidity Tree density, next neighbor, Canopy heigth,
Edge effects include both abiotic and biological changes on environmental conditions that likely affect plant phenological patterns.
Since local environmental conditionsAbiotic and biologicaleffects factors affect plant reproductive phenology, we expect that plant phenologicalDirect responsesbiotic toeffects edge effects (such as increasing temperature and dryness) may T. Nadia be similar to some extent to shifts Indirect biotic effects induced by climatic change on I. Machado plant phenology Study Site
EDGE INTERIOR
EAST
Cerrado
SOUTH Miconia ruibiginosa (Melastomataceae)
we monitored the reproductive phenology of Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae) weekly on edges and interiors facing east (high light incidence) and south (lower light incidence) of the cerrado savanna. (Andreu-Ureta 2005, Reys 2008) Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.)DC (Melastomataceae),
Comparisons of the reproductive phenology of Miconia rubiginosa, a common treelet at the study site, between edges and interiors of a cerrado savanna vegetation in Southeastern Brazil during 2004 reproductive season (after Adreau-Ureta 2005). (a) and (b) Flowers and fruits of M. rubiginosa (photos by M.G.G. Camargo); (c) and (d) Box-plot showing the median and standard deviation of the starting (left) and peak (right) weeks of flowering (c) and fruiting (d) of M. rubiginosa on the edges and interiors (east faced and south faced) of the cerrado savanna; (e) Comparison of temperature sum at the starting date of flowering between forest edges and interiors; Threshold: 5 C; edge-interior temperature difference: 3 C. Effects of cardinal orientation and light on the reproductive phenology of the cerrado savanna tree Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae) whether local environment variability such as natural edges along the river affect the reproductive phenology of Myrtaceae
60 Percentage of OPEN FLOWER natural edge forest interior Myrtaceae species 50 (n=46) flowering and 40 fruiting on the edge of the Fazenda river, and in 30 the interior of the atlantic 20 rain forest at Parque Estadual da Serra do 10 Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba, 0 Ubatuba, São Paulo A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M State, Brazil. 60 RIPE FRUIT natural edge forest interior 50 The blue shadow represents the rainy 40 season (October to April) 30
20
10 Percentage of species Percentage
0 A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M 2006 2007 2008 2009
months
natural edges affect the reproduction of Myrtaceae whether local environment variability such as natural edges along the river affects the reproductive phenology of Myrtaceae
Gomidesia blanchetiana
Flower visitors Flower visitors 11,8% Effective pollinators Effective Pollinators 30,1%% 9,7% 52,7%
58,2% 37,6% Occasional Pollinators Occasional Pollinators
EDGE INTERIOR
natural edges affect the reproduction of Myrtaceae Models
• Mechanistic models • Prognostic phenology • Statistical models
Measurements • Remote sensing • Near-surface Phenology remote sensing Events & Phases • Leaf Area Index • Flux measurements • Environmental parameters
Observations
• Phenology Networks • Legacy data sets • Experimental sites
Models
• Mechanistic models • Prognostic phenology • Statistical models
Measurements • Remote sensing • Near-surface Phenology remote sensing Events & Phases • Leaf Area Index • Flux measurements • Environmental parameters
Observations
• Phenology Networks Remote phenology • Legacy data sets • Experimental sites e-phenology: The application of new technologies to monitor plant phenology and track climate changes in the tropics
(a) use of new technologies of environmental monitoring - remote phenology monitoring systems; (b) creation of a protocol for a Brazilian Network - long term phenology monitoring program; and (c) provide models, methods and algorithms to support management, integration and analysis of remote phenology data. Monitoring local environment
Monitoring phenology with a network of wewbcams May 1 May
Quantify temporal
(seasonal, annual) and 18 May spatial patterns of variation in phenology
• Interannual variation 28 June • Across different ecosystems • Correlate to environmental factors
A. Richardson website PHENOCAM
http://phenocam.sr.unh.edu/
Tower mounted webcams offer great potential for quantifying patterns of canopy phenology across sites, without the need for intensive field monitoring by an observer. 0,37 %_Red %_Green 0,36 %_Blue
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0,34
0,33
0,32 Colour Fraction Fraction of ColourROI_1
0,31
0,3
0,29
0,28 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 DOY 2008 0,36
0,355
0,35 Colour Fraction Fraction of ColourROI_1
0,345
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0,335 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 DOY 2008 THANKS!
whether Myrtaceae reproductive phenology across sites is constrained by phylogeny and what is the shared influence of phylogeny and ecology on phenology A late fruiting season Flowering is reduces the amount of displacedLower seed due dispesal, to a fruits seed available germination for and climatic changeseedling establishmentfrugivores
600 80 70 500 60 400 50 300 4 5 4 40 30 200 months months months
20
% of of % trees % de indivíduos de %
Precipitação (mm) Precipitação 100
10 precipitation 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D YearAno 11 AnoYear 2 2 Year Ano 33
Precipitaçãorainfall Floraçãoflowering Frutificaçãofruiting Climatic Change and Tropical Phenology Synergic effects Land use changes - Global warming Deforestation -Forest fragmentation Less evapotranspiration Increase Frequency Edge effects, fire, logging El Niño droughts ?
Less (dry season) rainfall Higher surface mperatures
Reduction in the % of Forest management species and trees fruiting Sustainable use of natural products
Plant-animal interactions Forest regeneration Genetic diversity