the African Union (AU). gency onitsborders.Moroccorejoins Algeria announces a state of emer- nisia, thereisunrestinBenGardane. from practicallyallofBenghazi. InTu- armed forcesexpeltheIslamistmilitias fir to Saudi Arabia. In Libya, the eastern transfer theIslandsofTiranandSana- istrative Courtblockstherulingto lim BrotherhoodandtheHighAdmin- handed down to members of the Mus arrested. InEgypt, newsentencesare In Jordan,severalreformistleadersare proposes adraftconstitutionforSyria. seven oppositiongroupsandRussia tween theSyriangovernmentand negotiations areheldinAstanabe- system intoapresidentialone.Indirect form totransformTurkey’s government ment approvestheconstitutionalre- in July2016continuesandtheParlia- purge sparkedbytheattemptedcoup a Daesh terrorist attack in Istanbul, the Athens andAnkara.InTurkey, thereis Belgrade andPristinabetween ment. Tensions mountbetween la Gruevski is unable toformagovern- national Community. InFYROM,Niko- the HighRepresentativeofInter- publika Srpskasuspendscontactwith guarantee nationalsecurity. TheRe- possibility ofclosingitsbordersto Presidency. Slovenia approves the law reforms.MaltaassumestheEU Court vetoes two of the main electoral lic funds. In Italy, the Constitutional under investigationformisuseofpub- comes party TheRepublicans(LR), the candidateforconservative dency oftheRepublic.FrançoisFillon, the socialistcandidateforpresi- In France,BenoîtHamoniselectedas January 2017 Events and Political Chronology of Major Conflicts Chronologies - alleged • Italy Enchaîné. by sion part • Portugal Penelope, candidate • leftism facility decision that close formal Mário cialist he the Sub-Saharan • Spain • consider more • France cialist ers law panies presidency elected • side moderates On On On On On On On the Melilla comes to they of urges of to liberal

Soares Party disconnect Party complaint 30 6 7 of to 10 1 the working 1 fictitious 29 at weekly as

the January to January will to January Jean-Luc respect January January to border are the into January Italy build the investigation January of (PS). be Portuguese the and wing not immigrants his dies. the interrogated force candidate Almaraz to newspaper too hours.

employment, presidency, a the support programme, to the former the François fence. accelerate the nuclear 17 from Republic of around Melenchon. Portugal the

close European which Benoît founder right the deputies new EU technology attempt into Nuclear border. Prime Hamon to PS waste to of obliges Fillon, over employment by a and Le Canard dispute for presents the the the their Hamon uncovered which of announce

thousand Commis police from Minister the the Spain’s storage his to depor- latter’s radical the unless Plant, work com- jump they out- wife So- So- the the LR as is a - -

run ity two rejected ing sibility proves and the • Slovenia the bringing Court laws Presidency • Malta 40% approved tation to • Bosnia andHerzegovina faced • suspends • in the grants 181,000 sentative nity the holiday January discriminatory. tutional 2015. guarantee of

On On On On On elections central single in Bosnian migration Valentin improving most that the in with issues up of

12 are 1 of 26 13 25 goes the modifications Court’s into two with January people candidates in to will

a market,

of January voted

contact the Mediterranean, by rescued January 2016, January January first with second 10 in Inzko force a the of Serb allow national ahead parliament increase crisis, a ruling social 2017. constituencies. its round, the candidates without Nazi Malta International ban, almost

strengthening the main with for the national borders in

the despite round priorities around the on heading further inclusion. However, the security. Republika having celebration. possibility in in and describing assumes the the points:

Parliament 20% right arrivals

Constitutional Strait which in the between High to electoral the holiday the May if developing 550 compared the of be more to migration none Commu- the possibil-

the of reached security tackling Consti- through Srpska Repre- asylum the of closed lists 2015, Sicily. immi- court it pos- call- than of The ap- win law the EU as to 9

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 365 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 366 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices ders • Serbia registered • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity the EuroAirport Army bian the ister nounces commander grade • Serbia. not Serbia. reasons, Agron that quest Belgrade 2016, leased edonian spite bia’s der tary the tional Democratic leader self-proclaimed sovo Mustafa ment. border ovo it charged • FYROM ovo • • Serb solidate which at was a On On On On On On 2,000 into French extradite is authorities early was majority Ramush government arrest national (MSF) the territories. territory (UÇK). Unity

over Serbia.” was if of 24 painted 4 27 on 12 11 Selimaj fails agreement 30 On Kosovo

stopped Haradinaj with their Revolutionary January a amid the Parliament to bail elections January migrants appoints January

January January deaths “revision” recently

a authorities Basel 12 January (VMRO-DPMNE) warrant to reports Party threaten conservative needed anyone of train Haradinaj On flag officially for by power rising with as achieve January resigns independence on the a the the

from 6 Mulhouse part the and building travelling with from French for the a Doctor trapped 14 is opened January

the

not held Kosovo that of for grenade tensions under former Nikola first the to France Prime over not Macedonian mapping crossing intelligence the of acting January is Montenegro. its Haradinaj freezing Organization citing colours the yet form war

efforts arrested it in time court Internal relations extradited slogan commission without in in the a has

from ratifying by Kosovo

Minister Freiburg Prime parliamen- December Liberation crimes Gruevski, french that a on Belgrade. is Mitrovica with that personal because the since and govern- the causing Kosovo the already to of thrown among Serbia a “Kos- in is Mac- it chief Kos- con- Bor- Min- Ser- Ser- won Bel- bor- with Na- Ko- de- an- will the the

Isa re- re- by as its to –

• Albania banian ment to Rroji tives ist • Kurdistan (PDS). army appear lishes jaxhi, June, 16 tween 2016, Ferrovie • Greece company. created PS coup months, killed camp Greece Turkey operator Hafizi; ty migrant ment • following from to • soldiers illegal rules • approves • • Turkey conditions. Reina gration quest. founded extend forming Party On On On On On On On On villages, members and to former Athens against by in along and of

founded nightclub entry and in the

a 3 Turkey 16 6 1 where Bee) 5 17 28 31 before the for has This 2016. agreement in are Diyarbakir January dello gunfire (PS) report January after January declared Lesbos Valentina January the Trainose the Workers’

the Hizmet January the the January January January in a two January eight died due with

and head not is state party an regarding November is

Stato and threatens

sale they centrist confirmation the Ben terrorist launched, the by main that the returned. in extradition in the to are due Libra, the at of is (Service) the soldiers legislative of the the a Istanbul. Shenasi Karanxha, and clashes of

imposes Bleta after 2017 to are the attempted Party Blushi government the least for partially Daesh awaiting with third the emergency points to parties, Gendarmerie

provincial the Sfida Democratic Court the a 5.8 the organization seeking country’s under Supreme their to 2016

centre-left Moria a the Shqiptare 39 (PKK). by the Greek movement

citizen Italian revise facility’s movement request

and billion between who attack (Challenge), Rama, to that a elections of dismantled the Gjergj with people asylum attempted a EU arrest by curfew links Auditors decision coup refugee Mimoza by decides govern- alterna- Social- fled railway

a energy former move its a euros. group Court at if Party three pub- third poor Grid from view par- Bo- (Al- be- the mi- the the are the re- for to to of in in in -

nar Fethullah having Kurdish parliamentary during reform • • dential ecutor coup of • • trolled resumes tinues request diers one Daesh Turkish • gime attempt purge Bab, • Syria which • Cyprus showing made an of by its recent reported the • • pices from • Palmyra. reports of a • tions • result the reunification its the advisers, On On On On On On On On On On On On Roman agreement Yesilirmak of four serving are throughout in in of troops army in in Turkey 6 12 18 with orders Barada US-led 22 23 17 28 the the retaking 6 6 8 links 20 1 to state members troops the of 2016. Russia, in Peoples’ 119 political 2016. January Turkey January January during Daesh’s its January held Gülen January villages transform January January January - January January the 2016. January attempted key Theatre in death further 24 with offensive Younes is in in relation attacks. says the clashes, in Turkish coalition. valley. sticking in approved NATO January The is following of Turkey talks Syria with the despite the Astana,

the asylum January. the arrest Russia Turkey have the near Democratic of the the Istanbul’s arrested, the destruction Aleppo. after some it advances images and presence rest Fateh Turkey a the will PKK. Shaib, north concludes The with year’s coup leader after bases regime’s army on offensive. member More and the to been points. indirect of the a PKK of not reports 40 withdraws faced under the the in the al-Bab. offensive tense 243 the al-Sham constitutional Iran, the of Tetrapylon are the ousts in into its first public in accused Turkish withdraw in deaths of failed killed and rebel-con- for the attempted of advances 2016. Party of members an month Germany totality. of released regime’s between air negotia- the the with meeting week a 30,000 without that the part Daesh Daesh island, one attack presi- pros- force Front coup in con- aus- pro- part sol- Se- are the re- 32 al- as of of of of of is

ency ways and regime’s ceasefire • Egypt mon murder • Lebanon Syria. of Jabhat ing position Muslim oofi colonel Bakri Aoun Syrian loush the the tences ashdeh former • country. in rorists’ Islamist Matai government • Jordan • gence istrative fer Saudi 2016 National by he • Libya dialogue tory the the the On On On On On On controls the in end Syrian attended and

after in approach in talks to the in and doubts Arabia, accuses

rebels Fateh rebel government. 16 2 general from 24 3 for 4 12 of Directorate the islands and Brotherhood and sit-ins Luanda Court

Minya,

affirms of Libyan priorities promote January January January with a Lebanese meeting groups of participating January approved January considering January hostilities, government country. meeting brigadier-general the up advisor former delegation al-Sham 30 with agreed by Moscow’s blocks in the

Mohamad after that Army of to Israel’s for rebel in the December Cairo the are a 148 the reform December and the

