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Soviet Cybernetics Technology: XII. Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union

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Soviet Cybernetics Technology: XII. Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union DOCUMENT RESUME ED 056 698 LT 003 206 AUTHOR Doncov, Boris TITLE Soviet Cybernetics Technology: XIT.Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union. INSTITUTION Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. SPONS AGENCY Air Force, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO R-522-PR PUB DATE Oct 71 NOTE 75p.;(98 References) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Computers; *Computer Science;*Cybernetics; *Foreign Countries; Technological Advancement;*Technology; *Time Sharing IDENTIFIERS *Soviet Union hBSTRACT The only operational Soviettime-Fharing systems are incorporated in special-purpose,fixed-application installations, most of which are intendedfor industrial applicationsof process control or management information.Despite the peculiar suitability of time-sharing to the Sovieteconomic system, with its heavy reliance on centralized planning and progressreporting, time-sharing research projects are noteworthyfor their lack of progress,their reliance on existing, marginallysuitable hardware, and theirfailure to solve the problem ofunreliable data-transmission facilities.The report concludes that itis now propitious to bring intofocus the status of existing work ontime-sharing and its historicalbackground as a prelude toassessing new work that can beexpected to follow the introduction of Ryad and theimplementation of projects promisedin the current Five-year Plan.(Author) This research is supported by the United States Air Force under Project Rand Contract No. F44620-67-C-0045Monitored by the Directorate of Operational Requirements and Development Plans, Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and Development, Hq USAF. Views or conclusions contained in this study should not be interpreted as representing the offidal opinion or policy of Rand orof the United States Aft Force. 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WE 5ARE ','FICE OF EDLIr IMF- HA-H --7PP Pc CO C.: -)PIN RILY 4%0 OF CIAL i( COW 'OSITION OR FOLIC) 4,40 R-522-PR October 1971 oviet lyberneticsTechnolôgy: XII. Time-Sharingin the Soviet.Union, ( Boris Doncov A Report preparedfor .1 - ) UNITED- STATES AIRFORCE PROJECTRAND ItdSANTA MONICA, CA., 90406 2 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTIONUNLIMITED Published by The Rand Corporation PREFACE This study of the status of researchand development projects in computer time-sharing in the SovietUnion was commissioned byRand's Soviet Cybernetics Technology project,under U.S. Air Force Project Rand, in the summer of 1969 andupdated in the spring of 1971. The author is an electrical engineer with anative background in Russian. He was formerly employed as atechnical analyst of Soviet scientific literature with the AerospaceTechnology Division of the Libraryof Congress. The author surveyed all relevantSoviet literature sourcesavail- able at Rand for the information onwhich this report is based. His original conclusions, reached in 1969,have since been confirmedby the almost startling lack of progressthat has been made in the various Soviet time-sharing projects. This repor r. establishes theimportance of time-sharing for the develop Soviets and examines why nosignificant effort has been made to particularly impor- the needed systems. These historical aspects are 25th Congress tant in light of the recentlypromulgated Directives of the of the Communist Party an_ the statementof goals for the 1971-75 Five- for the first time, major year Plan. These documents indicate that, of emphasis is to be placed on computerdevelopment and the refinement computational and econometrictechniques. mncl.1_11-oirto, this rubrl are three importantnationwide state network of ccfmputer and a centers, an automated economicplanning and management system, Time-sharing systems unified automated nationalcommunications system. systems, must be developed in order toproperly implement the first twc while the third system is a necessaryprerequisite for time-sl-aring As the details of systems that includedata-transmission facilities. these proposed systems assume concreteform, it will be important to understand how they interfacewith Soviet potentials fortime-sharing. of the Also of particular importanceis the impending appearance Pattered after the IBM Ryad series ofthird-generation computers. de- System/360, these machines Olouldhold the major promise for the velopment of time-sharing systemsin the Soviet Union. The report 4 -iv- the major considers the existing state ofSoviet computer technology, time-sharing computers suitable fortime-sharing, and the on-going and the research and development projects. Based on this background the report prospects for the computerfield over the next few years, aspect establishes the context forfuture analysis of this important of Soviet computer development. This