1 7th Annual Research Symposium

THURSDAY April 18th, 2019

5:00 - 7:00 pm

Kate Buchanan Room

SCHEDULE

4:45 Registration begins

5:00-7:00 POSTER SESSION

6:00 DEAN’S AWARD FOR ENGAGED RESEARCH RAFFLE DRAWING

**Thank you to the Oberon Grill for their generous catering donation**

2 Amanda Alster Mapping of Genocide: A Transformative Approach in Reader’s Advisory Geneva Baier Crisis Pregnancy Centers: Helpful or Harmful? Ingrid Beha Dog World Dog Marlie Brine The Choctaw Tribe and the Nanih Waiya Tessa Chandler The Behavioral Framework of Serial Murder: Filling in the Gaps Naomi Rose Doherty From One Way to Our Ways: Instilling Indigenous Values in the Western Education System Rachael Heller Leeroy Jenkins: Identity Formation, Investment, and of a Guild in World of Warcraft Kelly Hughes The Gift of Kings: Reciprocity between Worlds Michelle Irvine The Biocultural Trauma Feedback Loop Dita Kruger You Can’t Eat Books: Literacy and Cultural Materialism Jane Kuszmaul and Beatrice Caffe Taste Your Stress: The Impact of Stress on the Undergraduate Oral Microbiome Ryan Martis, Robert Lovato, Thomas Mathews, Chi Nnadika, Nelsie Ramirez Bones Grow, but Do They Shrink?: A Study on The effects of Saturated vs Arid Climates on Taphonomic Bone Shrinkage Grey McKendry “The All-American Boy”: Ted Bundy as an Example of White Privilege and Toxic Masculinity Maeve Moriarty Replicating the Unreplicable: 3D Printing and its Impact on Artifact Ownership

3 Daniel Nugent The Lyre: An Ancient Symbol of Power?

Justin Ordonez Motion sickness: An evolutionary analysis Tyani Ortiz Eat to Live: An analysis of human adaptation to our own actions Alicia Osmundson Analysis of yoga in Arcata, CA through the dualist lens of communalism and individualism Taylor Picard, Baylor Greene, Philip Pantages, Natalie Wells, Jordyn Winters Keeping it Glassy: Skeletal Analysis of Ancient Mesoamerican Obsidian Weapons Tyler Robinson Osteoarthritis in Anglo-Saxon Groups Curtis Rogers and Joseph Tregle To the Victor Go the Soils: An Analysis of a Historic Preservation Project in Arcata, CA. Kaitlin Simpson Performing Perfection: Social Media and the Ideal Self Henry Solares, Brandon Vegh, Alison Pitts The Anti-violence and Comics Project Julia Sulzinger Social Status and Gender: Burial Reflection in Viking Culture Adam Wall Painting the Medium: Digital Standardization of Archaeological Data Claire Walton The March of Our Mothers Makayla Whitney Creating Methodology for Classroom Materials using Correlations between Childhood and Adulthood Literacy Dylan Wicker Feeding the Machine: The Effects of Propaganda During World War II

4 Presenters and Abstracts

Amanda Alster Narrative Mapping of Genocide: A Transformative Approach in Reader’s Advisory Keywords: Reader’s Advisory, Transformative Geography, Narrating Genocide

Studies show that knowledge of atrocities in history such as the Holocaust is rapidly declining. Fewer people are searching these topics or reading related articles, and evidence shows there is a significant decline in the reading of literature altogether. To address these issues on a small scale, I created an interactive digital platform using geographic locations to share the various literary narratives of those who have experienced genocide first hand. I examined the impact of transformative approaches, such as GIS software, to provide a new method that actively engages and directs readers to books from a geographic perspective. The outcome of creating a collaborative digital platform that explores various genocides throughout history resulted in connecting readers to a myriad of diverse stories, promoted readership, generated awareness and ultimately instilled hope and empathy. By engaging readers to recognize and understand the process of genocide, this digital platform can help prevent future atrocities and human rights violations by instilling collective responsibility in readers.