Tiran 80% to Presidential Russia fighting draft the deputy he businessman four arrests Husam the in held

with commander Khalifa are to together. the groups separate President consolidate Supreme will December agree it members in in set Mohammed General Mossad dispersal and men of an and constitution mediating ruling given the August Riyadh al-Otoom, and the not

presents

the Libyan Wasfi “occupying” Daesh al-Abdallat, Haftar the 2016. seven violence on participat- to Sanafir Omar 2016. same enter

transpar- The terms to life the Council discuss Admin- a in former Michel Amine Intelli- of 2013. of trans- of of 2016 Raw- com- head

terri- April sen- says ‘ter- Os- The and role into day op- the the the the the the the Al- for for to in

Islamist rial who • tional former • throughout the (Government tempts take Council, Benghazi, ing regulations • economic proves the in with • Algeria tions ists tle • Tunisia since Skikda. • ed people ing in • zou. Touati • Israeli raeli alert and the tempt by • Morocco sian Fethullah group, Boumerdès. Ben a On On On On On On On On On Turkey a offices with with army are schools official steps terrorist border. does control Takfiri Islamist video on

and 2014. is embassy in Congress 10 12 11 24 13 11 Prime Guerdane 18 the 5 to 31 suspected A are killed a Libya. arrested the 2016. government-, and January are Gülen’s further take January January January - January January foreign not of referendums January after right in up improvements who in at January terrorist 12 Libya. arrested

of Libyan Minister being Tripoli. of the militias which security in unsuccessful recognize presence of its control January On the to says in several an the two

Ras National in presence power” over the armed the -the Morocco organization, Khalifa vote two operation 19 the Abu Bejaia of operation behind cell

and the he in people there Mohamed authorities based of Ajdir army of January,

forces. having suspected clashes blogger the in previous Azazga, interviews Sneib in Khalifa the for days various Parliament the men Malian

municipal Haftar’s when is for Monastir. is and lack Accord) border is the General members on shuts are Presidential an in eradicated in in put “cooperat- loyal of in

links district, two break the Algiers. of Merzoug

customs unofficial coup accused the their he arrested Tizi Ghweil, ministe- disman-

borders al-Fatih Buduja, fighting on Libyan socio- cross- terror- forces an

down to post- more elec- Tuni- area high with until Ou- Na- ap- out the at- at- Is- of in

general • • army. raqas Forces • ed points sentatives AU, Parliament ed protest European tugal, surge summit sumes court sentenced and reaching a deal. In Turkey, the arrests international lenderscomecloser to government’s politics. Greece and its bania, theoppositionprotestsagainst the democrats toformagovernment. InAl- Zoran Zaeviselectedbythe social appointments are made.In FYROM, in Montenegro.In Kosovo, government sia deniesorchestratingacoupattempt secretary oftheDemocraticParty. Rus- Paris. InItaly, Matteo Renzi resigns as ences. Unrestandprotestsbreakoutin os hold their respective party confer- In Spain,thePeople’s PartyandPodem- February 2017 ident • EU Republic orders • Mauritania Union, forerunner, form mands • People’s commissioner Ould On On On On On On president the Cyprus- a Martin for Spain, in as 28 the 16 18 of 30 the 31

common 18 the (USFP), for of of against Mkhaitir, ultranationalism organization apostasy. party (SADR). the second January the January January (lower retrial January

January to Mediterranean January southern project, presidency general death the Schulz. France, replace Sahrawi Socialist to and of (EPP)

Organization Habib of front the join jailed the chamber). Lisbon MEP by the the in Morocco the the Mohammed Abdel

currently Italy, EU recognition House Antonio the forces command the in it Arab former deputy el-Malki, blogger on Union of Supreme of left countries defence and German Malta, hosts the 2 first the Fattah Europe January Democratic in rejoins in populism. of of of European European European Tajani secretary facing instance 1984 Moham- is the the Popular Greece Repre- African

VI of of by Court elect- Pres- War- -Por- 2nd and and de- ap- the as- the the its in a

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 367 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 368 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices 95.65% Minister the • in revalidating PP tenced the retary fence grants • Podemos it scandal various which considered Gürtel of for • ative). bers Pablo • in Borbon • National tenced Rodríguez the though to dangarin, 265,000 salary • Spain its ties with the EU. envoy toLibya.Moroccothreatenscut vetoes theappointmentofnewUN out. In Egypt, Copts flee Sinai. The US anti-government demonstrationsbreak fourth conferenceonSyria.InJordan, tempted coupin2016.Genevahostsa links withDaesh,thePKKorat- continue ofpeopleaccusedhaving ment • France tively. recoups which the six the On On On On On On On fraudulent in former party’s party’s of decided general and the of along Crespo socialist has 18 2 1 17 12

10 12 the enter to corruption Noos to she has autonomous is Mariano the after of Front February February euros. and party’s February the 13 holds eight Interior Zapatero prison. and found February leadership. February so People’s the February as his mainly number leader the is months years’ Pablo 340,000 use his Ceuta the and to far corruption (FN) position ordered votes government 20 border years Her its dock 18th Rajoy partner, not plot’s seen of and Jose With Alvaro affected of the

case. February Princess 2nd Iglesias Marine imprisonment dies. Party European the two

Francisco husband, as the of after the guilty communities, in part congress. Defence European euros and is with leaders debate, 11 Antonio to president ramifications party ultra-right-wing prison

left-wing Perez are reelected Íñigo former The (PP, pay scandal, of jumping former Le people holding wins of of Morocco. Cristina 700 demanded sentenced the congress Jose Pen, tax men conserv- funds. Iñaki in a are the Minister Errejón, respec- Correa, Alonso, against MEP’s fine Parlia- a Prime mem- of in immi- fraud party case sen- sen- onto sec-

with until Luis Ur- are the the the the al- de of in

check • Italy France. ues staged peals rican strations ber ment) to declared Minister the • of Renzi greements tary a left), on gender nounces • Malta • Bygmalion. • Slovenia false the though in the proves Nicolas jured • Croatia dren. • migration. global the dum the a • candidate 144-point the achieve unrest the On On On On On On On On

police EU-, 2016 presidency of 2012 same throughout on which origin in invoices against also investigation of the liberalism, on outskirts 5 12 7 7 12 23 3 19 not a on Sarkozy a Frexit, Matteo Veneto, on leaving February itself February February

February 2 the by law over of Democratic homophobic February for announces electoral greater between February rights ID February February allowing February. with is again the 19 plan support a raping cards possibility facing giving to -France’s issued the law which of the Renzi regional NATO a is multiculturalism under be February as for Paris Marine baton to autonomy. ordered 17 the approved the into accusations the centrists and month a them two a campaign the a lead same-sex heterosexuals, The

the her “national include Party resigns that young for arrests split by former which and attack government government the in passports. during Parliament council departure not people Le unrest candidacy former the the the to the he

and to due a expenses (PD, throughout and Pen adopt to man in break the fourth party. will stand a are President on as company man minority” Decem- and couples a referen- demon- to

declare and against centre- (Parlia- contin- leftists. are secre- issues region a run police Prime of made disa- from chil- club with day trial ap- ap- an- are the im Af- for al- in- as of -

for demanded Predrag refuses for mo overthrow onstrators • April. didacy 2016, questionnaire opment capital • Jankovic trated • Serbia NATO. kanovic, tion the country’s the lic over the • cusations • Montenegro ship Culture closes • regularities. tiations. wins and the nicipal the elections • Bosnia andHerzegovina es on Bosniak cuse in Zagreb. 2 prosecutor On On On On On On On broke their Croatian the Beograd European EU face United application. Herzegovina October of the with the

an

as 7 10 28 elections. 27 Sinisa 15 20 to 19 for resignation the in project the alleged coalition to of February Bogicevic attempted resigns lack well government out to assess made are

its February entities February 49% the February February from February Arab a the February by The extradite chapter Democratic (Don’t Prime European stop rise

over Mali, as accession 2016, a of Montenegrin sent Montenegro that presidential by of the repetition Waterfront, LGBT involvement Emirates. the Stjepan consensus Initiative in the and

the in the the (HDZ, Bosnian over Montenegro drown out and the the this the coup of

movement

Minister Serbia possible thousands during on Russia country’s responding Stolac the ombudsman presents of Montenegrin votes the associations accession Serbian month in the country kind Nemanja Union Education process failing Boskovic, on for Serb December conservative) Belgrade) of mayor which to urban government. successfully

claims elections financed 16 of against

Stolac. denies among in those holds assassina Milo stand ends of member- Ne

violence. a October to his judiciary of citizens orches- joining Bosnia on plot devel- to Ristic, clash- of nego- act dem- Davi- Sasa of pub- can- from Dju-

held with mu- and The halt trial call ac ac- the the the the by by ir- to in in - -

tween of form sovo, are majority should palities • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity comprise appointment tion with opposition • party the mer • filova. where pointed ecutor cy him • Serbs Hashim establish between tion • general ary coalition of whose of ful chooses cratic • • FYROM nizes dor form • terrorist pointed tina’s brings • negotiations the after, the On On On On On On On On On attempts against Bulgarian made for to Army trying imam Commission a Vetevëndosje the Kosovo’s based

main Kosovo and Serbia charges 27 he 8 government Slovenia withdraws 1 14 7 27 give December Union supporters 13 8 25 abuse

in Minister director secretary municipalities, activity. Thaci on with February February February Zoran Kosovo the February the Association was February

(UÇK), February Kosovo due February put crimes February February from of Zaev’s 3 autonomy imam in of three new of new and February,

of Gjilane lawyer conflict. an found of

initiates to The against to independence. VMRO-DPMNE, Zaev of the of Mimoza the office Albanians normalize end at an under Kosovo. Macedonia Ridvan

of Truth Special Pristina’s the Albanian Shefqet intention European there the protest to 2016 and the (Self-Determination). following Driton Hague

