Literary Theories of Circumcision

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Literary Theories of Circumcision City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2017 Literary Theories of Circumcision A. W. Strouse The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2037 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] LITERARY THEORIES OF CIRCUMCISION by A.W. STROUSE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2017 © 2017 A.W. Strouse All Rights Reserved ii Literary Theories of Circumcision A.W. Strouse This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in English in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Approved: _________________________________ ______________ Steven F. Kruger, Committee Chair Date _________________________________ ______________ Mario DiGangi, Executive Officer Date Supervisory Committee: Glenn Burger Michael Sargent THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Literary Theories of Circumcision by A.W. Strouse Advisor: Steven F. Kruger “Literary Theories of Circumcision” investigates a school of thought in which the prepuce, as a conceptual metaphor, organizes literary experience. In every period of English literature, major authors have employed the penis’s hood as a figure for thinking about reading and writing. These authors belong to a tradition that defines textuality as a foreskin and interpretation as circumcision. In “Literary Theories of Circumcision,” I investigate the origins of this literary- theoretical formulation in the writings of Saint Paul, and then I trace this formulation’s formal applications among medieval, early modern, and modernist writers. My study lays the groundwork for an ambitious reappraisal of English literary history, challenging the received understanding of pre-modern literary theory’s sexual politics. Whereas feminist medievalists have emphasized the heteronormative valence of pre- modern literary theory, this study demonstrates that, within the school of preputial poetics, the male anatomy queerly embodies the plasticity and multiplicity of rhetoric. I also argue for the necessity of thinking about post-medieval literature from a pre-modern theological framework that, in its spiritual orientation and in its use of genital metaphors, sidesteps the discourses of identity and sexuality that often have preoccupied queer theorists. iv Chapter 1 examines how, in response to Paul’s teachings about circumcision, early Christian theologians used the foreskin as a key term for theorizing allegory and for using allegoresis to appropriate pagan philosophy. Chapter 2 examines how Paul’s metaphor developed into a conceit, by which the foreskin came to structure attitudes toward various rhetorical devices (especially allegory, concision, and witticism, as well as marriage plots). Chapter 3 examines how monastic applications of the trope changed in response to the rise of medieval humanism, so that rhetorical circumcision governed the negotiation between doctrine and liberal learning, especially as this negotiation interrelated with shifting modes of masculinity. Chapter 4 tracks the vernacularization of theological constructions of the literary- theoretical foreskin: I argue that a literary theory of the foreskin structures the narrative trajectory of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, as the poem’s protagonist ventures from a literal to an allegorical perspective. I argue that the narratological “circumcision” of the poem’s textual body aligns the genre of the Arthurian romance with the more explicitly religious material of the rest of the Gawain manuscript. Chapter 5 considers how theological constructions of marriage-as-uncircumcision shape the narrative trajectory of “The Wife of Bath’s Tale,” especially as that poem’s protagonist ventures from a literal to an allegorical perspective. I argue that the Wife stages a “circumcision” of the flesh of marriage in order to promote the spiritual aspect of conjugal matrimony. Chapter 6 surveys the metaphor’s uses among Puritans, arguing that Puritan attacks upon the Renaissance theater as “uncircumcised” can provide a framework for understanding how v Measure for Measure and Merchant of Venice intertwine marriage plots with threats from overly literal antagonists (Puritan Angelo and Jewish Shylock). The study’s Coda examines uses of the trope by Pound and Williams, who reflect upon modernism by redefining Paul’s theories of circumcision. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I dedicate this study to New York City and to the taxpayers who supported my doctoral fellowship with their hard-earned pay. Also, please allow me to thank: my dissertation adviser, Steven F. Kruger; my readers, Glenn Burger and Michael Sargent; and my dear teachers, especially Leonard Cassuto, Marlene Hennessy, Wayne Koestenbaum, Henry Shapiro, and Arvind Thomas. A portion of Chapter 1 appeared as “Macrobius’s Foreskin” in JMEMS 46.1 (2016). I am grateful to the journal’s editorial staff and to the issue’s editor, Marion Turner. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Allegorized Circumcision and Circumcised Allegory 1 Chapter 2: Preputial Rhetoric and Circumcised Narratology 44 Chapter 3: Exegetical Circumcision in Monastic Contexts 97 Chapter 4: The Circumcised Body of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 130 Chapter 5: The Wife of Bath and the Circumcision of Marriage 169 Chapter 6: Circumcising Marriage in Merchant and Measure 200 Coda: The Modernist Praeputium 238 WORKS CITED 250 viii Chapter 1: Allegorized Circumcision and Circumcised Allegory Literature and philosophy often deal in fables that readers do not necessarily see as literally true. The proverbial tortoise and hare, for example, obviously never raced one another, even if the “slow and steady” moral still resonates. One ancient literary theorist writes that the fantastic elements of such tales constitute a “fleshy and alien foreskin.” According to this theory, a reader can make use of literary fiction by “circumcising” it—by cutting off the fabulous sheath of allegory and exposing the work’s profound, truthful kernel. By this conceit, writing resembles a penis, and myth a foreskin; meaning a glans, and reading amputation. The metaphor may affront standards of good taste—much like the mutterings of Antonin Artaud, who once claimed that history exists “in letters of blood on a dark parchment of scrotums and foreskins” (118).1 The formulation, however, actually belongs to Saint Gregory, the Cappadocian Father and fourth-century Bishop of Nyssa. Many other Catholic theologians developed such literary theories of the foreskin. Gregory belongs to a long line of Christian thinkers who, beginning with Saint Paul, understood reading and writing in terms of the prepuce. In this study, I will track how Paul’s discussion of circumcision has served as a prooftext for divergent theories and practices of allegory. Allegory, of course, does not consist of any one single method. The term “allegory” refers to a wide diversity of readerly maneuvers. Many 1 I quote foreign language sources in English using the translations listed in the Works Cited, or, where I undertake a close reading of a Latin work, I cite the Latin in text and provide my own translation parenthetically. In rare cases where an in-text citation of the Latin seems to me excessive, but where a diligent reader may wish to consult the text, I provide the Latin in a footnote. notions of allegory differ from and even oppose one another. As Jon Whitman explains, “To attempt a history of allegorical interpretation in the West would almost be to attempt a history of Western cultural change itself” (5). This study merely attempts to tell a small part of that history: I argue that Paul’s reading of “circumcision” has functioned as a key term in the history of allegory, so that the foreskin serves as a crucial conceptual metaphor for theorizing and practicing various forms of allegory. To begin to tell that history, this chapter will consider Paul’s seminal discussion of circumcision in his epistle to the Romans, and it will account for the cultural forces, both Jewish and Greco-Roman, that shaped Paul’s inauguration of a preputial hermeneutics. I will examine, as well, the influence of Paul’s formulation on other Patristic writers. When Christians like Paul tried to convert the Greeks and Romans, they preached to an audience who saw preputial pruning as ridiculous, if not barbaric (Gollaher, 32). Paul, a circumcised Jew who himself circumcised Timothy, categorically rejected the necessity of physical circumcision (Phil. 3:5; Acts 16:3). Paul’s apparently contradictory stance toward preputiotomy has resulted in considerable critical confusion. As I will discuss, contemporary scholars have not developed any consensus about the precise meaning of Pauline circumcision as it pertains to allegory; instead, Paul’s views on circumcision have generated an interpretative crux, so that Pauline circumcision productively fuels a multitude of allegorical approaches. Since Paul considered himself the recipient of a mystical mission, his philosophy may evade rational argumentation. In order to harness the mysterious nature of Paul’s praeputium, I explore how this ambiguous
Recommended publications
  • Catholicism HDT WHAT? INDEX
    ST. BERNARD’S PARISH OF CONCORD “I know histhry isn’t thrue, Hinnissy, because it ain’t like what I see ivry day in Halsted Street. If any wan comes along with a histhry iv Greece or Rome that’ll show me th’ people fightin’, gettin’ dhrunk, makin’ love, gettin’ married, owin’ th’ grocery man an’ bein’ without hard coal, I’ll believe they was a Greece or Rome, but not befur.” — Dunne, Finley Peter, OBSERVATIONS BY MR. DOOLEY, New York, 1902 “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Roman Catholicism HDT WHAT? INDEX ROMAN CATHOLICISM CATHOLICISM 312 CE October 28: Our favorite pushy people, the Romans, met at Augusta Taurinorum in northern Italy some even pushier people, to wit the legions of Constantine the Great — and the outcome of this would be an entirely new Pax Romana. While about to do battle against the legions of Maxentius which outnumbered his own 4 to 1, Constantine had a vision in which he saw a compound symbol (chi and rho , the beginning of ) appearing in the cloudy heavens,1 and heard “Under this sign you will be victorious.” He placed the symbol on his helmet and on the shields of his soldiers, and Maxentius’s horse threw him into the water at Milvan (Mulvian) Bridge and the Roman commander was drowned (what more could one ask God for?). 1. In a timeframe in which no real distinction was being made between astrology and astronomy, you will note, seeing a sign like this in the heavens may be classed as astronomy quite as readily as it may be classed as astrology.