Geneva Baier Crisis Pregnancy Centers: Helpful or Harmful? Keywords: Crisis Pregnancy Center; Abortion; Reproductive Rights

Crisis Pregnancy Centers (CPC) are nonprofit organizations whose purpose is to provide free services and resources to pregnant women. Most of these organizations are affiliated with religious groups, such as Catholic or Protestant Christianity. Currently, there is much controversy surrounding CPCs and their legitimacy as a nonprofit resource for young women, especially among scholarly and peer-reviewed materials. To ascertain the prevailing perceptions of CPCs, a literature review was conducted with the key search term “crisis pregnancy centers” in several academic databases. Written materials were compared, analyzed, and synthesized to produce a comprehensive view of current feelings about CPCs. Trends reveal a negative characterization of CPCs as dishonest institutions. Several of the articles call for new legislation that would either restrict or compel speech for CPCs, ostensibly to reduce the dissemination of misinformation among vulnerable women. This study shows conflict between reproductive rights and free speech laws. Identifying and explaining how this conflict emerged will provide a better understanding of the dispute between CPCs and their opponents.

Ingrid Beha Dog World Dog Memes Keywords: Dog memes, Facebook, Instagram, Stress relief, Social media, Doggos

I joined the dog community in private groups in Facebook and Instagram where I examined the inter-species relationship between humans and dogs. Methods employed included , literature review, and screenshot analysis from Facebook and Instagram. Patterns in the types of posts indicate that people of all ages actively seek out dog memes to 5 reduce anxiety and that dog memes are more popular when they are humanized. Dog memes are an artifact of our generation that transcends age groups, and allows us to research meme culture that reflects a virtual population.

Marlie Brine The Choctaw Tribe and the Nanih Waiya Keywords: Choctaw, , Nanih Waiya

The land feature known as the Nanih Waiya mound is central to the religious beliefs and cultural identity of the Choctaw Tribe of Native Americans. The function and creation of this mound differs depending upon the perspective of the Choctaw Tribal divisions, but it is mostly classified as a human-made earthwork that dates back to the Middle Woodland period (c. 0-300 CE) with naturally occurring features. In this project, texts documenting the history of the land and cultural practices of the Tribe form the basis of the research. Choctaw tribal members were separated from their original land and the Nanih Waiya after European contact and forced evacuations which began with the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The land on which the mound is located was recently returned to the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians after being under private ownership since the removal treaties. The mound is present in most Choctaw origin stories and is a source of identity and community for the Tribe.

Tessa Chandler The Behavioral Framework of Serial Murder: Filling in the Gaps Keywords: Social Learning Theory, Cultural Determinism, Serial Murder

Both the general public and scientific community are interested in the factors that underlie the development of pathological behavior. Are behaviors biologically predetermined or are they mainly molded by their environment? Psychology and sociology have dominated popular conversation focusing on biological and cognitive theoretical perspectives, although other fields such as anthropology and criminology, have the potential to contribute. For example, evaluating the environmental and socially adaptive components of behavior could aid in the effort to understand this complex topic. Through a literature review, this project used social learning theory and cultural determinism to identify an emergence of behavior patterns. Exploring an environmental framework of learned social interactions and observations is an analytically useful approach that may expose evolving patterns that could be useful in predicting the emergence of behaviors that could lead to serial murderer.

Naomi Rose Doherty From One Way to Our Ways: Instilling Indigenous Values in the Western Education System Keywords: Indigenous Education, Western Education System, Cultural Awareness