Kosovo’s Bangladesh Albanian the 19 the the accusation fighting the as Ekaterina foster to to intelligence is

public EU when of faced the consultations Metohija, the and

Interior judges its the the Kosovo is the Ahmetaj Prime killed Social Haqifi, elections Serb on approves Court No Gashi imam a and candidate relations public Macedonian Krasniqi and to aftershocks three direction Reconcilia- difficulty Integration. integration he the new prosecutor for with 27 nationalist ambassa- advances govern

(SDSM) in charged Ministry. Minister that was Trenda- Munici- Kosovo Daesh. the against of Libera- unfruit- Demo- for Febru- recog- winner is which round is agen- Serb- Syria, fierce pros-

Pris- and Ko- for- be- ap- ap- will the the

for to to to of in

ernment nians’ ty • Albania unemployment parties economic take • Greece are least its gence nance • Turkey nomic reports • Daesh. • aircraft in for rorists • propaganda. journalist • been party Yuksekdag, the in • Cyprus custody tion pants Ozgurgun Minister with • Syria fication. condemns

favour (PDS, which On On On On On On On On On spreading creditors deputy arrested of Greece), action co-leader, under 138

status

the voted adjustment 21 of between 18 10 7 27 27 Ministry 20 5 in 1 in the

of accused centre-right) February

positions 96%

of February exchange demonstration its February February

1950 February February Deniz February describes incursions

February of the improvements February introducing death against arrest who, in northern

airspace. in in the to in “terrorist Syrian a of the rates, favour Selahattin a celebrates referendum 20 unblock large-scale pro-Kurdish Yücel together Greek decision of since

Amnesty of programme.

between the

country. organized around the the and the

for at Greece the as the government’s spreading by leads the

least Cyprus Parliament the of propaganda.” Parliament Democratic upgrading November a Turkish-German is 27

Interior Cypriot Turkish

eurozone’s threat the Enosis lack

and with Demirtas, against that commemora remanded

February. International 450 an the 18 Greece into

raid HDP reports third crime. the of failure anti-gov- the PKK Huseyin to conver- Ministry terrorist schools against partici- people military

socio- expels (union

reuni- Prime 2016 Figen Alba- votes other cam- eco- high Par-

and

has ter-

Fi- to at in -

• Shield. solidate do Syrian negotiations al-Bab, UN. position • hostages. intense • killed kill holding government, foresees tions the many 2254 Syrian • • 13,000 ing paign unveiled • Jordan Laden’s • logical Nadeem euros • Egypt tax several international a al-Qaeda’s Fattah • Egyptian down • strike the • Lebanon Daesh 61 On On On On On On On On On On On lead hikes in entry Prime Geneva begin the in Syrian of in of to people the regime 7 17 7 Army 23 16 26 el-Sisi 24 support 12 9 20 18 attacks cities as of people to extrajudicial Idlib, Idlib. and the the son-in-law alleviate February February an on terrorist on Saydnaya jails. Centre, of February February February February February Cairo elections. Minister February a February February part February number “inclusive in 23 its food UN ceasefire the community (FSA) mechanism fails refugees. a IV at in and call designates Geneva new troops January have in to of a Security is regime, one offices the attack in included checkpoint which months. at the security for victims Operation based prison, in the the Hani Astana new the constitution two is Abu executions least two of strain Turkey died. Lebanon demonstrations and Susyan. opposition the in killed into between second the President 2017. authorities in for and brokered of Syria. peace al-Jair offers for Council, Daesh Mulki non-sectarian” on 15 resignation five of where Beirut. in forces the of between the 9.445 army’s in exchanging Osama announces the violence Resolution people of hosting Euphrates new a centre The asks by al-Masri, NGO over round negotia- psycho- the and the US attacks budget to at thwart by which Abdel billion hang- most least con- talks gov- Free shut op- Bin air- the the are the the the so of of El of in in

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 369 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 370 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices dou ernors, erty visit a • security. from such On to Zine tional in and High form Presidential • powers armed Field ruary of • Libya 2012. • Tunisia mar ther against envoy declares • ment, appointment gration and in of • Leïla of • Prime • Forces Russian an at down upholds Libya. further

Libya the 10 the December National the On On On On On On On On effort 24

the al-Gaddafi to corruption Italy 36 Saleh the Tobruk Trabelsi Marshal a el-Abidine years’ Commissioner between to standards meet Presidential The

Minister to division 16 8 15 forces 20 Moscow February 3 21 10 post- 9 which Port Khalifa is Saif United directly. (UNSMIL) senior 10 Atlantic capital eight February that to Libya. the to February February not February February February commander February February

-the in men put

Accord), imprisonment fight al-Islam did Council’s Said the in death are valid. Cairo of Khalifa include loyal years a between Haftar Salam Nations officials the regime

case an Beheira. in charged from the delegation first Ben for Alliance the deal against Ben sentenced

the Council November Football end consider NATO Russia to Presidential to the Fayez a the in

same. sentences the the former Gaddafi woman Haftar, for Ali for reached the Fayez already Nadia fair Tobruk the Fayyad negotiate prison Ali did of request to Support from Supreme former the is United which US with Human in irregular Prime announces trial. Libya’s Tobruk for the al-Sarraj, and meet (Government sentenced announces

defence of that two al-Sarraj, Stadium Ahmed head Palestinian the in vetoes corruption. Parliament for to the visited as 2016 and division on deputies absentia

his his for Minister dictator Council handed Nations Mission interna- the occupy a the the parallel Muam- Armed deaths 2 Rights Parlia- Court of prop- immi- a Feb- son- help wife end and and and Ab- trial fur- UN the the the the

to in in in a

by • imprisonment. Seychelles-, in-law, • Algeria dismantled demning dine ger Alhucemas undermining ment • Morocco movement 2016 the • Mouhcine will and plicable membership • agricultural tice laborating nity prove tween • EU the crisis with several European states. In government. Turkey enters a diplomatic FYROM overtheformationofacoalition its ownregulararmy. Tensions risein President submitsadraftlawto create Montenegro andAlbania.Kosovo’s Anti-government protestscontinue in Deputy DefenceMinisterissacked. presidential candidates.In Bosnia the which affects the chances of several resigns andnewinformationemerges Paris-Orly Airport,theInteriorMinister In France,thereisaterroristattackatthe March 2017 On On On On On On six suspend EU strike area of government ruled Fekhar West 10 with 11 the members 7 6 18 5 3 24 after Sakher to February February of February February police in February immediate with EU Fikri. in the February months migration. in the and protest

which African enters the economic state of following is December Monastir. and Western the el-Materi sentenced death the abuse, fishing European with gathered Morocco the the there security. southern Morocco a his against began States Economic ago, terrorist Morocco measures activist EU links of 36th cooperation part agreements is Sahara. protests 2016 –exiled the heads new Court (ECOWAS). accused his in to warns to in members of day are cell Kamel fish Malta imprison- six Daesh a October Commu- requests unrest that for of not protest of formed of

in years’ that seller con- state hun- with Jus- col- Ed- be- ap- ap- the the of in in is it

• Paris. ignations from dency, Enchaîné Bordeaux, contrast, received Lacharrière. the he charged euros • Portugal el-Othmani isappointed Prime Minister. as minister.InMorocco,SaadEddine Khalil Gharianideclineshisappointment control of key oil facilities. In Tunisia, quitted. InLibya,thereisfightingforthe Summit. InEgypt, HosniMubarakisac- tests. Jordan hosts the Arab League Lebanon, thereareanti-governmentpro- Syria, theoffensivebeginsonRaqqa.In presidential • France the • Spain the of opens with police and Catalan tugal the lic for are far-right Emmanuel as 2014, • pendence for his tice

3.807 does On On On On On on alleged a presidency, two ministers Constitutional lowest also of French the Fillon, his parliamentary ended

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faces demanding. renovation in social budget candidates of investigations there shot prohibited name Court for LR, public public leader will of by the Le Canard Le Canard November and of the of Ladreit the the the mayor Together believing that pressure Fillon a down not

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make Cardona, approves “bullying strike Chinese Minister the

costs Bosnian affected children Criminal of has that citizens Author- ends year (ICTY) lawyer unem- Rialto Com- in ruling in plan- sup- Bal- total with of ser- ser- Or- ac- im- the not the the the

to of in in in a

immunity opposition and Parliament’s Democratic the Front kans ning pay tests, early the putes, ic with agreement army standing • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity • Montenegro Court. its ment • rajevo. ment Thaçi Montenegro rector • for Rutovic, the forces of • goslavia. shot Yugoslav • the member nationalists. • FYROM Ivanov coalition democrat Communists Party On On On On On On On allowing Deputy prohibition presidential 125.2 opposition- opposition’s Milan just and a

elections during at (DF, of submits to Niksic coup 13 Andrijana into of 12 23 7 21 2 22 rejects the

of whose two the of wounded government debt of Communist transform March March Knezevic March the leader million right-wing), March March March a Socialists boycott Defence the March with anniversary the the Party Albania in decision the (RTCG) Republika candidates: regular holds Radio that a October in UÇK. deputies presence of replacement the decision to by regional Russia the draft Kadija the dollars conditions October the Zoran (SDP), Kosovo amid the after in the lift Bosnia from

against municipal and the offer Minister former

army. Kosovo’s

Pristina to President -also President Youth and (DPS) with law the Parliament accused USSR of replace Srpska, is opposition 2016. months for to Kosovo Zaev the Andrija Constitutional because the while of summit the of Azem appointed

parliamentary 2016. to Television clear boycotted the leader reaches the the the and Democratic for by was and Sead Democrat- the the establish- owed to

