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William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin Design Neil Ludlow William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design Neil Ludlow Pembroke Castle keep 1201-1207. View from the southeast. © Neil Guy Neil © southeast. the from View 1201-1207. keep Castle Pembroke THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16213 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design William Marshal, Pembroke Castle Blois), built very early in the twelfth cen- and Angevin design tury by an ally of the Angevin counts 1 This paper argues that the castles of Wil- (Mesqui 2013, 185 et al.). The form was liam Marshal the elder owe their influences adopted by the counts of Blois during the almost entirely to the works of the English twelfth century, and in Angevin-held Tou- Crown – as might be expected given his raine, Maine and Normandy. close association with the Angevin kings. Of the 52 cylindrical great towers in The dominant narrative, suggesting influ- France that were begun before c. 1203 ence from the court of the French king (Table 1; Fig. 1),2 nearly half (23) are Philip II Augustus, fits in with neither form, thought to have been built by the Angevin function, detail and relative chronology, kings or their vassals. A number were nor with the political circumstances of the built by King Henry II. Henry set about period. Philippienne influence only be- ‘improving and repairing’ his French cas- comes apparent in the work of his sons, tles in 1161 (Howlett 1889, 209-10), when after 1219. Attention will accordingly be the donjons at Château-sur-Epte and drawn to the cylindrical donjons built in Neaufles-Saint-Martin (both Eure, near France by the Angevins, and to the distinc- Gisors in Normandy), may have been tion between the ‘donjon’ and other forms commenced (Corvisier 1998(2), 147, of dominant tower. 491); the Norman exchequer accounts suggest that both donjons were complete By 1201, when work at Pembroke Castle 3 began, Marshal had spent over fifty years in by 1180 (Stapleton 1840, 72, 110). Both and around castles on both sides of the are perfectly cylindrical, without any pro- Channel, as squire, sportsman, soldier and jections (Fig. 2), and like most Angevin courtier. He had plenty of opportunity to donjons, are unvaulted; Château-sur-Epte follow their development in the Angevin shows external offsets which, as in the donjon at Pembroke, do not always corre- dominions and beyond. His experience of 4 the French royal domain was however spond to the floor levels. largely confined to the pre-Philippienne Henry II’s cylindrical donjons at Neuf- period. He is recorded in the Île-de-France marché, Seine-Maritime in Normandy just four times after Philip’s succession in (Baudry 2002, 57; Corvisier 1998(2), 1180, and each visit was short, and circum- 492-5), and Bourg-le-Roi, Sarthe in scribed. Maine (Corvisier 1998(2), 64-71), may 5 There are several published accounts of also have been begun in the 1160s. A Pembroke Castle (e.g. King 1977; King fifth, at Châtillon-sur-Indre (Indre), in 1978; Renn 1968), and descriptions herein Touraine, is possibly from the 1180s will be brief. See Appendix 1 for a discus- (Corvisier 1998(2), 201; Deyres 1984, sion of the function of its donjon. 364, 374-6); the rest cannot be closely dated (see Table 1). The cylindrical donjons of the Angevin kings King Richard I continued the tradition at the important ducal castle of Bonneville- Excavation suggests that the origins of the sur-Touques, Calvados in Normandy free-standing cylindrical donjon lie in the (Boüard 1966, 355; Mesqui 2013, 24 fig., Loire region, at Fréteval (Loir-et-Cher, 167, 215-6; Fig. 3). THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16214 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design Fig. 1 – Northern France in c. 1203 showing circular great towers. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16215 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design Fig. 2: Two cylindrical donjons of King Henry II: (L-R) Château-sur-Epte and Neaufles (both Eure, Normandy). Fig. 3: Plan of Bonneville-sur-Touques, Calvados (from Mesqui 2013). Cylindrical donjon, 1190s (Richard I); towers and probably curtain, 1199-1204 (King John). THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16216 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design Now truncated and used as a private dwell- tower at Châteaudun (Eure-et-Loir), built in ing, the Bonneville donjon was under con- the 1170s-80s (Erlande-Brandenburg 1970, struction by 1195.6 It was again unvaulted 142). The French Crown built a small num- (Boüard 1966, 355) and, like Pembroke, it ber of circular donjons of a rather different was originally free-standing, on level nature (see below), while the form had ap- ground, towards the edge of a pre-existing peared further afield by the 1190s, in eastern ringwork. The towered enceinte is an addi- France and the Holy Roman Empire (Mes- tion of King John’s reign (Boüard 1966, qui 2013, 185). 