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Ulm Celebrates Anna Essinger's 125Th Anniversary VOLUME 4 NO. 11 NOVEMBER 2004 journal ^ Association of Jewish Refugees Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite - et Verite? France occupies a special place in the of the walls in the courtyard, too, is barely hears Yiddish there. However, collective Jewish psyche. It does so for inscribed with dozens of names of Sephardi-owned restaurants, butcher shops several positive, and one salient negative, Shoah victims. and the like display the notice 'Kasher, Beth reason: it was the post-revolutionary With those two notable exceptions, all Din', which is a sort of compensation. Convention (parliament) of 1790 that the exhibits illustrate the 'normal', Another, longer walk brings one across issued the Declaration ofthe Rights of Man chequered, but ultimately upward- the river to the Left Bank. Ambling along and the Decree of Jewish Emancipation. spiralhng millennial history of the Jews the periphery of the Latin Quarter, the There too Heine and Borne found asylum, in France. visitor might be intrigued by the street Meyerbeer and Offenbach gained more name Le Chat Qui Peche. I first read Yol&n fame than in their native narrow-minded Foldes's Die Strasse der fischenden Katze in Germany, Sarah Bernhard became the 1937. It is the story of Hungarian economic world's first drama queen, and Leon Blum migrants eking out a living in the was the first ever (unbaptised) Jewish eponymous street, where they live cheek prime minister in Europe. by jowl vrith refugees fi'om Lenin's Russia, However, it was in the self-same France Fascist Italy and Hitler's Germany. Foldes that during the Dreyfus trial Herzl painted a picture of a hard, yet vibrant encountered mobs baying for Jewish blood, refugee existence close to the edge of the and conceived of Zionism as the solution to despair, but hopeful against all the odds. the perennial Jewish problem. Dreyfus was La Rue des Rosiers, Paris The authoress was not in Paris when the eventually pardoned, but 40 years later Nazi tide engulfed it, or she would Nearby, the Place des Vosges, a beautiful French Nazi collaborators tumed the grisly subsequently have withdrawn it from colonnaded seventeenth-century square, imaginings of the anti-Dreyfusard gutter circulation as wildly over-optimistic. into reality. Collaboration became France's is of special interest to former German However, fiction writers have a licence to most shameful secret after Liberation, and refugees. Its centrepiece is an equestrian inject feel-good tropes into their narrative the country remained largely in denial until statue of Henry TV, the king who gave a remarkably frank admission of national France freedom of conscience. When which is not granted to historians. This was guilt by President Chirac in 1997. Germany's literary elite fled there early in my reaction to the exhibition 'France in the Second World War', which occupies three The latter also acted as patron to the 1933 Lion Feuchtwanger wrote Paris floors of that overblown shrine to Napoleon, establishment of a Jewish museum in a Gazette, a novel about an emigre anti-Nazi the Invalides. The exhibition focuses renovated 4th-arrondissement palace, in newspaper, Joseph Roth indulged his the courtyard of which stands an imposing Habsburg nostalgia in Radetzkymarsch, and heavily on French resistance to Nazi statue of Captain Dreyfus, the jagged blade Heinrich Mann discharged his debt of occupation, but rather skirts round the - of his broken sword in hand. The enlarged gratitude to his country of asylum through understandably sensitive - issue of French photographs (ca. 1930) in the foyer are of a biography of Henry IV collaboration. Display items include Jewish-owned and -staffed workshops In 1940 the severely depressed Roth proclamations ofthe Vichy government and producing clothing and leather goods. The managed to drink himself to death just photographs of Marshal Petain addressing immigrants employed there can be seen on ahead ofthe Wehrmacht's entry into Paris; large crowds - but there is no pictorial, or other photographs using their scant leisure fleeing the country, Feuchtwanger later any other, record of French policemen or time to relax or engage in left-wing political had his traumatic experiences recounted in uniformed miliciens rounding up Jews for activity. (The last-mentioned was The Devil in France; Werfel and the elderly despatch to Drancy. graphically evoked in the May Day 1937 Heinrich Mann trudged up the Pyrenees to Discomfort at these omissions does not chapter of Dya Ehrenburg's The Fall of escape into Spain - while Walter Benjamin mean one concurs in any way with Prime Paris.) With the next exhibit the mood found merciful release in suicide. Minister Sharon's maladroit appeal to abruptly darkens. An eye-catching red Nazi After such melancholy reflections the French Jews to make collective aliyah. placard of 1941 lists the names, and East visitor seeks solace in the nearby heart of Abroad Chirac may be the Palestinians' best European provenance, of two dozen Jewish Paris, the Rue des Rosiers (aka dos friend, but at home French Jewry could not executed Jewish resistance fighters. One Pletzl). Despite the nickname, alas, one have a better firiend in the Elysee Palace. AJR JOURNAL NOVEMBER 2004 Home is where Herts Is World War II: Richard Grunberger French collaboration cover-up? 