elections Albanian

tensions

Bosnian security Radojka a latter national Hashim of the criticize League despite Mandic holding Vllasi Gjorge of form Parlia- former Social one in social sacks of of plan- Jusic pro- out- dis- Sa- Yu- the the

di- an by to of of is a

whose reason form. ish whose taking erendum Norway, zerland, mer rally ambassador of rise in the to lüt ple donians • sion 15 • Turkey worrying • Albania that to dreas • Greece ers Rama tion last accuses ernment university social ment ciding Nicosia in • Cyprus for ative) position Bern 2016 VMRO-DPMNE ban the On On On On On democracy the and Cavusoglu March affected attempted elections among he as Turkish Republican agreement. until

whose Pottakis Tensions announces Parliament, democratic) 27 2 with 12 Prime a formation place 1 security against 7 part will traffickers sentences Democratic in and where at in which March Turkish the increase teachers March on March March March the relation Cavusoglu 4,800. cancel the Austria; the of by military Zaev’s government following and Minister leader, Turkey’s in elections presents the coup is the grants gatherings the a summons the protests forces also minister “under a Rotterdam; the People’s of of the the demonstration a of

in to dismissed campaign which Turkish report the

the and economic cabinet Prime colluding sets a followers. cannabis Party the in officers the Lulzim Prime the rise Criminal declares caretaker ombudsman asylum threatens constitutional former migrant Berlin’s 2016; stop his Albanian great on

attempted number the led from by underlines of (PD, Minister President. Netherlands, for of annual the 18 Party shuffle Basha, Minister

fraud the

a by supporters involved by for number with pressure”; deputy to in crisis. Denmark, and the holding rally that June readmis- conserv- Court

decision German the Albania. opposi- govern- five the the of the is Mace- (CHP, report grow- in same Swit- coin- Mev- coup Turk peo- from calls gov- held and An- for- ref- op- Edi On the the EU

re- at- of in in a -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 371 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 372 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices to and case, bribes total torney ery Jabhat out • conspiracy points • cant Justice gotiations • are mascus -supported nasur, • Syria new Damascus, fire Kurdish Democratic takes • dead. responsibility • istan Units killed • any mediated • tional Fateh Damascus peshmerga that • mous Geneva, Human killed • from Forces • and displaced two On On On On On On On On On On On and

killed. by in relevant Panayiotis Raqqa which ombudsman. of progress. Daesh. Democratic in (YBS), territory. control coalition. the in al-Sham Syria amid and and Tahrir 15 20 20 3 15 23 11 19 Fateh general Maria 27 17 five 3 an and one Rights in (SDF) party which fighting March March people peace which begin lawyers March March March airstrike March March March March a March after March abuse years to the leave tensions will Union by and without a and advances. half linked al-Sham, al-Sham, of in for Stylianou defraud, The restaurant Neocleous attributes on take Iraqi come Rikkos form Syrian Palmyra an at Syria. in a at years talks the in in twin the twin Party at the between the the Tahrir of more fighting half Party government on the city Astana the Andreas least least assault with al-Mansoura, prison least Kurdistan- power. making control between Syrian part a Sinjar fifth third to army bombings years on bombings is a in SDF government respectively. school on of Observatory Erotokritou 74 than (PYD), the al-Sham five a Lottidis coalition still from prison

to 33 in Syria are Syria of on round breaks close the for led round Shia the PKK once in In Kyprizoglou Democratic the al-Ruiba, Resistance surrounded fighters announces any its of people the 40 sentenced accepting Daesh. sheltering Palace by prison the the offices. (KDPS), the begin for and Kurdish Karama autono- interna- pilgrims without Raqqa, in carried of people cease- signifi- as Jabhat in claims led of out Kurd- again same Kha- brib- main UN- to Da- ap- ne- the the are are for for by of in in in a

• Tunisia sistance. an Lanuf, control ist lic down ernment and • commanded • Jordan management, the PYD, 202 • Libya eral demonstrate • Lebanon rebels by boat • with extradite of 10 Jerusalem woman two ing • Egypt in • May Press • tenced tenced Mubarak clears

prison Cassation the agreement Benghazi On On On On On On On On On Service soldiers the regime extradition social journalists jihadists people 2016. carrying which his

captured SDF, 15 20 arrive. Syndicate 25 14 2 23 of 19 26 2 Egyptian to to the involved

announces March of Ahlam appointment the related March March March a tensions” in between March March

March March March forces year Minister the which hopes have died 2001, Defence former by oil in in rejects migrants with corruption treaty, wanted on death facilities Sinai. Khalifa Beirut the in

citing the Revolution. al-Tamimi, the in in to Libya’s Khalil been Yehia the thousands joins or 2 Russia 56 to prison

which arising September seven

a Court eastern the March that the amid former the take Turkish-supported President Brigades. of army terrorist the people as against in Haftar

with killed by of Supreme Ghariani shipwreck Kalash protesters and US it eastern Tunisia’s left for which

for Raqqa lack and Sirte after “the of the has by a reports Libyan head the harbouring military 15 request tax Cassation in of Jordanian take the of are 10

attack police the his reached and 2016. political Kurdish fighting at is dead. people hikes. a before

forces Hosni Islam- of Court years turns elec- Pub- bilat- back least sen- sen- gov- mis- dur- of Ras that as- the to in in a

tion Tunisian ate been sion Othmani deputy latif prison, is • arising the (USFP) by Othmani, • Morocco company, head el-Abidine post-Brexit February State White • origin. • EU months with velopment in adopt • Algeria sian of a ing tion of integration;restrictingcommunity ac- Kaddour ing • funds ister • as the • ey Federal what his sentenced concerts. a On On On On On On On On Abdelilah but the number Merdas the to to Socialist Alternative). Mehdi presents criminally forming denied

of raised shared new fewer and replace 3 17 7 2 29 Paper the between 20 this 13 3 Association the from of to return March General March the March replaces announces as and March Union. March Sonatrach. unsuccessful Ben March form single

party March Jomaa March Government scenarios: time public is Party two areas; the in

asylum state-owned priorities the Union on an Benkiran. shot a which to motivated Abid of Ali, 2006 the the a Prime the for 2003 Mohammed al-Badil government of market; action Labour the the the a government. immigrants Summit announces prosecutor Amine exiled Abdelmoumen or former the (PJD), dead Constitutional the the Council. Briki, further European to of an at advancing former contemplates Future

EU strengthened carrying Minister, and their EU two misuse Justice Popular negotiations plan agreement in various in On Union attack. Ettounsi in Mazouzi member President

presents Saudi of 2009 hydrocarbon Saadeddine Casablanca, and six Mariah countries Malta Prime VI to of 25 the who describes Heads after Commis- on; appoints of and years charged acceler- (UGTT). towards Europe, speeds Algeria Forces Arabia, Abdel- launch March Union social (Tuni- at of noth- Ould on have Car-

Min- Zine with dur De- five five the the the led of of in 3 -

and that main ain’s • of its • Arab League months ropean • activates the which a reelected reference foreign laration cept 1957 EU voting reiterate • to protests inTataouine andKef.InMo- security forces.InTunisia, thereare tribes on their integration into the border cord reachesadealwiththesouthern The LibyanGovernmentofNational Ac- carried outontheCopticcommunity. toral law. In Egypt, further attacks are to forceanagreementonthenewelec- Aoun suspends parliamentary activity in Khan Sheikhun. In Lebanon, Michel and Russiafollowingachemicalattack In Syria,tensionsrisebetweentheUS referendum on its constitutionalreform. FYROM andAlbania.Turkey holdsa elections. Political tensioncontinues in coalition. Serbiaholds presidential the Mostpartyleavesgovernment (PD) holdsprimaryelections.InCroatia, elections. In Italy, the Democratic Party holds thefirstroundofpresidential over itsweaponstoFrance.France Euskadi Ta Askatasuna(ETA) hands EUMed group.Theterroristorganization Spain hosts the third meeting of the April 2017 ulation. guarantor peace cope 28th On On On On European holds Northern increases the departure in Treaty

against 29 25 9 29 it the endorsing of interference with summit United Union March the and article to unanimously

March March to complex its March referendum of the of Iran-. the need prosperity. Ireland, an 60th him. Council Rome Kingdom- tensions position from 50 the in thereby the in growing unprecedented

the the Jordan Sweimeh, negotiations the for of Polish anniversary Arab the with

Union’s in the who United Italian international in with Donald condemns EU; the with signing June League Treaty refugee initiating and all President voted only states a region capital

Jordan, validity Scotland Kingdom Lebanon scenario 2016. for Tusk Poland on period of a to holds pop- dec- Brit- -ex- Eu- the the the aid 18 re- -in as of in is

an • and ing • Portugal Rif. ernment andinstabilitycontinuesinthe the PrimeMinisterunveilshisnewgov- members of the ConstitutionalCourt, rocco, Mohammed VI appoints the storage signs, Costa Murcia • Spain On is • Defence woman of Cyprus- Spain, • France dal. ties, • on the meeting • tial stepped ceed Henin-Beaumont, leged most (LREM), • dering sents weapons volvement zalez terim and of • François elected the Jose On On On On On On On On On Brexit. EC-mediated candidacy. left-wing 29 Community decides 21.30% in voted (PP) presidential Jalkh, President the embroiled Holocaust 29 9 4 rules arms. 4 April 21 28 France, 8 10 Luis Pedro an to at 23

of April April down and Minister to April April Jalkh arsenal April Spain’s regional hold terrorist in April April act April the goes candidates reinforce Rodriguez Fernando who April to out coalition. the Marine of Carme the Antonio

the EUMed to ETA continue Spain that, steps Italy, the the of the the Madrid holding