Data show that Indigenous students are underperforming academically in secondary schools because Western based education is failing to adapt multicultural pedagogies into the curriculum. The foundational values of individualism and competition make Western pedagogy a culture- based discipline, designed from a Eurocentric ideology. Indigenous concepts of teaching and learning, however, are traditionally non-linear and communally based. How can a Western 6 based educational system be designed to include and serve Indigenous students? To examine this issue, I examined peer-reviewed literature and research from the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada that advocates for increased cultural awareness in education systems. Interviews I conducted with local teachers and experts in the field of secondary education also provided insight into practical methodology. Indigenous concepts of community-based building exercises, oral and social communication, and storytelling challenge Western discipline-based learning methods that focus more on isolated learning and rewarding individual success. By utilizing Indigenous concepts and cultural awareness, education will promote a more holistic approach that reaches out to include those previously neglected. When students feel a sense of belonging in their schools and understanding from their teachers, they become more engaged in the classroom and the larger community. This research highlights the importance of understanding why Western education is flawed, giving insight to the immediate and future goals of improving education as a multicultural based discipline.

Rachael Heller Leeroy Jenkins: Identity Formation, Investment, and Social Structure of a Guild in World of Warcraft Keywords: Identity Formation, Reciprocity, World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft (WoW), an online fantasy game, connects more than 10 million players worldwide in a multiplayer story-based adventure. Each player builds a character and plays through the game content, interacting with other characters through battles, economic exchanges, raids, and the formation of alliances called guilds. Guilds are semi-permanent player groups that form around common in-game goals and/or out-of-game interests/experiences. Through participant observation over the course of a year, this study examined community building and maintenance in one guild. Findings include (1) shared activities such as raiding contribute to collective identity formation, (2) the subsequent redistribution of raid ‘loot’ bonds members and operates to establish/maintain structural hierarchy, and (3) there is a correlation between individual players’ time investment in guild activities/communication and group cohesion. This research contributes to existing scholarship on online sociality by providing insight into the role that online gaming plays in connecting people across time and space into new forms of community.

Kelly Hughes The Gift of Kings: Reciprocity between Worlds Keywords: Iron Age, Reciprocity, Ritual Sacrifice

I investigated the role of reciprocity in sacrificial rites of Iron Age Ireland through literature review of three well-documented bog bodies: Clonycavan Man, Gallagh Man, and Oldcroghan Man. I hypothesized that the elite status of these men made them valuable as sacrificial offerings. Literature indicates their high status as well as the ritual nature of their deaths and deposition. Sacrificial ritual establishes reciprocity between mortals and the divine. Reciprocity is a universal social phenomenon which creates a network of mutual obligation. The people of Iron Age Ireland used high-value offerings in sacrificial ritual as a means of obtaining high-value returns from their deities.

7 Michelle Irvine The Biocultural Trauma Feedback Loop Keywords: Revictimization, Trauma, Positive Feedback Loop

It is widely known that trauma is repeated throughout a victim’s life, but the biological mechanisms of its recurrence (revictimization), even though understood biologically, are not accepted or discussed in all disciplines. A combination of socio-cultural and biological perspectives is needed to understand this cycle of revictimization and to offer help for sufferers and public health agencies. In order to better understand these issues, I conducted a synthesis of existing scientific research regarding the discrepancies between biological and sociological studies on revictimization. Reviews of sociological research revealed that initial trauma and revictimization are clearly understood as a positive feedback loop, with one increasing the other over a victim’s life. In biology, however, this loop has been acknowledged but the study of the recurrence of trauma has not been integrated into these disciplines. In humans, biology and sociology are inseparable, a fact acknowledged by both fields of study. Therefore, a recognition in these disciplines that a positive feedback loop exists regarding revictimization is key. Recognizing the existence of this biological feedback loop has the potential to mitigate the damage of past, present, and future trauma. Devastated sufferers, with a better understanding of the biological aspects of their recurring trauma, are empowered against damaging ideologies, such as biological determinism and victim blaming.