    [Show full text]
  • Holy Wars: the Origins and Effects of the Crusades
    HOLY WARS: THE ORIGINS AND EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES HELEN STEELE In the late 11th century, circumstances converged to This culminated in the Investiture Controversy which create the Crusades, the series of military expeditions to made relations between pope Gregory VII and Henry IV so fight the armies of Islam in the Holy Land. Papal interest poor that Gregory excommunicated the Emperor. In the in expanding the influence of the Vatican in secular light of these problems and the continuing furore over the matters in Western Europe and in gaining influence in the reforms of the church he had encouraged, Gregory was Eastern Roman Empire caused first Gregory VII then unable to persuade the nobility of Europe to go on Urban II to call for crusades against the moslems. In a Crusade, although he did try. In 1074, he wrote: “a pagan society wracked with violence, the possibility of sending race [has] overcome the Christians and with horrible restless landless knights to fight for the Cross – and for cruelty had devastated everything almost to the walls of precious land – in the East, seemed an extra benefit. Constantinople […] If we love God and wish to be Individual reasons for crusading varied: deep piety, recognized as Christians, […] we should lay down our military adventurism, the lure of absolution and desire to lives to liberate them” (Thatcher, “Gregory VII”). Gregory appease the church all seemed to be factors; as the was a great inspiration to the next pope Urban II and crusades passed, the intent of many of the crusaders doubtless Urban was thinking of his mentor when he became more secular and less pious and this culminated in devised his own call for a crusade.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads/Wp988j82g]
    [https://commons.warburg.sas.ac.uk/downloads/wp988j82g] Miglietti, Sara. The censor as reader : censorial responses to Bodin’s methodus in counter-Reformation Italy (1587-1607) / Sara Miglietti. 2016 Article To cite this version: Miglietti, S. (2016). The censor as reader : censorial responses to Bodin’s methodus in counter- Reformation Italy (1587-1607) / Sara Miglietti. History of European Ideas , 42(5), 707–721. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2016.1153289 Available at: https://commons.warburg.sas.ac.uk/concern/journal_articles/d217qp48j DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2016.1153289 Date submitted: 2019-07-22 Copyright is retained by the author. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the User Deposit Agreement. The Censor as Reader: Censorial Responses to Bodin’s Methodus in Counter- Reformation Italy (1587-1607) SARA MIGLIETTI Department of German and Romance Languages and Literatures, Johns Hopkins University Gilman Hall 481 3400 N Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218 (USA) Phone: +1-202-848-6032 Email: [email protected] 1 The Censor as Reader: Censorial Responses to Bodin’s Methodus in Counter- Reformation Italy (1587-1607) * SARA MIGLIETTI Department of German and Romance Languages and Literatures Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Summary This essay investigates censorial responses to Jean Bodin’s Methodus (1566) in Counter-Reformation Italy, using evidence from Italian libraries and archives to shed new light on the process that led to the inclusion of the work in the Roman Expurgatory Index of 1607. By examining the diverse, and sometimes conflicting, opinions that Catholic censors expressed on Bodin’s text and the ‘errors’ it contained, the essay shows that even a relatively cohesive ‘reading community’ such as that of Counter-Reformation censors could nurture fundamental disagreement in evaluating the content and dangerousness of a book, as well as in devising appropriate countermeasures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Returning Warrior and the Limits of Just War Theory
    THE RETURNING WARRIOR AND THE LIMITS OF JUST WAR THEORY R.J. Delahunty Professor of Law University of St. Thomas School of Law* In this essay, I seek to explore a Christian tradition that is nei- ther the just war theory nor pacifism. Unlike pacifism, this tradi- tion teaches that war is a necessary and inescapable aspect of the human condition, and that Christians cannot escape from engaging in it. Unlike just war theory, this tradition holds that engaging in war is intrinsically sinful, however justifiable that activity may be considered to be in the light of human law, morality or reason. Mi- chael Walzer captured the essence of this way of thinking in a cele- brated essay on the problem of “dirty hands.”1 Although Walzer’s essay was chiefly about political rather than military action, he rightly observed that there was a strand in Christian reflection that saw killing, whether in a just or unjust war, as defiling or even sin- ful, even if it conformed to moral and legal standards. That tradi- tion, though subordinate, still survives in Christian, especially Lu- theran, thought. The Church’s thought about war and peace went through sever- al phases before finally settling on the just war theory. Throughout much of the Middle Ages, the Church’s approach to war was pri- marily pastoral and unsystematic. Although opinions varied widely depending on the circumstances, the early medieval Church was commonly skeptical of the permissibility of killing in warfare. Ra- ther, the Church at that time tended to the view that killing – even in a just war – was sinful and required penance.