‘Lezo’ focus Prime during in to after was elections to Steeve agreement denial. Almaraz Madrid regional president. Emmanuel organization post votes hands a former FN theoretically, Le the prison Malta, Chacon, and a down corruption Zapatero Sanchez Lopez

appointed

group corruption on

Pen common in Marine Minister with president the French in hosts early Briois, Portugal respectively. The the

Ignacio her nuclear Spain, over with Greece president president over government (FN) over the Miras –Portugal, first

the on presiden mayor elections the 24.01% Macron will (PP) Le and Antonio authori- govern- a surren- are stance his probe. former his repre- waste as dies. round scan- reach major Jean- plant. Gon- third (PP) suc- Pen and first the re- in- in- al- of of of -

grant people • Italy 55 elections rescue • Serbia ciaries. tests sandar Zagreb to tigation in Matteo istrative ment test • denouncing of ocratic • Malta es • the follow opment • Croatia with and manding right) points kovic day • rupt. Croat request the • Bosnia andHerzegovina the Minister the the form his On On On On On On On On operations party’s opposition. major after against over a are arrivals and approves leaves career,

elections revision Democratic war 30 10 11 25 18 the 28 Vucic to 2 25 service rescued parties Renzi the begins involving for project procedure Zdravko

the 70% organized improvements with April April financed April the April Croatian April

April April ministers, elections veterans April the Coalition the irregularities Prime by the (SNS)

despite 55.06% beats Bosniak-Croat of the of the the and led announce the thousands the there dismissal the boat Waterfront

in the backed in coalition the Bosniak his Maric, the June. former the Nationalist Minister Commercial Party Prime by extraordinary by holding dismissal different during of wins Most votes block the in father, who are against for registry the

the the Agrokor last of Sicily, in by party put Change the more (PD) the in

of criminal Prime supported Minister government party their UAE. and of and EU’s their the three several urban Andrej Tiziano. the going the the presidential NGOs. forward Serbs votes. with of the and entity of

relaunch- secretary primaries days mass intention Bosnian voting. to Court benefits (centre- Finance Minister govern- three migrant days benefi- admin- devel- ahead result, 8,500 inves- Dem- bank avoid Plen- Alek entry

Pro pro- that de- mi- the by of in in a - - -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 373 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 374 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices of by appeal • ister. er the of • FYROM • monastery unpopular joint together Alliance for ans tional and smoke influencing puted request abstains the form munity, • leader Albanian cessions, • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity thanks Xhaferi, • nocratic has burst support Ilir SDSM against are majority, • elections roads opposition • Albania Kosovo of interfering Serbia On On On On On On On On Meta the injured and AKK sparked arrest candidate Nisma a the Court demanding

territories coalition Albin into

24 27 28 21 4 21 to bomb 27 25 and during trial the to attributes for of UÇK as to despite caretaker April parties, in is from extradite on leader

April are April April

Ramush to April April

among an April when of April of the election the supporters uphold announce the the the elected speaker ruling the Kurti, against 18 stand two Decan. in a the and in FYROM agreement the for thousands the responding a centre-left government, country’s a key

Future the next the Albanian June. to more Parliament the the French national its Ramush court which months after the the in former former the the most former Haradinaj, political the government trial

Kosovo piece. Kosovo’s Parliament of

internal May opposition him President opposition elections of creation post former ownership an

than Serbian that he of in accuses for block want the

Kosovo court 2016, Albanian for demonstrators Kosovo Albanian, of

Prime Kosovo Prime parties, of fails Vetëvendosje parliamentary between Haradinaj of war stalemate they to 100 government protests. in centre-right Parliament, affairs throwing

to command- Prime demanded more five rejects Constitu- which to of the and crimes. orthodox in with

until which boycott. Minister Minister protest Albania will groups Albani- appear a people

orders of 2016. (AAK) which major tech- com- EU’s Talat con- Min-

with dis- and the run the the the an as to is a

negotiations creases • Greece of 48.59% lion-euro international demonstrate tional ous Electoral position jects tablish launch Justice • Turkey pension • be time, ian • • Syria 4 where at more • tional tempted es. dum from suspected links pends the least rested Gülen, ereign respond by • cil, dom killed 4 • April April the

taken the On On On On On On On On office. Russia army Russia, strikes unstamped

with condemning 16 Washington on 80 the Shayrat close referendum referendum. than Washington state 12 US, 16 25 7 9,103 15 6 4 on a in in 26 a and accused

the parties, carried coup “with its against cut who people

party, bailout April Board presidential April April the Khan no appeal April, 72 April Khan April vetoes April 51.41% as of France April Iran a President constitutional between and, to creditors Development

in in campaign Islamist having vote military thousand provinces police aggression in force” the thousands around Aleppo in Shijun. seven Athens Turkey CHP, the

at for out votes and Shijun, corresponding 2016. Syrian including were on

the orders the a filed the of of US least against and not believes resolution Council a

10 Hezbollah to vote 16 links

officers the organizing base UN preacher chemical chemical to republic government powers from killed. against years, launches

holds 550 On declaring by government by any the against April, Idlib, 126 keep in April. military government people in Security with against the of reform in the the ‘yes’ the the the Party United the “aggressor.” the that former of For Homs, its pensioners in people for fruit threaten the presented governing and same

explosion the change. which main the Fethullah attack attack State constitu- constitu-

describe the to which action country, referen- the missiles against the alleged numer- the are (AKP), 86-bil- Coun- a to of 2017. coup. terms King-

High forc 12th MPs sus- from sov- Syr- day, and first op- es- the are ar- re- at- in- on on to to at -

civilians forces- an killed April fraya out of der ternational • for • and es, death 12 the Iraqi airstrike burst from four • Lebanon a rises refugee proval Aoun sion, April • the the jurisdiction. the Tiran that death • to the agreement • Egypt uled the Court’s nullifies an Lebanon Daesh • month a 2018. artillery On On On On On On On fighting airstrike April,

who fighting. agreement

current vehicle extension radical the siege the Daesh. deputies for days region the the to and during Aoun -Shia trying into suspends of of of 24 2 24 25 11 26

12 and ruling eight 13 court

preparing and pacted camp Palestinian were in April evacuation temporarily an around the are the

Sanafir 70 Ain and April of coalition. April by attack April April on April, for which April northeastern hopes towns Bilal to attributed of deputies. extension Zabadani

the fighters arrested

Palestinian in fighting did PKK in al-Hilweh Supreme the a a leave of Sinjar. control 26 attacked to Ain to the clashes new January court parliamentary at the deployment

- Turkey evacuation Badr 20 to not their the in hit transfer which April reach Syrian under least to members army al-Hilweh, terrorist Saudi The the Tabqa, Joint

death is electoral Daesh the have from preventing

give by President for With in between to to and mandate, completed. organization. four

Baalbek which area to that by convoy announces 11 began

the security the Administrative announces security the urgent siege some Security

army-. Syria Arabia, the Foah the put more Madaya toll Raqqa, members the

members members civilians began mandate is Palestinian of attacks US-led

of law necessary during activity islands cancelled an in the following in the by suspen- and and carrying soldiers 30,000 kind matters the region. time sched- On Michel forces. Sidon, before end saying 2009- forces stage Forc- rebel SDF from on -un-

Ke- ap- the the On are the 21 for in- an to of to of of of of in in 7

decrease supported the al-Meselhi announcesthatthereformof unemployment several tions • ernorates. at Palm • lence leads church • Tunisia Libyan ond • for a access rial students ernment’s ity • another least Cathedral (MTI) • onstration government ca, migrant km foresees lizations • (Presidential with southern Easter tic OrthodoxChurchisforcedtocancel ity leaves monastery, point Rome, • Libya Marco master’s least for for On On On On On On On On of decree food express the explosion the 18 next the both restricting travel a on a Sunday 19 10 14 20 at 5 2 4 unity. Minniti

on 9 celebrations of general 27 and conditions attack. days dead. gun subsidy Government Magistrates

come the country’s 11 April April are April least Libyan April April in security to April April Saint April in 31 attacks. by degree in dead. in tribes arms to the April

led the in their Alexandria, attack injured. March Council). the of is March the the announces the Daesh two Daesh one in an the Tataouine and the a strike southern service current George reported Saint by system it tribes, major Two relation large UGTT traffickers during forming forces southern to Minister support Italian

explosion in capital On G7, student dead. government Fayez to poverty on 2017 students legal due The of claims and

against claims hours Training Catalina the 13

demonstration a gathered of will demonstrations National beneficiaries. against The which along a Interior in in military to in part

student April Sarraj by to and the student modifying Sinai, a sciences. entrance in of border for Tanta mean union operate. Saint

in the the later, responsibil- responsibil- peace agreement the during around police Supply of which both signing who the Christian the the Kef leaves Institute the ministe- the delega- Minister Accord Coptic and in check Mark’s a risk leaves UGET a which where 5,000 mobi- dem- Cop- 10% unity have Luc- after gov- sec- gov-

high deal vio- call the the 43 60 for Ali of at in in -

fied prove summit a newgovernment. Massmigrantar- of itspresidentialelectionsandunveils tions. Franceholdsthesecond round ers’ Party(PSOE)holdsprimaryelec- In Spain,theSpanishSocialist Work May 2017 tions. • project agree Union dependents ernment the • Morocco economic ment for Gendarmenmarkt of in • and Forces (MP), which whose Kef • EU • trial Eddine • sequence of tions there Abdelouafi in tenced port meet disperse between • dents, April prison the Mouhcine On On On On On On On greater members

protests for Socialism of Ireland with since measures have fish directives includes to following the 13 10 29 5 27 4 (USFP) president 1 to (UC), 2014. towards El the two in

student for April security led April include April between seller Othmani citizen April April situation. which of April April Laftit Socialist been effort death the

students the

against Fikri an -as of (RNI), by the (PPS). the and Mohammed a clashes the the Mouhcine death the the act to death a travels seven an

demonstrations representatives, on months European will the to part well-attended in a forces of Square stronger five Prime improve the Constitutional Popular new unveils attempt National of reference 27 Al drive the

an the the be Union Islamist

who in police in and of Hoceima. Party people to Member break Islamist Interior Said Brexit lack October October and Constitutional of Minister Al the the Fikri in his eight are union. the leaders by VI demonstra- Hoceima of of Berlin Movement Rally abuse.