7 371; Mesqui 1997, 456; see below), butt- Donjons and tours-mixtes ing obliquely against the base of the donjon in a manner not unlike the secondary cur- The free-standing cylindrical donjon, then, tain at Pembroke. was firmly rooted in the works of the An- gevin kings. But it was late to arrive in the Richard also built the cylindrical donjon British Isles and, when it did, does not ap- at Longchamps (Eure, Normandy), where pear to have been employed by the Crown, £480 was spent in 1198 (Corvisier 1998(2), under whom engaged, peripheral towers 393-6; Stapleton 1844, 300, 307, 310, were favoured.12 There is a fundamental 350). He is also thought to have built the distinction between these towers and the round tower on the motte at Le Muret, free-standing donjon: only in the latter, Cléry (also Eure), which accounted for which was neither defensive (thus normally £420 in 1198 (Pitte 2002, 168 and n. 19; unlooped) nor, in many cases, residential, Stapleton 1844, 310), while the similar was it possible for access to the space within tower at Bonsmoulins (Orne, Normandy) to be properly regulated (see Dixon 2002, may represent the £419 spent there in 9-11; Marshall 2002b, 28; Mesqui 1993, 8 1194-5 (Stapleton 1840, 245-6). It is sug- 252) – all would see it, but few would ever gested here that the king’s extensive cam- enter (Marshall 2002a, 142). paign at Pont-de-l’Arche (Eure) included a further free-standing cylindrical donjon The engaged tower, on the other hand, (see below and Fig. 18).9 In Poitou, the might be used as a residential chamber- free-standing round tower at Montreuil- tower but could also be equipped for de- Bonnin (Vienne) is also thought to be Rich- fence (the ‘tour-mixte’ of French authors, ard’s work (Baudry 2002, 57-9 Fig. 4).10 see e.g. Mesqui 2013, 152-75), becoming a more public space and allowing for multi- Cylindrical donjons were similarly built ple functions.13 For instance, the cylindrical by influential vassals of the Angevin kings, Tour du Moulin at Angevin Chinon (Indre- sometimes under their advocacy like those et-Loire), now thought to have been added at Conches-en-Ouche (Eure), probably by King John 1200-04, though possibly a built 1180-1200 (Corvisier 1998(2), 255; little earlier (Dufaÿ 2011, 88-91, 97-100; Landon 1935, 96; Mesqui 1997, 457; Pitte Mesqui 2013, 167, 216), was a tour-mixte 2002, 166), and Brosse (Indre in Poitou), of this kind. It is engaged with the curtain from 1194-1240 (Baudry 2002, 50 and fig., as a flanking corner-tower, rather than free- 11 52, 57-9, 66-7; Fig. 14). standing, and is pierced for archery, but the The donjons of Blois belong to a distinct six large windows in the upper floor also tradition, sometimes featuring vaulted interi- suggest a domestic function, possibly as a ors and well-represented by the magnificent ‘prospect chamber’. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16217 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design Fig. 4: The cylindrical donjon at Montreuil-Bonnin (Vienne), thought to have been built by Richard I. Fig. 5: Plan of Château Gaillard, Eure (from Brown 1976). THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE 2015-16218 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 32: 2018-19 William Marshal, Pembroke Castle and Angevin design King John also built towers of this kind in 1170-5 (Baudry 2002, 60-1; Mesqui 1993, the British Isles. The large round tower at 330); its overall visual impression may Dublin Castle (the ‘Record Tower’), is sim- reference the rectangular donjons of his ilarly engaged as a corner-tower which, as ancestors, as Henry II’s Dover is also at Chinon, appears to have been a tour- thought to have done (see Brindle 2015, 12; mixte with arrowloops (now altered; Man- Hulme 2014, 206).16 Jean Mesqui felt that ning 2003, 72, 84-7; Fig. 8). Also in Ire- the machicolation was yet another aspect of land, the circular ‘Reginald’s Tower’ at the visual ostentation that was the king’s Waterford, from c. 1207-15, is similarly paramount concern at Château Gaillard thought to have been built to flank King (Mesqui 1993, 334). As at Chinon, the John’s castle there, becoming part of the tower is well-furnished with windows town defences on the demise of the castle yielding extensive views.
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