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Case Study of Chobe District, Botswana VJ Ngosi

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Gendered approach toward Disaster Risk Reduction: Case study of Chobe District, Botswana VJ Ngosi orcid.org 0000-0002-0073-2354 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Science with Disaster Risk Science at the North-West University Supervisor: Ms K Fourie Co-supervisor: Ms A Botha Graduation July 2019 25253743 DECLARATION I, Vincent Junior Ngosi, hereby declare that this is my own original work and that the findings were obtained through an in-depth empirical study in Chobe District, Botswana. The Government of Botswana through the Office of the President and Cabinet (OPC) in the Disaster Management Office approved and authorised a research permit to conduct this study. Therefore, the content and findings of this study is not plagiarised, it is the product of my diligence, endurance, hard work, and most importantly, discipline. Signature: _____________________________ Date: ______________________ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, my sincere gratitude goes to God almighty for all the physical, social, emotional and financial provision through different individuals and institutions, without which this undertaking would have not been a complete success. In a special way, I would like to recognise and acknowledge the following people and organisations for their unceasing support. They offered me new insight, edifying criticism and assistance, and from this I gained strength, courage, focus and knowledge that gave me confidence to complete this study. I thank the African Centre for Disaster Studies (ACDS) staff for trusting me with the responsibility to be a part of such a great reputable institution. This process was not easy, but your support made a positive contribution towards the completion of this study. I am grateful to my supervisor, Miss Kristel Fourie, for teaching me and allowing me to grow and learn at length the procedure of conducting successful research. Your critical input and support equipped me with knowledge and resilience that kept me going to the end. Ken and Michelle McGrath, this whole study would not have been possible if it was not for the financial support that I got through you from different individuals. I am grateful for the initiative that you took to raise funds for my study. You are a true blessing and gift from God as your name suggest. Thank you so much and may God bless you. Pastor Mike and Christina Fluech, thank you so much for being my pillars and sources of strength. I will forever be grateful for all the spiritual, emotional and financial support that you gave me throughout my study. I want to thank Mr V.C. Ngosi and Mrs L. Ngosi (my parents), for the patience and tireless support. Somehow it seemed as if I was going to be studying for a lifetime. Nevertheless, you were very patient in providing all the necessary support that I needed. Thank you so much and may God continue to bless you. Kgosi Mmualhefhe, Mr Nkosiyabo Moyo and Masule Kachana, thank you for the hospitality and for connecting me to relevant authorities and respondents in Botswana. Without your assistance my study would not have been possible, for that I am very grateful. I thank the Secretary Botswana Disaster Management Office, Office of the President and Cabinet for granting me permission to conduct my study. To the Chobe District Council, Fire department, Agriculture department, Chobe District Red Cross, and the Kasane and Kachikau communities, thank you for your effort, patience and amazing hospitality and cooperation. May God bless you all, I will forever be grateful for making my study become a success. ii Psalm 32:8 “I will instruct and teach you in the way which you should go; I will counsel you with my loving eye upon you”. iii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACDS African Centre for Disaster Studies BNDRR Botswana National Disaster Risk Reduction DMO Disaster management office DFID Department for International Development EAGER Engaging African Girls in Gender Enriched Disaster Risk Reduction FAO Food and Agriculture Organization HFA Hyogo Framework of Action ICSU International Council for Science IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee and the European Commission ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction IFRC International Federation of Red Cross IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development NDRRS National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy ODC Office of District Commission UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNISDR United Nations International Strategy of Disaster Reduction UN United Nations UNWCDRR United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization iv ABSTRACT Available research shows an increase in the frequency and intensity of weather and climate- related hazards across the globe. This trend is leading to an increase in the occurrence of disasters and heightened disaster risk, threatening the lives and well-being of individuals, organisations and communities. Previous studies have indicated that the impact of disasters in terms of human and economic losses differs between men and women. Several studies have shown that women suffer disproportionately after disasters. Reasons include existing gender inequalities, socio-economic conditions, cultural beliefs and traditional practices that limit the influence and control women and girls have over decisions governing their lives, as well as their access to resources. The dissertation explores a gendered approach toward disaster risk reduction by embarking on a case study of Chobe district in Botswana. As such, the study examines factors that contribute to gendered vulnerability in Chobe district. In addition, theoretically, the study explores a global perspective of gender integration in disaster risk reduction in policy and in practice. Although the term gender includes the categories of men, women, and boys and girls and all the other genders (LGTBI), for the purpose of this dissertation, the focus is on the basic categories of men and women. The study followed a qualitative research design to conduct empirical investigation in the Chobe district of Botswana. There were a total number of 54 participants that were involved in the study, where 48% represented females and 52% were males. Using focus groups and semi- structured interviews the design allowed the researcher to collect data in Chobe district in a natural setting where people are experiencing the phenomenon under investigation. The data collected from the Chobe district were analysed and compared with literature to reach findings using flexible model. The model is a mixture of the iterative and fixed models of qualitative data analysis. When a disaster occurs, everyone caught in the disaster zone is affected without exception of gender. However, in line with findings from other studies, this study findings suggests that the majority of women suffer more than do the men, as a result of disasters. Based on the study findings, there are gaps that still exist in Chobe district in terms of men and women involvement in DRR. Culture, social, economic, environmental and political factors followed by lack of gender sensitive policies results in women being disproportionately affected by the impact of hazards. Chobe district employs a holistic approach when it comes to DRR mitigation and management, however there is need to include a gender sensitive approach in their DRR policy implementation. It is crucial to include both men and women in development and implementation of DRR strategies, policy and practice. v The study offers recommendations on how gender can be foregrounded in legislation, policy and practice to ensure that men and women have equal and equitable platforms in managing and mitigating the impact of disasters before and in the aftermath of disasters. Keywords: disasters, disaster risk reduction, gender, vulnerability, gender integration, disaster policy framework, resilience, Chobe district vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... II LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................... IV ABSTRACT V CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 DEMARCATION OF STUDY AREA: CHOBE DISTRICT, BOTSWANA ..................... 3 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................ 5 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................... 7 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 7 1.6 CENTRAL THEORETICAL STATEMENT ................................................................... 7 1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 9 1.8 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................
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