of

Ihrai. leftist out European EU- new PJD as Progress to appoints police negotia- are to region’s Popular Minister govern- student months rally in States a Court, where a in stand 2016 2016 of Saad

con- sup- gov- calls sen- at uni- stu- and ap- Fez In- to to in a -

support Basque (FN, Emmanuel • France president end 66.1% party’s • Spain tary-general 2.8%, • presidential reveal Development; Philippe. ernment economy Nicolas secretary Richard nounces • Portugal holds legislative elections. government protestscontinue.Algeria in 2018.InTunisia andMorocco,anti- agreement isreachedtoholdelections erhood’s supreme guide. In Libya, an tences areissuedtotheMuslimBroth- target ofanewattackandsen- Egypt, theCopticcommunityis the easternandsouthernborders.In Homs andmakesmajoradvanceson the regime takes complete control of nounced leaderoftheAKP. InSyria, Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan is pro - lease ofthenextbailouttranche.In reform packagerequired for the re- al creditorsreachanagreementonthe month that Athens and its internation- experiences a national strike day, in the Prime MinisterZoranZaev. Greece endorses thegovernmentofnew breaks up.InFYROM,theParliament In Kosovo,thecoalitiongovernment nia call for early legislative elections. rivals continueinItaly. MaltaandAlba- Collomb On On On On of 33.9%) an 21 7 the 2007. 15 17 primaries of of president Hulot May of

the Ferrand, the interannual Its for May Susana May (PS) May 50.26% fastest and his Macron elections. in members vote Pedro with the composition the as Prime the data Emmanuel Minister the against as against

first Minister Patxi a expansion Díaz former second of as turnout (LREM) Sánchez on Interior growth environmentalist Minister party quarter

LREM include the López, and the Marine PSOE of round Macron of of members.

Portuguese of Andalusian the in Territorial wins since Minister; the wins the Edouard 74.56%, of general with GDP

Gerard Le former secre- of 2017 Eco- gov- with Pen an- the the the the of

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 375 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 376 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices his his linked • Italy kistan. case çois logical ‘Ndrangheta 82.7% League ter as tice rested • Defence of (LR) Movement • aid • mary Sylvie stabbed • an an of party port summit • • under ter crisis. international compulsory • headed ple sands -war HCR). Commissioner attempt, 2017. taken • in has Camorra, • finding

Naples the On On On On On On On On On On Italian-Tunisian MP Silvio Foreign Edouard position organizations. have presidential Minister; not to Bayrou, as between elections. led involving

to

extraordinary 18 A 27 with 30 14 20 19 26 30 Goulard of During for from Armed the 15 and of 18 been for

Minister focused at further a (Padanian Ministry). by Berlusconi according May rescued - crossed May May May a May May violence the May

their location Animalist in Milan’s (MoDem, 28 Italy May an Inclusive buyer Minister;

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votes Italia May mafia the Matteo the arms Forces the Italy Taormina

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for three Daesh main former former migrants six the away since summit, illegal begins the the approves administration. of contract families- Vittoria in Movement, gives members separatist) centrist), Refugees to

climate Transition; related Alitalia, Bruno

the

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of of a

growing tive bers bour with • Malta • Slovenia Panamagate. ment seizure confidential Central tral tigation • Croatia Croatia • Bosnia and Herzegovina deficit charges eral Bosnian greater party • Montenegro nian tion an • Serbia mer • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity protesters. between in pointed in • Agency 2016 as On On On On On On On On agreement Bank government Jovan Defence the elections War. of Prime procedure President launches procedure. 31 22 5 10 23 2 24 25 Bank into autonomy by his head and (BIA). for international against allegations Serbs May of his May May May May May Divjak the May making May family the Slovenia information Minister, Portugal in supporters of the Minister Aleksandar regarding the Joseph country’s a the in 2013 for Bratislav while the the an against over the raid police for Konjic EC and for EC breakup sexist 3 former initiative that Security war in as pro-Serbian corruption rescue calls the the opens clashes June, exit recommends who the 2016 Muscat, of part connects during Slovenia in and police Gasic, border failure crimes remarks, Bay Vucic the the Bosnian Labour early Trebinje was of of faced of an Information of to opposition of excessive European break the an the the the to infringe- is force scandal achieve the the legisla- Kotor. against sacked demar- for sworn inves- mem- reach coali- is Nova bank. Party Cen- Bos- gen- with that for- La- ap- out the file of

no-confidence about • obtain quits cation Klecka charges former • FYROM formation Ivanov undermine receiving tions Zaev, tor order with • DPMNE the vestigations, • former isters is • Greece Deputy third the Basha ter Albanian cratic rostat which government • Albania the tions Seven and EU political since quarter • entered hoped On On On On On On On Edi for

government and composition

government the of the on who held the or 2010. with

reveal the 22 Party 18 with Transport agree 16 of visa-free 31 23 war tasks 25

entails in 17 Rama Prime the

crisis Prime

of sovereignty. 25 a NATO leader naming will

Albanian of the 1999. former a minority, May May came

May fall May May of May members in recession May country’s crimes 2016 the Montenegro, guarantee June. war (PD, the that put to 25

December a Minister of

two and and agreed the the the vote figures the the the Nikola

hold country’s new accession Minister second travel of the ministers Minister the social an UÇK dispute

at crimes of special and the

make socialist conservative) leader opens of Parliament Parliament Zoran replacement which nationalists Supreme in

the end government the parliamentary of population. government, President

for which and the in Gruevski. published Greek that commander the upon the democrat in end progress to new

2016 the Fatmir state a the committed of

Zaev three and constitutional with the Parliament. belong represents six opposition. Prime negotiations two condition his opposition, of the EU,

affect other early Court third caretaker

economy approves approves between prosecu

the coalition Greece. with VMRO- which years Limaj new will Gjorge Demo- by after Lulzim of brings Minis- Zoran to in elec- elec-

after third min time

and Eu- ac- not the the the the the in- to of of in a a it - -

arms killed ebrations. • Lebanon Units cluding • ez-Zor. first • Gülen workers side tion • stitutional base • named by Lucas Waer members killed including • Syria ing issued • Turkey responsibility. • cial • • control are ture sive general fore exchange hikes ures, proves • • and government Homs a On On On On On On On On On On On On evacuated the bailout. Arab in of bombing by letter over which agreed in to in and (YPG). in heading Papademos as 21 an and 25 21 16 989 15 for a 18 30 25

17 21 15 26 first of the Ahrar the relatives a protest the an new over “liberated” a country twin operation more May which reforms of May bomb for reforms May at and May May May May May the May May AKP May political army. airstrike Turkish fighters Kurdish includes upon least the and al-Sham a package of bomb their the from for 24 the attempted Recep new Daesh strike,

than a

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May approved former least is Daesh

least head Qaboun,

party which and links tranche in US People’s on following the hold attack wounded a taken 2 ez-Zor. pension the terrorist in Tayyip after Agri of carries civil thousand May arrest al-Mayadin, thereby energy civilians begins 35 Tell regime

2,300 austerity 23 of under

Gay with Parliament Prime coup forces militiamen, no becomes two servants and on state the between of civilians, Toqan, in

in people Damascus, Erdogan one Protection orders the Pride out a Aleppo. the organiza- Fethullah in creditors cuts, April. days sector in the Van. declares one-day sending Minister becom- people, security

from Athens to rebels, depar- kill claims meas- 2016. inten- finan- con- Idlib. pre- Deir

cel- and

be- ap- the are are are the tax 29 in- al- in is

April on comes Said over • Daesh the a • alleviate • el-Perz. trial Mohammed security • spreading post websites, tah Cassation violence. had • Libya On preme strengthen tians ness possibilities raid Court hands • Upper • Egypt • Jordan • and under Tuhamy killed them linked injured of • armed further the On On On On On On On On On On Daesh, same in al-Sisi 28 been in crimes the are in and 2015 Arabi, its in to which Muammar forces Nabi 7 2 issues 26 17 Egypt. guide Government down the 1 26 24 killed 8 16 in 2013. May, 4 Khaled, chief the attack the clashes killed May May 49 leader May days May sentenced investment an On including May May lies.” second order May May May May after promises against their and widespread Osman. Muslim who Badie, for originally of attack of 15 the the Khalifa a in the in an 9 the before, the at on the the life developing at Menia, the Egypt a “inciting the Helmi given the May al-Tarabin the Gaddafi eight head collaboration the with were least arrest Daesh government a International in least President Giza Muslim sentence Brotherhood, humanity in police during al-Jazeera former of Haftar Sinai retrial al-Tarabin Sawarka to in tax –in the Egypt’s EU security when, members of 28 death also blocks Faisal National Saad death Jordan. price six warrant Criminal attack Libya’s exemptions April for terrorism repetition to Coptic station security an of and and Brotherhood tribesmen convicted soldiers trade, declare on war Abdel in sentences Badie for Doweidar. to Masri, increases. anti-terror and 2015- tribe 21 Court forces to in fires the tribe Criminal 2011. 11 of eastern Accord the Jordan inciting among crimes for Menia. in Chris- Court foster news busi- Huff- a head chief May, Port Fat- and of and war be- cell su- the are did are Al- he to of in in in a

cef al • Tunisia announces ence gees al-Qaeda • production and • Coptic response of been Grandi sioner • tary • founding Force agree (Presidential May Jarraya • duction. rested days rorists charges, place inTataouine andundercorruption • tions. the in affiliated of 100 seats, (25.99% Front tary • Algeria • march tors • elections. Bouteflika Minister of the the Kabylie On On On On On On On On On On Marzouki National elections al-Irada the elections. seats, working are held protesting of after country to same attacks In 44 of 31 1 27 for 24 26 8 20 of 24 for 21 4 demands pilgrims. in and the army hold Okba May the second May respectively. member. May in arrested

less Abdelmadjid in May to May links of appoints (MAK). Mount May and May Djamel May a Refugees May 32 of its party, the 30 province. Movement (The Yassine the senior is Rally the presidential the is in crude Council) jihadist demanding demonstrators, conditions, than Ibn more dissolution. the Algeria Ansar 29 elected with Islamic Libyan

the The around deployed the since the 2018. murder former the Will) votes) place of Nafaa Samama, army for May

businessmen in the Ould in President figure protests National which than UN oil release al-Sharia, Chennoufi targets March (UNHCR) the Democracy detention Maghreb in Bouira holds

secretary-gener- in for hitherto 100 the clashes Fayez (with President Brigade High of Tebboune, the obtaining and in to Kamur. previous better the in Abbes interrupt Marzouki 27 Egyptian the protect demonstra- in first of which the Kasserine, in parliamen- parliamen- Liberation Autonomy who 14.91%),