    [Show full text]
  • 01 the Investiture Contest and the Rise of Herod Plays in the Twelfth Century
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Early Drama, Art, and Music Medieval Institute 2021 01 The Investiture Contest and the Rise of Herod Plays in the Twelfth Century John Marlin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/early_drama Part of the Medieval Studies Commons, and the Theatre History Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Marlin, John, "01 The Investiture Contest and the Rise of Herod Plays in the Twelfth Century" (2021). Early Drama, Art, and Music. 9. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/early_drama/9 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Medieval Institute at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Early Drama, Art, and Music by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. The Investiture Contest and the Rise of Herod Plays in the Twelfth Century John Marlin Since the publication of O. B. Hardison’s Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages,1 E. K. Chambers’s and Karl Young’s evolutionary models for liturgical drama’s development2 have been discarded. Yet the question remains of accounting for what Rosemary Woolf calls its “zig-zag” development,3 its apogee being the twelfth century. The growth and decline of Christmas drama is particularly intriguing, as most of Young’s samples of the simple shepherd plays, the Officium Pastores, come from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while the earliest Christmas play he documents, from an eleventh-century Freising Cathedral manuscript, is a complete play about Herod and the Magi, the Officium Stellae.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants & Natural History
    Plants, Natural History, Animals & Medicinal Manuscripts Old Manuscripts & Incunabula - Specialists in Facsimile Editions Facsimile Editions PO Box 6019 FDR Station, New York NY 10150 Monday, March 2, 2020 tel/fax 212/ 758-1946 • www.omifacsimiles.com • [email protected] Manuscripts arranged by library location. Please inquire about availability of titles with no price. MANUSCRIPTS (by location) 1447 Etymachie-Traktat. Ein Todsündentraktat in der katechetisch-erbaulichen Sammelhandschrift Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, 2º Cod.160. Farbmikrofiche-Edition. Einführung zur 'Etymachia' von Nigel Harris. Einführung zu den katechetischen Texten und Beschreibung der Handschrift von Werner Williams-Krapp. [Augsburg, Staats- & Stadtbibl., 2º Cod.160] [3-89219-036-4] Codices Illuminati Medii Aevi, 36. Munich, 1995. 17 x 25 cm, 50 pp, 3 fiches. Paper MS of 104 fols., dated 1447, from Swabia. Miscellany of 18 catechetical tracts, written by the scribe Petrus Willen of Neuburg. Only the ”Etymachia”, i.e., the mental or spiritual battle, treating the 7 cardinal virtues and vices, is illustrated with 14 paintings (fol. 76-104): Armed chevaliers and ladies as their allegoric personifications are riding on animals (dromedary, panther, bear, unicorn, elephant, dragon, etc.), showing additional emblematic signs on helmets, shields, and suits of armour, according to the descriptions of the corresponding texts. Quotations of patristic authorities and biblical examples refer to the tradition of Latin sources. Linen. € 240 1542 Model Book of Giovannino de Grassi. [Bergamo, Civica Biblioteca ”Angelo Mai”, ms. VII. 14] Luzern, 1998. 17 x 22.7 cm, 62 pp + commentary. This work is the best known and most precious manuscript in the Angelo Mai Library in Bergamo; it is commonly regarded as the most important example of late Italian gothic art.