'London Jews head north', proclaimed the French officials and guards of French- believed to be destined for Dachau. Jewish Chronicle's front-page headline run concentration camps in South This was two days after Charles de earlier this year Although 'north' in this West France continued to deport Gaulle's victory parade down the instance meant Bushey rather than inmates of all nationalities to a near- Champs Elysees in Paris. Burnley, I consider this just another certain death in Germany even as the In February 1946 a letter from the typical instance of Jews swimming against country was being liberated, camp's director drew the 'urgent the tide, the universal direction of which according to an exclusive report in The attention' of the prefect in Toulouse to is southward. Guardian newspaper. Other internees the fact that the money seized from In Spain, people head south to the Costa continued to be held in those camps the inmates was no longer adequate del Sol. In France, they head towards the by French guards when the war was to feed and maintain them. Camp Riviera and Provence. In Germany, over until 1949 - proof, the paper accounts confirm that people were millions annually go so far south that they alleges, that France went to still being forced to pay for their leave the country altogether, to find extraordinary lengths to conceal incarceration in September 1947. themselves in Italy. In so doing they evidence of collaboration. Letters from the interior ministry were follow the example of Goethe, who undertook two Italian journeys and was A mass of registers, telegrams, dated 5 and 29 March 1949. inspired to write Kennst du das Land wo manifests and other documents were 'This is an untold story of the dark die Zitronen blUhn? (Do you know the uncovered in the Toulouse office of side of France's liberation 60 years country where the lemons bloom?). The France's national archive by 84-year- ago', said Mr Schaechter. 'French English always went everywhere except old Austrian-born Kurt Werner functionaries were involved in a north. Shelley and Byron died in the Schaechter. He found both that French national scandal that continued until south, Kipling lived in the east, and officials collaborated with their 1949: the despicable treatment of Charles Kingsley wrote Westward Ho. fleeing Nazi occupiers and that the allied and neutral civilians interned The American thrust has historically government of Charles de Gaulle during the war.' He believed that they been to the west. This was encapsulated continued to hold hundreds of were not released at the end of the 150 years ago in the mantra 'Go west, foreigners in an internment camp near war because it would have been too young man!', coined by the crusading Toulouse for up to four years after the embarrassing. 'The last thing de Gaulle journalist Horace Greely. endofWorldWarll. wanted, when he was trying to build Contrarywise, the 'mystic' east has Noe camp, some 25 miles south of up France's image as victor and hero', always exerted the strongest pull Toulouse, was one of 300 camps set he said, 'was to reveal the true extent worldwide, so strong that a distinctive up after 1939 to hold Jews, of the collaboration by freeing neutral phrase - Drang nach dem Osten - was communists and other 'anti-French' and allied internees held in French coined to encapsulate it. In Nazi mouths, militants, gypsies, criminals and camps by French guards.' that phrase had a horrific connotation, but enemy aliens. As France was Noe continued to function secretly not all Germans were natural-born progressively liberated in the summer for several years after the war. Of aggressors. of 1944, many of Noe's inmates were many elderly and infirm people who To Rilke, the pull of the east meant quickly shipped out, although Allied remained in the camp, some were going to Russia in quest of spiritual bombing of the railway lines and moved to Pithiviers or Rivesaltes enlightenment, whereas Hermann Hesse intensified fighting meant that many camps (both officially closed) in 1947, received good vibes from India. In this he people could not be moved. The last others were recorded as 'transferred', was followed by thousands of young transport left Noe-Longages station and some were marked 'Agreed with westerners, from the hero of Somerset on 30 July 1944, with most internees MrCasse-tobelost'. RDC Maugham's The Razor's Edge to the Beatles. > '^^^zi^«&jkgs£sai%^-«».£i Their number is dwarfed by that of AJRJournal Muslims who annually go to Mecca - and Richard Grunberger Editor-in-Chief JACKMAN • even by Christians who went on Crusades Ronald Channing Executive Editor for the remission of their sins.
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