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Mogadischu: Sozio-Ökonomische Lage (Insbesondere Für Rückkehrerinnen) [A-11167] 31 BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT 1 ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: Mogadischu: Sozio-ökonomische Lage (insbesondere für RückkehrerInnen) [a-11167] 31. Jänner 2020 © Österreichisches Rotes Kreuz/ACCORD Dieses Dokument ist in elektronischer Form auf www.ecoi.net verfügbar. Österreichisches Rotes Kreuz/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Wien Telefon: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.roteskreuz.at/accord INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Nahrungsmittelversorgung ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Nahrungsmittelpreise .......................................................................................................... 6 2 Arbeitsmarkt ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Lage von RückkehrerInnen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt ........................................................... 11 2.2 Durchschnittlicher Verdienst ............................................................................................. 18 3 Gesundheitsversorgung ........................................................................................................ 19 4 Unterkunft ............................................................................................................................. 21 4.1 Finanzierung von Wohnraum ............................................................................................ 24 4.2 Wohnungspreise ................................................................................................................ 25 5 Informationen zu IDP-Lagern und informellen Siedlungen ................................................ 30 5.1 Überblick............................................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Garantien hinsichtlich Unterkunft ..................................................................................... 33 5.3 Zwangsräumungen............................................................................................................. 36 6 Faktoren mit Auswirkungen auf die Lage von RückkehrerInnen (Bedeutung von Netzwerken) .................................................................................................................................. 39 7 Auswirkungen von Dürre und Überschwemmung auf die Lage in Mogadischu ................ 42 Quellenverzeichnis ....................................................................................................................... 44 1 Nahrungsmittelversorgung Im Dezember 2019 berichtet das Amt der Vereinten Nationen für die Koordinierung humanitärer Angelegenheiten (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNOCHA), dass die nationale Verbreitung der globalen akuten Unterernährung (Global Acute Malnutrition, GAM) gegenwärtig bei 13,8 Prozent liege. Die GAM-Raten seien zudem in drei von 13 Gebieten mit Binnenvertriebenen (internally displaced people, IDP) höher als 15 Prozent, darunter in Mogadischu mit 16 Prozent. Haushalte würden hier damit kämpfen, Zugang zu Ernährungs- und Gesundheitsdiensten zu erlangen: „The median national prevalence of Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) is currently at 13.8 per cent, lower than in 2018 (14 per cent) and 2017 (17.4 per cent) thanks to the improved coverage of prevention activities which led to a decrease in malnutrition numbers. However, the GAM is above the 15 per cent emergency threshold in 10 out of the 33 areas hit by below average rainfall, with the majority (51.7 per cent) of malnourished children cases concentrated in six regions, further compounded by lack of basic WASH [water, sanitation and hygiene] services. GAM is also reported higher than 15 per cent in 3 out of 13 areas hosting IDPs in Galkayo (20.2 per cent), Dolow (18.6 per cent) and Mogadishu (16.0 per cent), where households struggle to have access to nutrition treatment services and health services.” (UNOCHA, 22. Dezember 2019, S. 17-18) IDP-Haushalte hätten Ergebnissen des Joint Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment1 (JMCNA) zu Somalia zufolge einen geringeren Zugang zu Ernährungs- und Gesundheitsdiensten im Vergleich mit Nichtvertriebenenhaushalten, so UNOCHA weiter. Derselbe Trend werde auch beim Zugang zur Versorgung und Behandlung von akuter Mangelernährung beobachtet. Daten aus dem JMCNA würden aufzeigen, dass 15 Prozent der IDP-Haushalte mit mangelernährten Kindern eine Behandlung erhalten hätten, im Vergleich zu 21 Prozent der Nichtvertriebenenhaushalte mit mangelernährten Kindern: „IDP households are particularly vulnerable; with the Gu’ 2019 IDP site assessments showing 3 out of 13 areas with reported GAM rates above the 15 per