Afghanistan South Asia Country Baseline Assessment for Women Engineers in the Power Sector
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BRIEF NO. 1 Afghanistan South Asia Country Baseline Assessment for Women Engineers in the Power Sector The World Bank is establishing a regional network for women power Representation in sector engineers in South Asia (WePOWER). WePOWER’s objective: the Power Sector to support greater participation by women in energy projects and utilities and to promote normative change regarding women in STEM. 21% Technical21% women: 14 Technical staff: 68 Technical women: 14 Technical staff: 68 The road to gender equity for Afghan women has not been an easy one. From 1996 to 2001 the aliban 3% banned all levels of education for women. Since the collapse of the Taliban in 2001, women’s empow-erment Total3% women: 281 Total staff: 9,367 and gender equality have been among the Government’s priorities. Every ministry has a gender directorate, Total women: 281 Utilities covered: 1 (DABS) and a gender department who work with the the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA) to ensure that gender Total staff: 9,367 policies are being implemented at the instituional level. But MOWA lacks an enforcement or supervision Utilities covered: 1 (DABS) power, and is restricted to policy making and an observation role. In the energy sector, the national gender commitment is reflected in Section 12 in the 2015 Afghanistan Renewable Energy Policy does cover the Academic Institutions Involvement of women on supply and demand side of REN projectshas and has provisions for piloting wom- Offering Engineering en-led renewable energy enterprises. Programs TAL: 1,68 The female literacy and labor participation rates in Afghanistan are among the lowest in the world. Pri- TO 8 mary school enrollment of girls is estimated at 40.4%, with secondary and high school rates around 36%, TAL: 1,68 TO 8 compared to around 60% for boys. The total percentage of female enrollment in the 36 public universities is only 22.5% (41,041/182,344 students). Of the labor force of 7.2 million people, only 1.3 million (18%) are 3.1% women. Male participation in the labor force is 81.0% nationally, 75.3% in urban areas, and 82.7% in rural Academic institutions areas. For women, however, participation is 29.0% nationally, 21.1% in urban areas, and 30.7% in rural areas. 3.1%covered: 9 Academic institutions About 20.3% of women employees work in the nongovernmental sector, 10.3% in government, and 9.6% in covered: 9 the private sector. WOMEN: 53 Female engineering faculty:WOMEN: 53 There has been an increase in the enrollment of female students in Electrical and power engineering ma- 0% jors, but graduation rates remain low. At the nine public universities, the share of women studying electri- Female engineering faculty: caland power engineering is only 3.1% —a total of 53 out of 1,635 students. There were 35 female students 0% in the 2015-16 academic year. This number rose to 58 in the 2016-17 and 53 in the 2017-18 academic years. Afghanistan Power However, only ten women will be graduating from these programs in the next few years, due to female stu- Sector Facts dents’ dropping out or changing majors. Small Power system Only two public universities—Kabul and Kandahar Universi-ties—and no private universities offer energy majors. Eight public universities and two private universities (Dawat and Aburaihan Universities) offer electri- 1341 MW, cal-related majors, but data on female enrollments could not be obtained from these two private universities. Electricity Imports high, Hydro Dom- Data from the Ministry of Higher Education show that in 2016 only 14% of all faculty in public universities inated. The ambitious Afghan Power Sector Master Plan aims to provide were women, but very few of them were in electronic and energy departments of engineering. The Govern- electricity access of 100% in urban ment’s goal is to increase the share of female faculty to 20% by 2020. and 65% in rural areas MW by 2032. Source: SARI-Energy The World Bank conducted rapid baseline assessments of the power and energy sector for all eight countries in South Asia. The assessment collected utility-level data and interviewed key stakeholder groups to get a better understanding of the power sector landscape, and of key barriers that are affecting female engineering students and professionals. In Afghanistan, an extensive desk review was conductedd and key informant interviews and focus group discussions were held with 70 female and male power sector professionals and engineering school faculty and students. Geographical Table 2. Public Universities Power & Energy Engineering Students Differences University Department Total Female Students Students The presence of girls in the universities varies tremen- Electrical Power Engineering 157 2 (1.3%) dously by location. The Kabul University percentage of girls enrolled Energy 120 5 (4%) almost zero in universities Polytechnic University Power Supply Engineering 193 23 (12%) that are far from big cities like Kabul, Herat, or