Dita Kruger You Can’t Eat Books: Literacy and Cultural Materialism Keywords: Literacy, Cultural Materialism, Subsistence

In this research, I examine literacy rates in western through time, in comparison with their subsistence methods, through the lens of cultural materialism, particularly with regard to infrastructural determinism. In the modern western world, it is generally considered necessary to be literate in order to be a functioning member of . In order to work, obtain housing, vote, or participate in any other number of societal activities, we are expected to be able to read and to write. However, literacy in the western world has not always been so widespread. For this study, I use cultural materialism to examine how this shift occurred. To conduct this study I relied on literature review, using secondary and tertiary sources, including encyclopedias and history books. It also includes modern data collected by various governmental and intergovernmental agencies. Cultural Materialism supposes that culture is shaped by environment, and assumes as well that environment forms the foundation of culture. , in his work on cultural materialism, theorized that cultural changes occur first in etic infrastructure, such as subsistence, and affect emic superstructure last, an idea he termed infrastructural determinism.

Jane Kuszmaul and Beatrice Caffe Taste Your Stress: The Impact of Stress on the Undergraduate Oral Microbiome Keywords: Oral Microbiome, Cortisol, Academic Stress

Microbes are beneficial single-celled organisms which play an essential role in protecting the body against pathogens. Studies show that stress can decrease the diversity of microbiota in and on the body. This in turn can negatively impact the body’s immune defenses. Stress plays a 8 significant role in the experience of college students. Understanding how stress impacts which species of microbes are present in the mouth could lead to the development of better stress management strategies, such as diet. This study explored relationships between stress, cortisol levels, and the oral microbiome of college students. Daily questionnaires and biweekly salivary tests were used to assess stress levels, and measure what and how many species of microbes are present in 5 college students. Data collection was conducted during the week preceding December 2018 finals, and finals week itself. The results of this study were inconclusive; however previous research indicates there may be a relationship between high stress levels and reduced microbial diversity in the oral microbiome. To allow for a more in-depth sample, a continuation of this study will include a higher frequency of samples in the same time frame. If certain microbes correlate with less stress, and in turn a stronger immune system, this could allow for both a reduction in stress and less susceptibility to illness.

Ryan Martis, Robert Lovato, Thomas Mathews, Chi Nnadika, Nelsie Ramirez Bones Grow, but Do They Shrink?: A Study on The effects of Saturated vs Arid Climates on Taphonomic Bone Shrinkage Keywords: Taphonomic, Faunal Remains, Stature

For forensic anthropologists, stature estimation is a key component of the assessment of skeletal remains. One of the methods used to estimate stature involves extrapolation from the length of long bones, such as the femur. Previous research has indicated the environment can result in postmortem shrinkage of bone, and therefore affect stature estimates. An extension of previous undergraduate research, this research project examines the extent of bone shrinkage that occurs when bones are exposed to the elements. Six bovine femora from a local butcher were either buried or submerged in water at HSU’s Simulated Archaeology (SIM) Site, or kept under a fume hood at the Research Lab. Measurements of bone length were taken at regular intervals. Preliminary analysis indicates a relationship between precipitation, dry or arid climates/environment and postmortem bone shrinkage. This study has the potential to aid in assessing the accuracy of stature calculations.

Grey McKendry “The All-American Boy”: Ted Bundy as an Example of White Privilege and Toxic Masculinity Keywords: Ted Bundy, Sexual Violence, White Privilege

Ted Bundy is one of the United States’ most infamous serial killers. He has been described as being charismatic, intelligent, and handsome by some, despite the fact that he murdered dozens of women in the 1970s. Ted Bundy’s motivation for killing, and reactions to him, may reveal some potentially problematic aspects about what mainstream society in the United States values. These instances in history, as well as reactions from today, may be interpreted in a way that shows racism and sexism still influence cultural values, or at least within mainstream society. This project utilizes literary materials, including newspapers detailing the events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, periodicals, opinion pieces on social media, as well as academic journals about sexual violence and white privilege. I also used docu-series footage available through Netflix, other documentaries, interviews with Bundy, and broadcasted news coverage from the time of the murders and during the trials. A trend that made itself apparent when looking at past

9 interviews, and recent interviews with survivors and journalists, was the idea of Ted Bundy being a charming and intelligent person was a myth created by Bundy himself. This myth of a charming serial killer was then made popular by other writers and journalists over the last 30 years. I also found those who believe the murder victims seem to be glossed over when discussing Bundy. The opinion is that because the story of Bundy has been sensationalized, the victims are no longer seen as being important. The promotion of a myth about a serial killer, created by said serial killer, and the minimizing of the severity of the killings may be a product of how mainstream culture views race and gender.

