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Support for Which Kind of Democracy?: What European Citizens Want from Their Democracies, and Why They Are (Dis)Satisfied

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Support for Which Kind of Democracy?: What European Citizens Want from Their Democracies, and Why They Are (Dis)Satisfied Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Support for which kind of democracy?: what European citizens want from their democracies, and why they are (dis)satisfied Heyne, Lea Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204974 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Heyne, Lea. Support for which kind of democracy?: what European citizens want from their democracies, and why they are (dis)satisfied. 2017, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. SUPPORT FOR WHICH KIND OF DEMOCRACY? WHAT EUROPEAN CITIZENS WANT FROM THEIR DEMOCRACIES, AND WHY THEY ARE (DIS)SATISFIED Thesis (cumulative thesis) presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Lea Heyne Accepted in the Fall Semester 2017 on the recommendation of the doctoral committee: Prof. Dr. Daniel Bochsler, University of Zurich (main supervisor) Prof. Dr. Jan van Deth, University of Mannheim Prof. Dr. Marco Steenbergen, University of Zurich Zurich, 2017 Preface This dissertation is the result of four years of research in the context of the NCCR Democracy Project “Democracy Barometer” at the University of Zurich and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA). Just like me, this thesis is also a bit of a cosmopolitan: Important parts of this work were carried out during research stays at the University of Mannheim (MZES) and at the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) at the University of Irvine. Over the last years, I was lucky to receive the support and feedback of many people in many different places, who contributed substantially to the development of this thesis. At the University of Zurich and the ZDA, I have to thank my supervisor Daniel Bochsler for his reliable and constructive feedback at all the different stages of this project, for always being available for questions and discussions, and for continually finding new ways to challenge me. I am also thankful to Marco Steenbergen for agreeing to be on my committee, and for his helpful inputs to my dissertation. Most of all, I am very grateful to all the colleagues and friends I met here: In particular, to Saskia Ruth for being a great mentor, and to Doreen Spörer-Wagner for her constant administrative and emotional support. To Nino Abzianidze, Karima Bousbah, Zarina Burkadze, Miriam Hänni, Christian Rubba, Michael Strebel, Kushtrim Veseli and Rebecca Welge for their help, support, and friendship. To Alice el-Wakil and Lukas Peter for letting me see the world (and especially democracy) through the eyes of political philosophy, and for an amazing year of bridging facts and norms. At the University of Mannheim, I am first and foremost grateful to Jan van Deth, my second supervisor, for his incredible patience, passion and dedication not just to helping me with my PhD, but also to political science in general. Thank you for investing so much time and for reminding me of what I love about academia. Many thanks also to the rest of the MZES team, especially to Sarah Perry and Katerina Vrablikova, for welcoming me. At the Center for the Study of Democracy in Irvine, I am grateful to Russell Dalton for inviting, welcoming and inspiring me, and to all the great scholars I met there, particularly, to Bernhard Grofman and Doh Shull Chin for their feedback on my work. And to the best colleagues and friends I could have wished for - Matheus Mazzilli, Lukas Okado, Sam Power, and Gaby Santos - for making the CSD a place I will always remember. Finally, I am very thankful to all the other amazing people I met in different places around the world who have given me and my dissertation some of their time and resources, such as Monica Ferrìn, Arndt Leininger, and Jennifer Oser. I also owe a special thank you to Franz Walter at the University of Göttingen for sparking my interest in research when I was a B.A. student, and to Wolfgang Merkel at the WZB in Berlin for supporting and mentoring me since I was a M.A. student. On a more personal level, I am of course thankful to my great family: To my parents Antje Schloen and Reinhard Heyne who taught me to be curious and open-minded, to love books, and to doubt everything. To my big sister Marie Schloen, for showing me to be ambitious, assertive and unapologetic. Lastly, I am grateful to my chosen family: To Anne Michaelis for her unconditional love and support, and to Nina Wienkoop for being with me every step of the way from our first semester at university with her wisdom and friendship. And to Luca Manucci, for making Zurich a home, for countless inspiring discussions, and for always reminding me that good research is nothing without a good story. Zurich, October 2017 Table of contents Chapter One: Synopsis ............................................................................................................ 1 1. Research question: What am I studying, and why? ............................................................ 2 2. Support for democracy and how to define it ...................................................................... 6 State of the art: What do we know about support for democracy? ..................................... 6 Conceptualizing support for democracy: Expectations, evaluations and satisfaction ........ 9 3. Support for democracy in Europe - some empirical puzzles ............................................ 11 4. Understanding dimensions of democracy ......................................................................... 17 Dimensions of democracy in theory and empirics ............................................................ 17 Dimensions of democracy in citizens' attitudes ................................................................ 18 A two-dimensional space of democratic support .............................................................. 24 5. Main findings and contributions ....................................................................................... 26 6. Implications and outlook..................................................................................................29 7. Content and structure of the dissertation .......................................................................... 30 Paper 1: The making of democratic citizens: How regime-specific socialization shapes Europeans' expectations from democracy ......................................................................... 30 Paper 2: Do citizens want too much? A spatial model approach to democratic support .. 31 Paper 3: Why perceived deprivation matters: Socio-economic background and support for democracy ................................................................................................................... 32 References ............................................................................................................................ 33 Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter Two: The making of democratic citizens: How regime-specific socialization shapes Europeans' expectations from democracy ............................................................... 47 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 48 2. Democratic regimes in Europe: Authoritarian legacies and models of democracy.......... 49 3. Explaining citizens’ expectations from democracy .......................................................... 52 Learning democracy .......................................................................................................... 53 Democratic history ............................................................................................................ 53 Democratic models ........................................................................................................... 55 4. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 57 Data and operationalization .............................................................................................. 57 Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 59 5. Results .............................................................................................................................. 60 i Democratic history ............................................................................................................ 60 Democratic models ........................................................................................................... 63 6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 66 References ............................................................................................................................ 69 Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 74 Chapter Three: Do citizens want too much? A spatial model approach to support for democracy ............................................................................................................................... 85 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................
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