Trekking Bolivia's Cordillera Real
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
ILLIMANI and the NAZIS. E. S. G. De La Motte
ILLIMANI AND THE NAZIS ILLIMANI AND THE NAZIS BY E. S. G. DE LA MOTTE E traveller to Bolivia from Buenos Aires spends three and a half weary days in the train with no interesting scenery to relieve the monotony of his existence. He leaves the dead flat Argentine pampas, where the horizon is like the horizon at sea, and passes almost imperceptibly to the equally flat, but much more barren, high tableland of Bolivia situated at 12,ooo ft. above sea-level. There is a difference, however. This tableland runs as a relatively narrow belt for hundreds of miles between the two main Andine ranges, and therefore has the advantage over the dreary expanses of Argentina that mountains of some sort are visible from most parts of it. Nevertheless, it is with relief that towards the end of the journey the immense ice-draped mass of Illimani is seen close at hand. The height of Illimani is still uncertain, as no triangulation has yet been made of it. All those who have climbed it, however, have. taken aneroid readings and these give results varying between 20,700 ft. ·and 22,400 ft. The probability is that the lower limit is nearer the truth, so 21 ,ooo ft. may reasonably be taken as a fair approximation. In any case, whatever the exact height may be, the mountain is a singularly striking one on account of its isolation, its massive form, and its position of domination over La Paz, which is the seat of the Bolivian Government, and from many of whose houses and streets the three heavily iced summits can be seen. -
(1987): "Tectonomagmatic Evolution of Cenozoic Extension in the North American Cordillera"
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by Frances J Cooper on January 21, 2013 Geological Society, London, Special Publications Tectonomagmatic evolution of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera Brian P. Wernicke, Philip C. England, Leslie J. Sonder and Robert L. Christiansen Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1987, v.28; p203-221. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.15 Email alerting click here to receive free e-mail alerts when service new articles cite this article Permission click here to seek permission to re-use all or request part of this article Subscribe click here to subscribe to Geological Society, London, Special Publications or the Lyell Collection Notes © The Geological Society of London 2013 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by Frances J Cooper on January 21, 2013 Tectonomagmatic evolution of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera B.P. Wernicke, R.L. Christiansen, P.C. England & L.J. Sonder SUMMARY: The spatial and temporal distributions of Cenozoic extension and magmatism in the Cordillera suggest that the onset of major crustal extension at a particular latitude was confined to a relatively narrow belt (< 100 km, pre-extension) and followed the onset of intermediate and silicic magmatism by no more than a few million years. Extension began in early Eocene time in southern British Columbia, northern Washington, Idaho and Montana. Farther S, extension began at about the Eocene- Oligocene boundary in the Great Basin and slightly later in the Mojave-Sonora Desert region. The intervening area, at the latitude of Las Vegas, remained quiescent until mid- Miocene time. Compositional and isotopic characteristics of most pre-Miocene magmas are consistent with their containing major components of melted continental crust. -
Brief Overview of North American Cordilleran Geology by Cin-Ty Lee Topography Map of North America
Brief overview of North American Cordilleran geology by Cin‐Ty Lee Note: make sure to take notes as I will talk or sketch on the board many things that are not presented explicitly in these slides Topography map of North America Topography map How does the NthNorth AiAmerican Cor dillera fit itinto a glbllobal contt?text? Dickinson 2004 P‐wave tomography: Seismic structure beneath western USA Burdick et al. 2008 Crustal provinces of North America (Laurentia) ‐Proterozoic and Archean terranes were already assembled by 1.6 Ga Hoffman, 1988 Crustal provinces in southwestern USA Hoffman, 1988 Bennett and DePaolo, 1987 Some examples of tectonic margins for your reference Dickinson and Snyder, 1978 1.1 Ga = Rodinia Super‐continent (Grenvillian age) Neo‐Proterozoic = Rodinia breaks up “western” margin of Laurentia represents a passive margin due to opening of the Panthalassan ocean 700‐400 Ma Western margin of Laurentia represents a passive margin Dickinson and Snyder, 1978 400‐250 Ma Passive margin is interrupted in Devonian times by the accretion of island arcs Antler and Sonoma orogenies Accretion of allochthonous terranes to the western margin of the NhNorth AiAmerican craton Antler/Sonoma orogenies result in the accretion of Paleozoic island arc terranes to western North America Permian Formation of Pangea “”“western” margin of NhNorth AiAmerica now didominate d by subduct ion zone 250‐50 Ma Subduction results in continued accretion of fringing island arcs and the generation of continental magmatic arcs Sierra Nevada batholith Sevier and -
OPPOSITE THRUST-VERGENCIES in the PRECORDILLERA and WESTERN CORDILLERA in NORTHERN CHILE and Structurally LINKED CENOZOIC PALEOENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION
Fourth /SAG. Goettingen (Germany), 04 - 06//0//999 155 OPPOSITE THRUST-VERGENCIES IN THE PRECORDILLERA AND WESTERN CORDILLERA IN NORTHERN CHILE AND STRUCTURALLy LINKED CENOZOIC PALEOENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION Reynaldo CHARRIER(I-7), Gérard HERAIL(2-7), John FLYNN(3), Rodrigo RIQUELME(I-7), Marcelo GARCIA(4-7), Darin CROFf(5) and André WYSS(6) (1) Departamento de Geologfa, Universidad de Chile; [email protected]. (2) IRD, 209-213, Rue La Fayette, 75010 Paris,[email protected]. (3) The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA. [email protected]. (4) SERNAGEOMIN. Av. Sta. Maria 0104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile. [email protected]. (5) The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and University of Chicago, USA. (6) Department of Geological Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, USA [email protected]. (7) Convenio IRD-Departamento de Geologïa, Universidad de Chi le. KEY WORDS: Altiplano, Chile, syntectonic sedimentation, Cenozoic paleoenvironment. INTRODUCTION Morphologie units in the northern Chilean Andes parailei one another and the offshore trench. These units are, from west to east: Coastal Cordillera, Central Depression, Precordillera, Western Cordillera and Altiplano (Fig. i). The development of the west part of the Western Cordillera (Chapiquifia-Belén Ridge), in the Chilean Altiplano, was controlled by two diverging, trench-parallel systems of thrusts and folds, one located along the Precordil1era and the other along the eastern side of the Western Cordillera. Although total shortening associated with these systems is only 12 to 14 km, their activity determined the development of fluvial and lacustrine basins which recorded the synorogenic paleoenvironmental evolution of this region. We describe here facies, geometry and chronology of the deposits associated with both systems and provide an explanation for the differing depositional environments developed on the Precordillera and the Western Cordillera. -
Plate Tectonic Setting of the Andean Cordillera
183 by Victor A. Ramos Plate tectonic setting of the Andean Cordillera Laboratorio de Tectónica Andina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] The Andes are a natural laboratory for the study of the acterize the different segments are widely variable. The present interaction between subduction of the oceanic plate and overview will focus on the major geological differences among these segments, based on today’s plate-tectonic knowledge of this moun- active geological processes. Inter- and intraplate seis- tain chain. micity, volcanic activity, thick- and thin-skinned fold and thrust belts, and foreland basin subsidence, in con- junction with space geodetic observations, contribute to Major geological provinces characterize the present plate tectonic setting of discrete The Andes north of the Golfo de Guayaquil are unique, as estab- segments of the Andes. The inherited geological history, lished by Gansser (1973). The Northern Andes record an important as well as the present tectonic setting, is responsible for accretion of oceanic crust during Jurassic, late Cretaceous, and Pale- the unique geology of the Northern, Central, and South- ogene times. As a result, the Western Cordillera of Colombia and Ecuador is mainly constituted of an oceanic basement that during ern Andes. The Northern Andes are the result of Meso- accretion was related to ophiolite obduction, important penetrative zoic and Cenozoic collisions of oceanic terranes, prior deformation and metamorphism, in cases up to blue schist facies. to the present Andean-type setting. The Central Andes Further north, the emplacement of the Caribbean nappes was related to the collision of an island arc system, the Bonaire block, during have a long history of subduction and volcanic arc Paleogene times (Bosch and Rodríguez, 1992, Kellogg and Bonini, activity, while the Southern Andes record the closing of 1982). -
The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case (Argentina, Chile)
REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case (Argentina, Chile) 20 November 1902 VOLUME IX pp. 37-49 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 37 AWARD BY HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII IN THE ARGENTINE- CHI LE BOUNDARY CASE, 20 NOVEMBER 1902 x WHEREAS, by an Agreement dated the 17th day of April 1896, the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Chile, by Their respective Representatives, determined: THAT should differences arise between their experts as to the boundary-line to be traced between the two States in conformity with the Treaty of 1881 and the Protocol of 1893, and in case such differences could not be amicably settled by accord between the two Governments, they should be submitted to the decision of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty; AND WHEREAS such differences did arise and were submitted to the Govern- ment of Her late Majesty Queen Victoria; AND WHEREAS the Tribunal appointed to examine and consider the differences which had so arisen, has — after the ground has been examined by a Com- mission designated for that purpose — now reported to Us, and submitted to Us, after mature deliberation, their opinions and recommendations for Our consideration ; Now, WE, EDWARD, by the grace of God, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, etc., etc., have arrived at the following decisions upon the questions in dispute, which have been referred to Our arbitration, viz. : 1. -