Maeve Moriarty Replicating the Unreplicable: 3D Printing and its Impact on Artifact Ownership Keywords: 3D printing, Museums, Artifact Ownership

I examined the emergence of 3D printing within museum contexts to better understand how it impacts artifact ownership. My review and critique of the literature related to museums’ usage of 3D printing technology showed that it is largely utilized as a tool for education as well as a method for preserving cultural materials. Replications of cultural artifacts and materials created by 3D printers, however, also are exhibited for profit by museums. While educational benefits are central to 3D printing use, the replication of cultural materials does promote the concept of artifact commercialization which may ultimately deemphasize ethical issues, such as displaying and housing replicas of sacred items. The consequences of artifact replication require deeper consideration, especially regarding the perspectives of peoples and connected to the artifacts. Recognizing and acknowledging the gap in existing narratives will aid future endeavors and allow 3D printing to function as a relevant and respectful tool utilized by museums.

Daniel Nugent The Lyre: An Ancient Symbol of Power? Keywords: Cultural Materialism, Hierarchy, Lyre

Music is a universal phenomenon that transcends cultures and has been a vital component of human communities since its inception. The lyre is an ancient form of stringed instrument with origins in the Mediterranean. At the Anglo-Saxon archaeological site of Sutton Hoo, a 7th century lyre was found in a lavish royal burial. Utilizing literature analysis and experimental archaeology to recreate a 7th century lyre; this study will explore the relationship between social stratification and art implementing a cultural materialist theoretical framework. Research indicates the labor required to create a lyre would limit the market to wealthy individuals. This work serves to expand the understanding of hierarchical institutions in ancient England and how social stratification affected access to art.

Justin Ordonez Motion sickness: An Evolutionary Analysis Keywords: Motion Sickness, Vestibular System, Rock-a-bye-baby Hypothesis

Motion sickness is a condition that is uncomfortable and has no apparent evolutionary advantage, yet it persists in so many species. Research has revealed mechanisms that cause motion sickness, but there is no consensus or even agreement in the scientific literature regarding its evolutionary 10 origins. This study provides a critical analysis of the scientific literature regarding the evolutionary roots of motion sickness. There is a clear divide between evolutionary studies of motion sickness, with some research suggesting that motion sickness is an evolutionary byproduct of our biological response against neurotoxins. Others propose that it functions as some kind of defense mechanism against unfavorable motion and promotes visual-spatial stability. Motion sickness can only be induced in artificial circumstances, so exploring its evolutionary origins will provide a better understanding of how modern environments can cause physiological miscues.

Tyani Ortiz Eat to Live: An Analysis of Human Adaptation to Our Own Actions Keywords: Corn, Adaptation, Nutrition

Food and the methods and tools used to acquire it are a fundamental struggle that affects all living organisms on this planet, and humans are not free from this struggle. I examined some of the ways Western societies, specifically the United States citizens’ dietary and nutritional needs have changed as humans have increasingly modified one of the top crops humans have consumed, corn. I will be examining peer-reviewed scholarly books, journals, and online databases. Trends in academic disciplines related to economic botany and signify an alteration in our dietary needs as we have developed an accelerated course of modification on the genetic makeup of maize. The majority of the corn grown is used for biofuels, animal feed, as well as being synthesized into high fructose corn syrup and other high concentrate substances that are used from batteries to bubblegum. Many of these uses of refined corn are causing an uproar within mainstream media as the rates of obesity have increased since high fructose was being consumed in mass quantities as it is composed of mostly carbohydrates and water. Nutritional anthropology and economic botany are shedding light on the small variety of plants we consume as a western modern society versus the large variety of wild plants indigenous people around the world have access too.