cent thresholds in Galkayo (20.2 per cent), Dolow (18.6 per cent) and Mogadishu (16.0 per cent). Indeed, JMCNA findings identify IDP households as having lower access to nutrition and health service compared to non-displaced households. The same trend is observed in access to care and treatment of acute malnutrition with JMCNA [Joint Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment] data showing that 15 per cent of IDP households with malnourished children reported receiving treatment compared to 21 per cent of non-displaced households with malnourished children.” (UNOCHA, 22. Dezember 2019, S. 53-54) Laut dem Vierteljahresbericht (Quaterly Brief) der Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit - Somalia (FSNAU) vom Dezember 2019 wird erwähnt, dass FSNAU in Zusammenarbeit mit den 1 Die Daten können unter folgendem Link angefordert werden: https://data.humdata.org/dataset/2019-somalia- joint-multicluster-needs-assessment?force_layout=desktop BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT 3 Gesundheitsministerien und Partnern landesweit 22 integrierte Ernährungserhebungen unter IDPs und Teilen der städtischen Bevölkerung durchgeführt habe. FSNAU ist ein von Europäischer Kommission und USAID finanziertes Projekt, das von der Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation der Vereinten Nationen (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO) umgesetzt wird und das Ziel hat, Analysen zur Nahrungsmittel-, Ernährungs- und Lebensunterhaltssicherung in Somalia bereitzustellen. Die vorläufigen Ergebnisse der Erhebung würden auf eine Rate der Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) von 13,1 Prozent hinweisen. Bei vier der 22 IDP- oder städtischen Bevölkerungsgruppen seien kritische GAM-Raten aufgetreten, darunter in Mogadischu mit 16,8 Prozent: „In November 2019, FSNAU in collaboration with the Ministries of Health and partners conducted 22 integrated nutrition surveys among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and urban populations across Somalia. Preliminary results from these surveys indicate a Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) prevalence of 13.1%, reflecting a slight increase in the level of Serious (10-14.9%) acute malnutrition observed since the 2018 Deyr (11.7%) and 2019 Gu (12.9%). The acute malnutrition situation in 4 out of the 22 IDP or urban population groups surveyed showed Critical GAM prevalence (15-29.9%): Mogadishu (16.8 %), Galkacyo (16.8 %), Bossasso (16.5 %) and Baidoa (IDPs (15.8 %). Serious GAM prevalence (10-14.9%) was recorded in 13 out of the 22 population groups assessed. Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) prevalence was serious (>2.5-4%) in 8 out of 22 assessed population groups (see Table 1).“ (FSNAU, 27. Dezember 2019b, S. 8) Die folgende Tabelle enthält zudem Angaben zu schwerer akuter Unterernährung (Severe Acute Malnutrition, SAM), der Sterberate (Crude Death Rate, CDR), der Sterberate von Kindern unter 5 Jahren (Under-Five Death Rate, U5DR) und der Erkrankungsrate bei Kindern (Morbidity): (FSNAU, 27. Dezember 2019b, S. 8, Table 1) Die im FSNAU-Bericht enthaltenen Diagramme zu den Ergebnissen der Evaluierung von 22 IDP- und städtischen Bevölkerungsgruppen im November 2019 beinhalten verschiedene Indikatoren. Darunter ein Indikator, der den Anteil der Personen mit schlechter oder grenzwertiger Nahrungsmittelkonsumrate anzeigt („Poor or Borderline Food Consumption Score“, FCS), ein Indikator, der den Anteil jener anzeigt, deren Haushaltshungerskala mit „Krise oder schlimmer“ eingestuft ist („Crisis or worse Household Hunger Scale“, HHS), einen Index zur verminderten Bewältigungsstrategie (reduced Coping Strategy Index, rCSI), sowie den Indikator LC (die Abkürzung konnte nicht aufgelöst werden; vermutlich „Livelihood Crisis“ oder „Livelihood Coping“, Anm. ACCORD). Die Indikatoren sind für die IDP-Bevölkerung in Mogadischu (Figure 10) und die städtische Bevölkerungsgruppe in Mogadischu (Figure 11) ausgewiesen (FSNAU, 27. Dezember 2019b, S. 11): Im Jänner 2019 veröffentlicht IOM einen von Altai Consulting verfassten Bericht zu einer Studie zu Arbeitsmarkt und Fähigkeiten von RückkehrerInnen an ausgewählten Orten, darunter in Mogadischu. In Mogadischu wurden für den Bericht 30 Unternehmen und 100 RückkehrerInnen befragt (wie auch in vier weiteren somalischen Städten). Ohne eine verlässliche Einkommensquelle würden viele RückkehrerInnen im Somalia damit kämpfen, ihre grundlegenden Bedürfnisse zu decken. Nur drei Prozent der RückkehrerInnen BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT 5 seien nie in die Situation gekommen, ihre Nahrungsmittelaufnahme verringern zu müssen, im Gegensatz zu 93 Prozent, die dies manchmal tun müssten: „Without a reliable source of income, many struggle to meet their basic needs. For
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