    [Show full text]
  • From Investiture to Worms: a Political Economy of European Development and the Rise of Secular Authority∗
    From Investiture to Worms: A Political Economy of European Development and the Rise of Secular Authority∗ Bruce Bueno de Mesquitay Ethan Bueno de Mesquitaz July 15, 2018 Abstract The endogenous consequences of competition between the Roman Catholic Church and secular rulers set into motion by the Investiture Controversy contribute new insights into European economic development, the rise of secular political authoriy, and the decline of the Catholic Church's political power. In particular, the resolution of the Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms (1122) resulted in a significant increase in the bargaining power of secular rulers in wealthier polities relative to poorer polities. This created an institutional environment in which the Catholic Church had incentives to limit economic development while secular rulers could expand their political control by promoting development within their domain. Empirical evidence shows that the behavior of popes and of secular rulers changed in ways consistent with these incentives. The evidence indicates that the incentives created at Worms played a central role, starting hundreds of years before the Protestant Reformation, in the rise of secular political authority and its association with economic prosperity. ∗We have benefited from feedback from Scott Ashworth, Chris Berry, Wioletta Dziuda, Mark Fey, Alexan- der Fouirnaies, Anthony Fowler, Rose McDermott, Adam Przeworski, James Robinson, Shanker Satyanath, Alastair Smith, and Thomas Zeitzoff. Sasha Daich, Katie Jagel, Matt Osubor, and Andrew Peterson pro- vided excellent research assistance. yThe Wilf Family Department of Politics, NYU, email: [email protected] zHarris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, email: [email protected] At least since the seminal work of Weber(1930), discussions of the political and economic development of Europe have sought to understand the linkage between economic prosperity, the rise of secular authority, and the decline of the Catholic Church as a political power.
    [Show full text]
  • Popes, Bishops, Deacons, and Priests: Church Leadership in the Middle Ages
    Popes, Bishops, Deacons, and Priests: Church Leadership in the Middle Ages by Colin D. Smith Popes, Bishops, Deacons, and Priests: Church Leadership in the Middle Ages 2 Introduction In January of 1077, at the apparent climax of what became known as the Investiture Controversy, Henry IV, the stubborn German Emperor, stood barefoot in a hair shirt in the snow outside the castle of Canossa, Italy, begging the pope, Gregory VII for clemency. During the course of the quarrel, Henry had attempted to depose the pope, and the pope responded by excommunicating the emperor and those bishops that sided with him. Historians seem to agree that Henry’s repentance was not all it seemed, and he was actually trying to win back his people and weaken the pope’s hand. In a sense, however, the motive behind why Henry did what he did is less important than the fact that, by the eleventh century, the church had come to figure so prominently, and the pope had ascended to such a position of both secular and ecclesiastical influence. That such a conflict between emperor and pope existed and had to be dealt with personally by the emperor himself bears testimony to the power that had come to reside with the Bishop of Rome. The purpose of this paper is to survey the growth of the church offices, in particular the papacy, from their biblical foundations, through to the end of the Middle Ages. In the process, the paper will pay attention to the development of traditions, the deviations from Biblical command and practice, and those who recognized the deviations and sought to do something about them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin Mcmurdie George Fox University, [email protected]
    Digital Commons @ George Fox University Seminary Masters Theses Seminary 5-1-2014 The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin McMurdie George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation McMurdie, Justin, "The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict" (2014). Seminary Masters Theses. Paper 16. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/seminary_masters/16 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Seminary at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seminary Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. A MASTER’S THESIS SUBMITTED TO GEORGE FOX EVANGELICAL SEMINARY FOR CHTH – 571-572: THESIS RESEARCH AND WRITING DR. DAN BRUNNER (PRIMARY ADVISOR) SPRING 2014 BY JUSTIN MCMURDIE THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR: EXAMINING THE ORIGINS AND EFFECTS OF CORPUS CHRISTIANUM’S DEFINING CONFLICT APRIL 4, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Justin M. McMurdie All rights reserved CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1: THE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 6 Corpus Christianum: The Religious, Social, and Political Framework of the West from Constantine to the Reformation 6 The Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, and Intractable Problems for the “Holy Roman Empire of the
    [Show full text]