Present Knowledge of the Magmatic Evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
Earth-Science Reviews, 18 (1982) 253-283 253 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam-Printed in The Netherlands Present Knowledge of the Magmatic Evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru G. Carlier', G. Grandin', G. Laubacher', R. and F. M6gard2 ' ORSTOM, Mission Peru, Apartado 270, Lima 18 (Peru) and 2'4 rue Bayard75008 Paris (France) ' Institut Francais #Etudes Andines, Apartado 278, Lima I8 (Peru) Pontificia Universidad Catdica del Perú, Avda S. Boliuar, Lima 27 (Peru) ABSTRACT Carlier, G., Grandin, G., Laubacher, G., Marócco, R. and Mégard, F., 1982. Present knowledge of the magmatic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. Earth-Sci. Rev., 18: 253-283. The studies which have been carried out in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru over the past 20 years prove the existence of at least three orogenic cycles: the Late Precambrian, the Hercynian and the Andean, each one accompanied by a more or less abundant magmatism. (1) The Precambrian. Leaving aside the prasinites, possibly derived from synsedimentary , volcanites, Precambrian magmatism (in the Huanuco region) consists of: a meta-igneous ultramafic to mafic association (serpentinites, meta-gabbros, meta-diorites); syntectonic meta-tonalites; and post-tectonic dioritic and granitic intrusive bodies. (2) The Hercynian (550 to 220 my.). From the Cambrian to the Upper Devonian the existence of a synsedimentary magmatism is known. Syntectonic granites were emplaced during the Eohercynian phase, but the major part of magmatism is of a Late Permian to Early Trias age, and is characterized by the intrusion of granitoids and by volcanism of calc-al- kaline tendency. It appears that the nepheline syenite of Macusani may belong to a terminal episode of this magmatic period. -
The American Cordillera: a Long Journey Through Time & Space
The American Cordillera: A Long Journey Through Time & Space Part III:The North American Taphrogen Lecture 25: April 25, G. Zandt An overview of the collapse of the American Cordillera 1 Some of the Big Questions • What caused the extreme inboard migration of deformation and magmatism during the Laramide? [Flat Slab] • What caused the mid-Tertiary extensional collapse and ignimbrite flareup? [Slab Rollback] • Why is the extension and associated magmatisn separated into two domains with different spatial-temporal evolutions? • How did the Colorado Plateau escape significant deformation and magmatism during both periods? Major questions we want to address today. 2 North American Cordillera Topography is the first-order expression of orogeny, and high topography extends half way across the continent (>1000 km). And it remains high despite significant extension which normally leads to subsidence. 3 Western US today We will follow Dickinson (2002) in this review of the Cordilleran taphrogen. He follows Sengor in dividing the Basin and Range taphrogen into the Numic and Piman subtaphrogens. Black bodies are core complexes with arrows indicating direction of vergence (movement of upper plate). We will focus today on the relationship between the subtaphrogens and the Colorado Plateau–Laramide Rocky Mountains. Dickinson, W. R., The Basin and Range Province as a Composite Extensional Domain, Int. Geol. Rev., 44, 1-38, 2002. 4 The tectonic evolution of the Cordillera can be divided into 7 frames (Coney): 1) Formation of the continental margin in late Precambrian time and development of the Cordilleran passive margin. 2) Mid- to late Paleozoic brief orogenic events (Antler, Ancestral Rockies, Sonoma orogenies). -
The Cordillera Real
44 THE CORDILLERA REAL THE CORDILLERA REAL , BY EVELIO ECHEVARRIA C. HE lovely ranges of Southern Peru slope gradually down to the shores of Lake Titicaca, but this is not their end; to the east of Carabaya knot springs another ridge, which enters Bolivia and reaches its maximum elevation and magnificence in the Cordillera Real of the latter country. The name Cordillera Real was given by the Spaniards as homage to a range of royal dignity; it is located in the north-west of Bolivia, between I5° 40" and 16° 40" S., running roughly north-west to south east for an approximate length of 100 miles. This range was termed by Austrian mountaineers ' der Himalaya der N euen Welt'. Although this honour may now be disputed by several Peruvian cordilleras, it contains nevertheless mountain scenery of Himalayan grandeur; six twenty-thousanders and scores of lesser peaks are found in the region between Illampu (20,873 ft.) and Illimani (21 ,201 ft.), the mighty pillars of each extreme. The Cordillera Real is a snow and ice range; it forms a lovely back ground for that remarkable high plateau, the Bolivian Altiplano, and is in full sight nine months a year. The white peaks, the steppe-like plain and the empty, blue skies have given to this part of Bolivia a Tibetan air that many travellers have noticed; and the Mongolian features of the Aymara Indians, stolidly facing the chill winds, reinforce this opinion. General description In the north and in the south the Cordillera Real rises over deep mountain basins ; peaks like Illimani soar well above the wooded hills of Coroico and Inquisive, towns only 4,700 ft. -