report is part ofRand's research in Soviet cybernetics. inter- The series Soviet CyberneticsTechnology is intended to inform activities, and ested computer specialistsabout Soviet publications, new developments incomputing technology andcybernetics. tA bibliography of Rand publications on Sovietcybei-,etics and computer technology isappended. -v- SUMMARY The only operational Soviettime-sharing systems are inco=porated in special-purpose, fixed-applicationinatallations, most of which are intended for industrial applications of processcontrol or management time-sharing to the information. Despite the peculiar suitability of Soviet economic system, with its heavyreliance on centralized planning and progress reporting, time-sharing researchprojects are noteworthy for their lack of progress, theirreliance on existing, marginally suitable hardware, and their failure tosolve the p,:oblem of unreliable data-transmission facilities. This report appears at a time that may inretrospect be seen as the transition period between the largelyunsuccessful, early projects cur- rently identified and the new, promising projectsthat will be undertaken in the near future as a result of twoimportant events--the appearance within the next year (according toschedules) of the Ryad third-generation computers with their inherentcapacity for time-shar4,,, ^ations; and an announced intention toemphasize the development oi . m, ;.ers and computatioLal techniques during the1971-75 Five-year Plan. The report far provides the background forunderstanding why the Soviets have so failed to take a significant interestin time-sharing and why thefew projects that have been undertakenhave not fulfilled their promises. All time-sharing projects todate have aimed at utilizing such existing computers as the Minsk-22,M-220, and BESM-6. These machines can provide only small-scaletime-sharing systems. Other computers cur- rently available on which similarlyrudimentary time-sharing could be based include the Ural series(Ural-11, Ural-14, and Ural-16). The most important work to date has been the AIST systemat the Novosibirsk Science of City; it is several years behindschedule and appears to be the victim incompatibility between its designer'sdesirLs and the available equipment development at on which it mustbe based. The potential for time-sharing the Computer Center of the USSRAcademy of Sciences does not appear to has been have been exploited. In Kiev, the Institute of Cybernetics with successful in implementing aspecial-purpose, fixed-program system scheduling. a minimal time-sharingcapability for industrial production -vi- A general-purpose time-sharing system using a medium-powermachine, the M-220, has been reported from Kazan', but there are noindications of its operational use. A form of special-pul^pose time-sharing is used in the new airline reservations and ticketing systemdeveloped for Aero- flot. These few projects exhaust the known activity in theSoviet Union to develop time-sharing capabilities. The prognosis for the future is not as grim as it wouldbe if one were to examine only the work under way. Much more important are the po- ter:Aal impact the Ryad machines will have and the newParty and govern- ment attitude toward computers. The report concluclas that it is now propitious to bring into focus the status of existingwork on time- sharing and its historical background as a prelude toassessing new work that can be expected to follow the introduction ofRyad and the imple- mentation of projects promised in the currentFive-year Plan. -vii- CONTENTS PREFACE SUMMARY Section I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THE STATE OF SOVIET COMPUTING 4 III. THE ROLE OF TINE-SHARING IN SOVIET CONFUTING 8 Advantages 8 Costs and Priorities 9 rv. THE TECHNOLOGICAL RASE FOR TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS 11 Computers 11 The BESM-6 11 The M-220 13 The Minsk-22 14 The Minsk-23 14 The Ural Series 15 Third-Generation Systems 18 Internal Stores 19 Discs 20 I/0 Equipment 21 Software .. 22 V. ORGANIZATIONAL BASE FOR TIME-SHARING RESEARCH 24 Computer Center of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences 24 Institute of Applied Mathematics 24 Computer Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences 24 Institute of Cybernetics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences 25 VI. SOVIET EXPERIMENTS IN TIME-SHARING 26 Project AIST 26 Academy Computer Center, Moscow 40 Kazan' M-220 System 42 Lvov Television Factory System 48 Aeroflot's Sirena-1 System 50 VII. CONCLUSIONS 52 REFERENCES 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RAND CORPORATION PUBLICATIONS IN SOVIET CYBERNETICS AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 61 8 -1- I. INTRODUCTION Computer time-sharing can be viewed as agradual evolutionary de- velopment resulting from the way compu;.?rs weredesigned and used. The number of users literate in theprogressively easier computer languages grew in step with increa_ug computercapabilities. The traditional relationship between the man
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