Alicia Osmundson Analysis of Yoga Culture in Arcata, CA through the Dualist Lens of Communalism and Individualism Keywords: Yoga, Acculturation, Communalism, Individualism

“Yoga” is widespread and popular in the Arcata CA area, located in the Pacific North West of the United States. This can be demonstrated by the large prevalence of yoga studios, classes, products, etc. available in the town and surrounding area. Yoga, native to India and the Hindu religion/culture, is a small aspect of a larger philosophical system and has been abstracted and acculturated into Western culture, taking on new cultural forms and meaning. Looking at observation, participation, and interview findings from a 16-week ethnographic project I conducted on yoga in Arcata CA and the larger West, two themes of analysis were used, (1) individualism and (2) communalism, as a dualist lens to interpret the cultural nature of yoga in Arcata and the different roles it plays socially. Using this lens, I found that yoga is valued as a communal act but is not primarily perceived as a communal act. It is instead primarily perceived as an individualistic endeavor. I also found that Arcata yoga spaces serve simultaneously as space to participate in a highly communal act and a space to assert one’s individualism, the two

11 concepts interwoven and supporting one another. This lens is interesting to use and can also be applied to observe criticisms of yoga culture within the community, based on a perceived incompatibility of Eastern and Western philosophy; communal representing Eastern and individual representing Western. However, this lens and themes are still limited in their analysis and applying different lens and themes could help further interpretation of the cultural nature of yoga in Arcata.

Taylor Picard, Baylor Greene, Philip Pantages, Natalie Wells, Jordyn Winters Keeping it Glassy: Skeletal Analysis of Ancient Mesoamerican Obsidian Weapons Keywords: Ancient Obsidian Weapons, Macuahuitl, Perimortem Analysis

Ancient Mesoamerican warfare has included some of the deadliest utilization of stone tool technology in the world. These ancient cultures modified obsidian, a type of volcanic glass, into the sharpest blades known. Since little is known about the damage caused by ancient obsidian weapons, the purpose of this project was to develop a method that uses skeletal analysis to identify ancient weapons used in warfare. This was achieved by recreating three macuahuitls (obsidian edged wooden clubs) of different sizes, as well as an obsidian axe based on ethno- historical accounts. In order to test the damage of the weapons, animal crania were obtained from a local butcher following the butchering of the animal. The weapons were tested by striking them against the animal crania in order to create enough skeletal damage that could be analyzed. The final step was to dissect the crania and analyze the skeletal material. Preliminary findings suggest that the damage is distinct enough to differentiate between the different obsidian weapons used in a perimortem context. Initial results show the potential of this research to develop a more accurate method for the determination of weapons used in ancient Mesoamerican warfare. This method can be utilized to investigate ancient weapons from other regions, and eventually a database could be constructed similar to the ones in use for modern weapons.

Tyler Robinson Osteoarthritis in Anglo-Saxon Groups Keywords: Anglo-Saxon, Osteoarthritis, Osteology

Even though osteoarthritis is a common disease among all populations, there are a surprisingly large number of cases of the disease observed in western England skeletal remains from the 5th to 9th century. I investigated the potential connections and causes of the high rates of osteoarthritis within Anglo-Saxon remains as described in case studies. Current research indicates there is a link between occupation and osteoarthritis. Many jobs during the early medieval period in England were related to agriculture, which involved repetitive stress, one of the major causes of osteoarthritis. These data shed light on how lifestyle affects overall health. These findings are valuable because they can be used to describe the connections between lifestyles and diseases through the remains of Anglo-Saxons through the observation of osteoarthritis within their remains.