Abdelaziz Commis- the during

al-Sarraj Egyptian previous the Housing linked Derna with (AQIM), centres. salaries confer- is are Filippo AQIM- On Chafik

south Mon- takes elec- killed wins refu- have took 164 pro- ter- is the ar- 10 Air as to in a a

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 377 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 378 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices election politics own • Sellal. Prime Barnier’s ROM new charges are brought against ROM newcharges arebroughtagainst appoints anewPrimeMinister. In FY shuffle. MontenegrojoinsNATO. Serbia Parliament approves a government re- parliamentary elections. In Croatia, the tinue. Malta,KosovoandAlbania hold tions andthemassmigrantarrivals con- the government.Italyholdslocalelec- held andtherearefourresignationsin In France,parliamentaryelectionsare June 2017 • Brexit. Messaoud the the • for kel ina, in Moroccan change the • Morocco his which following the mission • EU Al than one rorism procedure • 2016 Gabriel, • garia protests Brussels Hoceima. On On On On On On On breaching appointment. calls appointment the Minister Algerian of need 270 hands” on of the was 16 29 28 in Minister 28 22 17 20 German Jean-Claude to in the of Kristalina

on 10

carried the mandate the terrorist May May leaders May halt intelligence to May, May Donald May May Russia against and opened Benagoun, candidate the

May, of Sahel after Popular increase European resignation the Nasser the Abdelaziz Tourism the the to EU Chancellor after the after out of of as

President cells as Georgieva. growing Brexit, Trump replace and G7 Hungary, and the to in EU the EC

Juncker member in chief the dismantling Movement Zafzafi December proposed services “take summit three recent Euro since anti-government Maghreb. information receives Turkey and asylum opens Bouteflika NATO in

at the negotiator threat Angela Abdelmalek

of the fate member announces the is MP the days 2002, of changing the in weeks arrested, warns and rules. another US. summit the by Taorm- into end Michel Mariya first (MPA) 2015, of Com- more Mer- after fires Bul- ter- EC the

the ex-

for its of of of of in -

ist defeat délis • Territorial • 57.36%. • Spain country’s in • Portugal grow in Rif. Representative. InMorocco,theprotests Salame isappointed as the UN’s Special Lebanese MinisterofCultureGhassan ties withQatar.InLibya,theformer month thatEgypt andMauritaniabreak fer of Tiran and Sanafir in the same The Egyptian President ratifiesthetrans- based onproportionalrepresentation. Raqqa. Lebanon passes an electoral law offensive beginstooustDaeshfrom negotiations areresumed.InSyriathe of spying.InCyprus,thereunification Turkey, anoppositionleaderisconvicted former seniorgovernmentofficials.In nance ecutor • France ness there solute liamentary based volvement seats les • Melilla Moroccan against • joy Podemos endum no ties • 1

October. the Party On On On On On On On On Puigdemont (PP). confidence (lower

resigns network, in

is 9 11 20 Daesh 17 in Leiria 23 18 in 14 Manuel who, 1 majority on the the

June (PS) Panama. the Cohesion June

a history, and - June June is June (‘Together independence June man elections.

house) 21 National government record

reported through parliamentary district, the and Jean-Christophe 18 after June

the Moix a with the the laundered the taking announces

presented deliberately-started Catalan leave June al-Qaeda. anti-corruption rejects

Civil leader Minister; Richard Congress the Danish abstention resigns Assembly,

LREM in an We the France 350 64 a Guard party’s of extensive

family President will largest Can’ of the dead. money elections. Mariano nationality wins Ferrand, that Sylvie of after by the be holds motion of

business although arrests

the Camba- - historic Unidos held a rate Social-

an Depu- leftist) his in refer- pros- Gou- to busi- Car- 577

par- Ra-

ab-

the the fire in- on fi- of of in a

• ment NGO Italian the jor coinciding grants unsustainable Vicenza es • and councils elections 43.68% hours resign Sarnez, • Malta funds contracts charged uties –Justice-, the lard, • Slovenia 92.1%. • Italy group Cohesion-, Affairs- ence vestigations. national Bay, Croatia of Party 55.04% Arbitration mentary right-wing • the • Stephane placed

Slovenia victory On On On On On On On the President centre in Justice the granting

Parly (M5S). from splinter alone migrant which and bailout 28 over to 21 29 11 possibility 3 30 25 arriving over and Army waters. and the in of The as (37 with

June elections form to June which June Travert. in

June and with Nathalie the June June in left –Defence-, the the coalition their the the pay of in Jacques the Minister; European Veneto the They Agriculture around The seats). Emmanuel Minister; Labour Slovenia of a investigation delivery the 12,000 and

situation Malta their 25 European the from vote forty the the

in latter, Democratic her maritime contrasts centre Marine involvement turnout the the of Hague government are their June landing border the Permanent party Loiseau (30 own of Banca. closing with EC banks the of holds Mezard a National in replaced Party and boats the refugees. François Nicole right Five access Affairs thousand Italy thousands seats). Le the caused of turn, authorizes Macron. border assistants Parliament. rules party

parliamentary with a 112 Minister in dispute into below Pen Marielle early Popolare gains Star

its holds Nationalist turnout in -European the due wins Party -Territorial Belloubet

being announc- the Minister, Force, in Court court close LR fictitious to ports by Bayrou, in (FN) last by Move- parlia- favour to

a inter- fall Piran town 50% dep-

local Flor- with with with ma- and win mi- the the re- 48 de in- by

to of to of of di is a

breakup the • Croatia lition. • Bosnia andHerzegovina tion vor HNS ernment conservatives publika • cause textbooks his or events • centres against • the ly niaks nian • Montenegro • Serbia gotiations. ters • woman tions on • Vucic on regional liamentary erty • rillic tions ment • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity liable the customs On On On On On external On On On On On On Ivo decision Dutch government as in on alphabet. Serb Minister and and in to gives The siege its 20 15 Stier they 12 15 5 such 27 11 6 9 20 political the 20 Srpska ethnic Srebrenica Prime intensify. for or in the policy June June June accession incentives June June other

approved June troops. June June UN June elections. June April free new the relations June the reflect unions resigns the as of not current Ana Montenegro Minister. peacekeepers segregation the from the Montenegro Bosniak-Croat the the Sarajevo. task the movement secretary Milorad Serbia and a Kosovo minor massacre of Serbia coalition to reshuffle the Dutch Brnabic, Srebrenica President President the Parliament a and Foreign authorize at to of by

HDZ, in closes negotiations. in The Public “distorted” the student parties. focus forming government its introduces favour the intellectual Dodik opens holds

court coalition of hands accession is of following Federal of liberals joins Serbia’s in opens Minister the HDZ. Administra- on Aleksandar formed goods the of were of 300 education massacre Entity early a reiterates rules approves chapters protests his

the govern- chapter the of NATO. view history led chap- sanc- prop- Gov- posi- Bos- Bos- part- coa- from par- that Da- and Re- Cy- first be- ne- the

by by of

lion on • ments. the zone arrived mos • in • Greece successor. refugee ist poses more Katica • FYROM in PDK Vasil • (LSI) followed liamentary mandate velopment the there the bania ist • Albania tor, Interior Prime to legal VMRO-DPMNE • coalition second aratist ing others, Jankuloska in alleged before 2013. Elliniko. Kosovo. this, the Party On On On On groups On On On charges sharp which Socialist country euros alone announces wiretaps agree -14.42%-. is wins than (PDS, Janeva Minister his 23 islands she the 25

28 2 15 29 and in Vetëvendosje 29 electoral within a (27.16%) camp The wins (25.79%). by since June surprising 20 rise June wife June elections of June 18-month 90 Programme has orders June June during a (33.92% June Transport and on the conservative) before announcement to total days. the announces Movement carried in senior of with the police at Monika a according its Nikola been meet Albania the Democratic fraud the Mile his the the new Lesbos, government. Greek the the the of creation the ahead investigation 48.52% the resignation United increase influence in 1,038 IMF special

officials deadline serving out arrest Ministers Janakieski, of old begin tranche of its LSI last Gruevski party which Kryemadhi (UNDP) special holds VMRO-DPMNE bailout the charges by imminent of Chios for and Athens to -29.05%- two leader in people of Nations comes the the official to of Party votes) who prosecutor the Integration 2015. in over a of the of In the for early prosecu- clear Gordana the decades and warns five-year previous the LDK-led to and into and extrem- 8.5 Social- parallel against among airport press- former as the came Petrit of euro- allow a data, vote, have sep- pay- pro- par- and De- and Sa- day bil- the the the Al- his of il-