Mazar-e-Shar- Takhar University Power Electronics Engineering 28 0 (0%) if. According to the Statistics Office of Afghanistan, fe-male Al-Beroni University Electronics Engineering 280 3 (1%) enrollment is the lowest in Kunar, Laghman, Logar, and Paktia University Power Engineering 70 0 (0%) Maidan Wardak Universities. Kandahar University Energy Department 238 1 (0.4%) Jawzajan University Power Engineering 227 13 (6%) Faryab University Power Engineering 104 1 (1%) Ghazni Technical Engineering University Power Engineering 271 5 (2%) Total 1688 53 (3%) Source: Ministry of Higher Education The State is the primary employer in the power sector, but the overall representation of women employees remains low. The major stakeholders are the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) and Da-Afghanistan Bresh- na Sherkat (DABS), the state power utility. Along with the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development Equal Access (MRRD), and the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD), the four organizations employ 730 wom- to Education en out of 15,339 staff, among whom are 84 (17%) female engineers out of 482 engineering staff. A majority According to an Asia Foun- (53) of the female engineers work in MURD, although only 8 work in power sector related positions. Most dation survey, the number of of the women work in Kabul. Many international development partners, donors, and firms/subcontractors Afghans who say they strongly are active in the Afganistan power sector (among them USAID, WB, ADB, KfW, GiZ, and JICA); however, the believe that women should study was unable to collect data from them, especially for subcontractors employing Afghan women in their have equal access to educa- projects. tional opportunities dropped from 58.5% in 2006 to • MEW has 178 (7%) women staff, most of whom work in the Kabul rather than in the other provinces. f these women, 18 have an educational background in electrical engineering—4 with a master’s degree, 37.8% 4 with a bachelor’s degree, and 10 with two years of electrical vocational training. Only 7 of these wom- in 2015 (Asia Foundation). en are working in engineering positions, and the rest are employed in administrative jobs. All of the 8 Girls in some areas continue female electrical engineers are based in the Kabul office. None of these female engineers is employed to be harassed, sometimes at grade 1—that is, in a general directorate-level job. One female engineer is at grade 2, a director-level having acid thrown on them on their way to school, and girls’ job, and the rest are at grades 3 and lower level positoins. schools continue to be burned. • MRRD employs 130 (7%) women staff—89 in Kabul and 41 in the other provinces. The Government employs 9 female engineers in different parts of this ministry, all in grades 3 and lower level positions. Study Group and In addition, an estimated 9 female engineers are employed as contractors in development projects. Safe Spaces • MURD employs a total of 151 (10%) women staff. The ministry has a high number of female engineers Male students form study (22%), which accounts for a majority of engineers tallied in this study. However, only 8 work in pow- groups in which girls cannot er-sector related positions. Of these 8 women, 5 have masters degrees, 2 have bachelor degrees in participate because this would require them to stay at the power and electrical engineering, and 1 woman has vocational training as an electrician. university outside class hours. • DABS has 281 (3%) women staff out of a workforce of more than 9000 employees. Most of these Libraries close at 4 pm. On the women are working at a junior level positions. DABS also employs 36 female interns from engineering night before an exam, the boys universities. However, the interns are assigned to the administrative and commercial departments, not would usually gather at one the operational department. In total, 30 women have technical diplomas; 4 have master’s degrees (3 of their houses to study. How- ever, girls are uncomfortable in electrical, 1 civil), 9 bachelor’s degrees (2 civil, 3 electromechanical, and 4 electrical), and 17 have joining them for fear of being vocational training (2-years electrical). Only 14 women work in technical positions directly deal with the target of negative gossip power, but their positions are primarily office-based, such as policy analysis or design. The rest of the and judgments. women work in administrative positions, such as accounting or customer care. All the women work in the center office in Kabul. Table 3. Male and Female Employees Organization Total Staff Female Staff Total Engineers Female Staff Ratio by Location Growing Engineers Center (Kabul) F/M Provinces F / M Importance of the Afghan Civil Service MEW 2645 178 (7%) 72 8 (11%) 126 / 840 52 / 1627 Afghanistan’s female labor MRRD 1867 130 (7%) 102 9 (9%) 89 / 545 41 / 1192 force has been particularly MURD 1460 151 (10%) 240 53* (22%) NA NA affected by the withdrawal of DABS 9367 281 (3%) 68 14 (21%) NA NA international forces from the Source: MEW, MRRD, DABS, MURD.