  • Adam Swift Et Nobody Else Tossups 1. This Artist Made a Foray Into Rockabilly, but Would Later Claim That the Best Use for Those Record Was As Frisbees
    VETO 2017 - Adam Swift et nobody else Tossups 1. This artist made a foray into rockabilly, but would later claim that the best use for those record was as Frisbees. Ray Scott’s song “My Kind Of Music” complains about a girl who doesn’t see what’s so cool about one of this man’s songs and Willie Nelson’s “Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground”. A Shooter Jennings song references putting on a little of this artist and singing along. This artist was featured on that song, titled “4th of July”, and sings the chorus of his best-known song at the end. The chorus to Jason Aldean’s “Dirt Road Anthem” begins “Yeah I'm chillin' on a dirt road/Laid back swervin' like I'm” this man. For 10 points, name this country singer best known for “He Stopped Loving Her Today”. ANSWER: George Jones ​ 2. An attempt to rescue one of these people sees a character disguise himself as a bear to enter a village, then give the bear costume to the person being rescued. That one of these people is nicknamed “Le Cerf Agile” and has a ​ potential relationship with Cora Munro prevented by her kidnapping. One of these people named Wah-ta-Wah dies ​ in between books in which these people appear, while another of these people dies as an old man at the end of The ​ Pioneers. One of these people named Uncas is the title character of the novel in which he appears, and is killed by ​ Magua at the end of that novel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philological Turn and Jacob Grimm's De Desiderio Patriae
    Chapter 11 Latinitas Goes Native: The Philological Turn and Jacob Grimm’s De desiderio patriae (1830) Joep Leerssen The period 1750–1850 has been described by the great German historian Reinhart Koselleck as the Sattelzeit: a watershed between two historical para- digms, in which social, cultural and conceptual changes co-occurred and mutu- ally reinforced each other.1 Notions of society, time, culture, and the position of the individual in all of these, underwent fundamental alterations. Although Koselleck worked mostly in social and conceptual history, the concept of the Sattelzeit is also useful in literary history, to clarify the simultaneous rise of Romanticism, of historicism (also in the writing of history and of literary his- tory) and of the modern philologies. As I have argued elsewhere, the Sattelzeit witnesses the emergence of what we call ‘national literatures’ in Europe.2 Whereas the concept of literature in Classicism and the early Enlightenment was predicated on a universalist, transhistorical hypercanon (with Homer, Virgil, Horace, Tacitus, Cicero, Dante (Fig. 11.1), Camões, Cervantes and Shakespeare all simultaneously present), a ‘philological turn’ occurs after 1760. Literature (until then almost a singulare tantum, like ‘milk’ or ‘guilt’, referring to ‘the condition of being literate’) turned into a countable plural of literatures, distinguished either as to their period of production (to begin with, ‘ancient’ or ‘modern’) or, crucially, as to the lan- guage of their expression. While, in the words of Jorge Luis Borges, the clas- sicist concept, with its undifferentiated notion of literature, had regarded the plurality of peoples and periods as mere incidentals, the new paradigm turned diversity of period and language into its central taxonomic criterion.3 At the same time, we see, in the philologies, the rise of the ‘modern phi- lologies’ alongside the older classical studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Volume II by Edward Gibbon
    HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE By Edward Gibbon VOLUME II This is volume two of the six volumes of Edward Gibbon's History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire. I will be scanning and putting out on the net the remaining five volumes as I find time to do this. So have patience. If you find any errors please feel free to notify me of them. I want to make this the best etext edition possible for both scholars and the general public. [email protected] and [email protected] are my email addresses for now. Please feel free to send me your comments and I hope you enjoy this. David Reed History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Edward Gibbon, Esq. With notes by the Rev. H. H. Milman Vol. 2 1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised) Chapter XVI: Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine. Part I. Note: The sixteenth chapter I cannot help considering as a very ingenious and specious, but very disgraceful extenuation of the cruelties perpetrated by the Roman magistrates against the Christians. It is written in the most contemptibly factious spirit of prejudice against the sufferers; it is unworthy of a philosopher and of humanity. Let the narrative of Cyprian's death be examined. He had to relate the murder of an innocent man of advanced age, and in a station deemed venerable by a considerable body of the provincials of Africa, put to death because he refused to sacrifice to Jupiter. Instead of pointing the indignation of posterity against such an atrocious act of tyranny, he dwells, with visible art, on the small circumstances of decorum and politeness which attended this murder, and which he relates with as much parade as if they were the most important particulars of the event.
    [Show full text]