Eastern Cordillera Real Oriental Paramos and Montane Forests
ECORREGIONAL ASSESSMENT: EASTERN CORDILLERA REAL ORIENTAL PARAMOS AND MONTANE FORESTS The Nature Conservancy, EcoCiencia y Fundación AGUA. 2005. Evaluación Ecorregional de los Páramos y Bosques Montanos de la Cordillera Real Oriental. Quito-Ecuador. The ecoregional assessment of Eastern Cordillera Real Paramos and Montane Forests was implemented to design a network of conservation areas that can maintain successfully in the long-term characteristic biodiversity of the region, as well as ecological processes. The Tropical Andes region located in northern South America is gifted with an impressive array of biodiversity. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has worked for several years in collaboration with local organizations implementing conservation actions on this region. Within the Tropical Andes the Eastern Cordillera Real Paramos and Montane Forests are found, which have been identified as strategic areas for directing conservation efforts.The Nothern Andes Program of the World Fund for Nature (WWF), in the biodiversity vision for the Northern Andes, identified 65 priority areas for conservation on this region that groups several ecoregions. This process identified the Eastern Cordillera Real Montane Forests ecoregion as a priority within the ecoregional complex. With this background, the former Ecuador Program (now Northern Tropical Andes Conservation Program) in collaboration with EcoCiencia and Fundación AGUA, decided to develop an ecoregionall assessement on this ecoregion to refine the results and data produced by WWF. The objective -
PORTADA KHANA 2010 Entera
REVISTA MUNICIPAL DE CULTURAS Número 51 abril 2010 Dr. Juan del Granado Cosío ALCALDE MUNICIPAL Walter Gómez Méndez OFICIAL MAYOR DE CULTURAS La Paz - Bolivia CONSEJO EDITORIAL Ivica Tadic Pereira Gabriela Lázaro Luis Oporto Ordóñez Daniel González Gómez - Acebo DISEÑO Y DIAGRAMACIÓN Daniel Aliaga Saravia Samuel Rendón ILUSTRACIONES René Téllez Alain Mesili Dr. Luis Quiroga Chinchilla Samuel Rendón Manuel Seoane Armando Urioste Marcelo Pérez del Carpio Archivo OMC APOYO LOGÍSTICO Christian Díaz Toledo Deposito Legal: IMPRESIÓN Impresiones Gráficas VIRGO. Entre las muchas satisfacciones de las cuales me permito, sin postizas modestias, enorgullecerme al final de esta doble gestión que va llegando a su término, una, y no de las menores, es la de haber propiciado, con el esfuerzo de los compañeros y compañeras de la Oficialía Mayor de Culturas, el relanzamiento de la revista Khana, ahora nuevamente una contribución periódica regular a los estudios históricos, literarios, sociológicos y antropológicos que nos permiten conocer mejor qué y quiénes somos, de donde venimos y, por ende hacia donde nos encaminamos en tanto colectivo que ha retomado el control de su propio destino, para forjarlo día a día en tarea compartida de autoridades y comunidad. Está claro que la transformación de una ciudad no pasa únicamente por la modernización de la infraestructura urbana, y que tampoco es dable propiciar una mejor calidad de vida, entendiendo esta última como la mera posibilidad de acceso igualitarios a servicios básicos y oportunidades para todos, así -
Extensional Collapse of the Tibetan Plateau: Results of Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling Mian Liu and Youqing Yang Dept
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. 8, 2361, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002248, 2003 Extensional collapse of the Tibetan Plateau: Results of three-dimensional finite element modeling Mian Liu and Youqing Yang Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO 65211 Received 17 October 2002; revised 7 April 2003; accepted 12 May 2003; published 1 August 2003. [1] Following their initial collision 50-70 Myr ago, the Indian and Eurasian plates have been continuously converging toward each other. Whereas the regional stress field is predominately compressive, the Late Cenozoic tectonics within the Tibetan Plateau features widespread crustal extension. Numerous causes of the extension have been proposed, but their relative roles remain in debate. We have investigated the major factors contributing to the Tibetan extension in a three-dimensional viscoelastic model that includes both lateral and vertical variations of lithospheric rheology and relevant boundary conditions. Constrained by the present topography and GPS velocity field, the model predicted predominately extensional stress states within the plateau crust, resulting from mechanical balance between the gravitational buoyancy force of the plateau and the tectonic compressive stresses. The predicted stress pattern is consistent with the earthquake data that indicate roughly E-W extension in most of Tibet and nearly N-S extension near the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. We explored the parameter space and boundary conditions to examine the stress evolution during the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. When the plateau was lower than 50% of its present elevation, strike-slip and reverse faults were predominate over the entire plateau, and no E-W crustal extension was predicted.