Curtis Rogers and Joseph Tregle To the Victor Go the Soils: An Analysis of a Historic Preservation Project in Arcata, CA Keywords: Settlement Period, Nixon, Historic Preservation

12 The objective of this historic preservation project is to evaluate the historical significance of a local Arcata landmark, the Nixon House, constructed on Wiyot land. The success or failure of this nomination will depend on its ability to convey the house’s historical context in the Settlement Period of Arcata, and Gold Rush in California. This evaluation determines the House’s eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Our research was conducted at the request of the homeowners. We analyzed literary and primary source documents, consulted with the homeowners and local historic preservation organizations, and Tribal Historic Preservation Offices. We found the property is significant under National Register Criteria A, an association with events in our history, and Criteria C, distinctive architecture. It also maintains a high degree of integrity to convey that significance, and its physical features illustrate that historical association and character. Which is another consideration for the National Register of Historic Places. Producing knowledge in a historiographic document can either ignore or emphasize different narratives, which greatly influences the way future scholars perceive past events by shaping the body of quotable literature. Our analysis of this process highlights deeply woven unconscious threads of colonial hegemony in our society by basing the house’s historical value on its association with a period of genocide.

Kaitlin Simpson Performing Perfection: Social Media and the Ideal Self Keywords: The Ideal Self, Social Media, Commodification

The explosion of the New Media Age has resulted in an explosion of available personal information being immediately and permanently accessible online. I conducted analyses of relevant literature to explore the motivations Instagram (IG) users have and examine the methods they use to project images of themselves to the world that are seen as “ideal” versus “real” representations. The preponderance of literature suggests IG users’ motivations for cultivating and maintaining online personas correlate with an overall trend of commodification of “self.” In addition, aside from establishing an “ideal self” through IG, data show that IG users use the platform to navigate the formation and maintenance of relationships online and to manage relationships in “real life” (face to face). The concept that we project an ideal version of ourselves that is not entirely genuine manifests itself in an online setting and the outward expression of “the ideal self” affects how we perceive both our own self-worth and how we judge others. Understanding the patterns in IG usage provides a deeper knowledge of the changes that take place in ourselves as a result of our choices involving self-identity on social media, and the ways in which creating and maintaining an Instagram profile changes the way we perceive and engage with others on an interpersonal level.

Henry Solares, Brandon Vegh, Alison Pitts The Anti-violence and Comics Project Keywords: Anti-violence, Comics, Higher Education

The project presents a strategy to address the question of how to best support marginalized survivors. Through translating academic and practical knowledge into a visual resource, “(in)difference to survivors”. It brings marginalized voices up front without putting them at risk. It is the ultimate hope that the project influences policy makers, Title IX professionals, applied

13 anthropologists, and survivor support organizations. This is a project by and for survivors of sexualized violence.

Julia Sulzinger Social Status and Gender: Burial Reflection in Viking Culture Keywords: Viking Culture, Gender, Social Status

Burials excavated at the Birka, Sweden archaeological site, which was under Viking occupation from 750 to 950 CE, provides a cultural snapshot of gender and social status. Previous studies make inaccurate assumptions of gender based on types of tools found. For example, warfare artifacts are most often assumed to have been used by males, and jewelry artifacts are typically associated with females. In addition, there has been limited research linking osteological analyses with artifact analysis, which has also led to inaccurate assumptions regarding gender and social status. Assumptions have been made at this site, including women’s remains generally reflecting a lower status compared to men’s remains. Material artifact and osteological analyses is combined with historical examination in this research of ancient Viking burials to better understand the Birka site. This work, which expanded and revised our understanding of gender expectations and social differences in Viking society from this time period, can be used to also further our knowledge of other societies.

Adam Wall Painting the Medium: Digital Standardization of Archaeological Data Keywords: Digitization, Standardization, Style Guide

Archaeology is a dynamic, constantly evolving science in which both method and theory alike have changed considerably over time—yet the important task of actually recording archaeological data in-field has not followed suit. The bulk of archaeological notes taken in the field are hand-written, with pencil-sketched maps and diagrams, varying widely in legibility, clarity, and completeness of information. While this last point cannot easily be fixed after the fact, the former two can be through the development of a comprehensive, standardized “style guide” for the digitization of archaeological field notes. This “style guide” provides a detailed tutorial on the process of digitizing hand-drawn maps and excavation diagrams, using the freely available design program “Inkscape.” The guide is designed to be internally consistent and easily comprehensible, usable even by those with no experience with either the programs or raw data involved, guiding the user along the process of rendering previously inconsistent field data into a uniform visual style. Furthermore, the results of this project indicate a real possibility for future developments to be built atop the style guide itself through the use of additional programs, most notably the 3D imaging program “Agisoft Photoscan.” By combining a 3D overlay of an excavation with the 2D rendering steps detailed in the style guide, the resultant digitized maps could be further developed in such a way as to render the contained data accessible to individuals without any prerequisite background in archaeology and its study. In other words, the possibility exists for not only the refinement of archaeological field notes, but the near-total demystification of data which would otherwise be all but impenetrable to those outside the discipline.

Claire Walton The March of Our Mothers 14 Keywords: , March of Progress, Biocultural Anthropology

Reproductive success is a major cornerstone of evolutionary theory. Considering this, it is ironic that scientific depictions of our hominin ancestors often overlook females in general, and pregnant or breastfeeding females in particular. Instead, the story of evolution is commonly told from a male-centered, eurocentric perspective, as in the style of Rudolph Zallinger’s March of Progress (1965). Such lenses do not employ a critical analysis of the lives and bodies of our female ancestors, which is necessary for forming a balanced depiction of human evolution and a better understanding of the features that allow us to reproduce successfully and continue evolving. Through the illustrated depiction of female hominid ancestors and a discussion of their significant reproductive adaptations, my research employs a feminist critique on popular models of human evolution and offers an alternate look at human evolutionary history. Data has been gathered through a review of literature on evolutionary theory and models, paleontological records, feminist anthropology, and hominin reconstructions. This research creates an accessible, complimentary, more balanced view of our evolutionary history, and promotes an evolutionary discussion to help us relate to our past so that we may understand the evolution of humanity in a more inclusive way.

Makayla Whitney Creating Methodology for Classroom Materials using Correlations between Childhood and Adulthood Literacy Keywords: Adult Literacy, Childhood Education, Michigan

Throughout kindergarten, common sight words, the alphabet, and simple sentence patterns are drilled into young minds with expectations that they will maintain their literacy skills into adulthood; however, for many adults in Washtenaw County this is not the case. According to the 2010 US Census, 11.6% of adults among Washtenaw County’s general population (344,791), lack upper literacy skills; this population of illiterate adults will continue to rise as half of the children born to illiterate parents will become illiterate adults themselves. Survey responses from 76 teachers regarding their approaches in choosing reading materials for their students based on grammar, sentence structure, and reading topics were collected during October and November of 2018. A commonly found trend included teachers choosing pre-leveled reading materials, provided to them by their school district, with a minor focus on topical matter. Teachers also were observed choosing reading materials for their grammatical properties, specifically how well they displayed simple and complex sentences. These materials did not correlate with reading materials for adults, as topical matter is vital when deciding which reading material best fits an adult’s everyday life. This study suggests improvement of adult reading materials and literacy programs could help combat the continuing cycle of illiteracy in Washtenaw County.

Dylan Wicker Feeding the Machine: The Effects of Propaganda during World War II Keywords: Propaganda, World War II, America, Nazi Germany

Propaganda has been a driving force of cultural change since the dawn of politics. One of the most iconic sets of mass propaganda is that of Nazi Germany and the United States during World War II, the first memorable time capitalism and fascism clashed. This research identified

15 underlying themes and differences between American and German war propaganda from the decade surrounding World War II. Research methods included a literature review as well as collecting and analyzing American and Nazi propaganda from that time. A general trend that emerged during research was that both forms of propaganda espoused the ideal of defeating an enemy that was a threat to national security. American propaganda had a larger focus on maximizing resources and instilling fear among its citizens, while Nazi propaganda rallied citizens to perform their “natural duty”. This research brings to light key trends in the nature of wartime propaganda and reflects how it influenced our modern culture from a cultural and anthropological standpoint.

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