• Turkey over volved ambassador ip shipment media opposition official protesting warrant • removes • charged 25 • last secondary year, • Syria Crans-Montana, reunification • deposits. sive der over Anastasiades • Cyprus ebrations • to army • kilometres al-Baghdadi, has Guard strike on • bombs sible Zor of demns plane Washington • Erdogan’s help one On On On On On On On On On On On 7 draft bases, where years’ to killed the the June, the for on on claiming

15 10 28 19 16 18 of 25 in 6 visit fires liberate 19 22 the about Lebanon on 13 on demarcation of two US the with June authorities 28 clashes its

Daesh to in June June June June June June June from

FSA the June downing June Erdogan’s there that which education 12 the CHP to June imprisonment missiles jets Istanbul. Syria negotiations confirms May. theory decision bodyguards, terrorist close to leaking Washington an declares the

of education Enis Daesh the the Raqqa the Russia the the Turkey left for soldiers the by the in are Switzerland. President demand positions party, against Iran alleged the in FSA advance UN-brokered the its strategic aircraft Iranian 18

the of Berberoglu,

in to stop Syrian 2014. at Education major of the centres. considers dispute information attacks evolution politics to al-Rasafa, President summons from leader people third announces Raqqa Daesh’s US-led begins is that its in issue downing are Gay programme demonstrators Revolutionary sentenced Turkish who maritime had Tabqa. explanations in hydrocarbon Recep regime of Daesh. reaches consecutive for al-Tanf he resumed May. with Abu the in Pride during dead. in an its coalition. dropped

were from from is Minister Deir respon- spying, Cypriot Tehran, Raqqa, the an Syrian Nicos to offen- arrest ready of that Israel Tayy- arms area. Bakr con- bor- cel-

air- US the the the the ez- 50 for in- an to in it

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 379 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 380 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices al-Sham • • neitra. tween “de-escalation fire its tary and ing representation, Weapons tion • 2022, throughout tem an result in Libya, for agree • Egypt • country. • Lebanon to pension • Libya ernorates. which Court Siddiq 13 lic armed after fer tah • emergency the es • 2015. • Alexandria. death shelling Khan

prosecutor On On On On On On On On On On electoral the June the al-Sisi comes Tiran three-month point elections establishes Russian the for of on rejecting end to the 20 14 22 17 30 24 6 20 10 regime 26 first Hasm death says and the Parliament Shijun for June 21 and the issued for push

and June confirms June June June ratifies on June June June diaspora with June to June declared time the the June use law holding despite talks Dera, an it other since Prohibition Algeria, of group Sanafir zone” the Hisham the the overcoming foreign 30 forces several a the for the has murder elections country, in

the end, extension

of fighting in the based three report by and in people government government government April after that political President chemical Syrian the rebel gives 2009.

will

militia freed in agreement Amman the the the in coinciding in the Egypt

interference and arrests to southern the country’s members a of Barakat, April. of have an

2017 on in temporary first 48-hour citizen intensifies on Constitutional its groups are Saudi

the army the of civilian The of Abu Saif the Hayat which, operation dialogue proportional

approval a and weapons. the to six parliamen- Abdel sentenced chief in Chemical Organiza- single announc- last approves approves were new

resumes to create Bakr protests al-Islam Syria. with 11 seats. state in Arabia,

Tunisia cease- deaths history in

of trans Tahrir in stick as pub- June gov- sus- sys- Qu-

Fat- day be- US the the the for al- on of of in a - -

German involved six broadcast • Tunisia curity Arabia president new • Gaddafi nese onstration • Algeria Riahi and litical they announces in began and between Skikda Harak • soldiers • Morocco after are • continue large-scale an • activists. entry release Bahrain • Mauritania ing matic with by porting emirate. Al agreement On On On On On On On On Saudi years the killed police, have former Doha Hoceima. seven UN into suspected opponent Minister ties Council with 18 2 6 28 Popular 2 20 6 and after

21 decision terrorist and dead of June June after envoy in June in envoy throughout June frozen Arabia, with the June of June and demonstrators in a

June and amid the the days Zintan. around June Constantine. march presidential report a Imzouren Egypt the the an organization. the holding appoints in Qatar, in an Ghassan dispute protests three a Mauritania The the Martin begin assassination Movement Chokri the the to organizations” tensions AQIM Islamist Tebessa. principle of of taken Emirate further anti-government United ECOWAS Rachid accusing

in authorities to Libya military corruption. assets protests a United suspected accusing

Rabat June. cut a him hundred ends Kobler. attack the Belaïd the in blockade with candidate three Ennahda Salame Arab in to diplomatic October news for for breaks Ghannouchi, of from operations former previous the from On Nations with him calls replace and announces the Sky Morocco’s leaves more of announce

in it Emirates,

captured Rif and terrorists 11 al-Hirak of channel of clashes magnet his the 2013. the arrests for as on News Leba- which diplo- being 2016 party, “sup- dem- June Slim than join- Se- two day ties po- the the the the Rif al- in

the ment withdraws immunity from four MPs. ment withdrawsimmunity fromfourMPs. Electoral Law. TheMontenegrin Parlia- Court orders the modification of the Croatia. InBosnia,theConstitutional gramme. MinistersresigninItaly and celerate therefugeerelocation pro- Italy, FranceandGermanyagree toac- radical reformsinpublicadministration. corruption scandal.Franceapproves Rajoy testifiesinthetrialforGürtel In Spain,thePrimeMinisterMariano July 2017 est stage German • manuel ficient. after is the • EU dom nize Princess Defence bilize • deal. his the up who describes • tegration. for • conservative Poland fringement • days • gration. German compliance United • rope. 1998 unification neither On On 1JunetheEUwarnsUSthat On On On On On On the its intention Prime anti-monopoly EU Paris the have from Donald after 5.5 unique

and for 19 27 7 EU’s Parallel 21 13 23 16 and Kingdom’s - Macron. right Axis Chancellor June 2.424 Fund billion of Agreement Minister June been

five

June the the the reversible June a June and procedures June June the Asturias with to defensive great party’s of Trump’s by model the years British British relaunch withdraw to in negotiations Google Czech euros living

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the Angela the the the Helmut their motion, this, EC Theresa fine driver exit

construction after

between EU absolute Award of EC

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the is climate of Brexit announces Kohl of which given meeting of renegotiable, the May awarded United the for begin for US German imposed the EU majority. 1982 European to dies, Concord Hungary,

loses stepping and as in the from Franco- Council will for change citizens EU, recog- of on on which insuf- King- is non- larg- Em- mo- and

Eu- the mi- the the the the the re- 11 in in- by of -

ing in Hamon, • ish grants dal, scheduled over the • France between Rajoy • belo ment tion ister • Portugal a joint defence force. Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Chad on Mauritania reachesanagreementwith In Morocco,theprotestsinRifcontinue. gender-based violenceandcorruption. tions. Tunisia approves laws against Presidential Counciltoarrangeelec- ment meetswiththepresidentof of theforcesloyaltoTobruk Parlia- of Benghaziisannouncedandthehead Helwan in2013.InLibya,theliberation death forstormingapolicestationin Egypt, eightpeople aresentencedto lah announcesaceasefireinArsal.In announced bytheSyrianarmy. Hezbol- force inDaraa,SuweidaandQuneitra, ment. InSyria,aceasefirecomesinto in Crans-Montana end without an agree The negotiationsforCypriotreunification linked withFethullahGülenandDaesh. are carriedoutagainstthePKK,groups Mechanism. InTurkey, newoperations from theEuropeanFinancialStability tion. Greeceaccessanewaidtranche tection Ministerisconvictedofcorrup- The formerSerbianEnvironmentalPro- 30 fering les • Spain the On On On On On government June

the Puigdemont presidential into which de Jordi after trial the testifies the 26 4 attempt 31 2 1 first the Sousa from presents July July July Morocco for

July worst July mainly Baiget independence leaving for serving theft the the the an the the before 1 around to demands to elections crisis of October. army fires Gürtel

Catalan affects President Prime socialist jump for declare his weapons a President and Socialist expressing the his new weapons in 400 the corruption Minister Melilla.

the its a President National Business in before candidate 1 full border Marcelo irregular history. referendum

May, detected PP, July of Party investiga-

arsenal. a Mariano becom a doubts Benoît Move- Span- Court scan- fence court. Car- Min- suf- Re- mi- for on - -

• deadline President tional carry gress reduce backing Edouard mation. services; counts; civil ed in Mafia, 2018 tion • • tobacco. Salvatore • greement ister the cron es • Chapelle, sory 29 forces, are • of regarding • Italy following • the the including • of the agree receive tion ficers • after ing cue duct prison, 116 immigrants the On On On On On On On On On On Nations years ‘Ndrangheta law

its defence expulsion cleared programme centres servants vaccinations Enrico operations Italy over for out participate and of

are to creation ports 6 12 4 Assembly 3 7 19 2 General 20 6 members 19 that more the

On labour July NGOs the July July, July July for after accelerate warns balance for a July a respectively. the torture Philippe sentenced July Buzzi, in measures with July 2019, July July Emmanuel dispute Convention radical grants Costa from public

for

to French Paris. budget France 4 the the more more Italy, President’s and support. speaking of the residing the the the of new July the asylum Massimo

Pierre the of reform and involved after irregular leaders in in members a proposed for but of 7,500 in ratification government the tax and the France citizenship resigns Parliament Regional than debt, camp institutional than government an

with wins arrivals the the head announces Parliament the the children draft the by like to also arrests burdens; social possibility de operation seekers in

at 2.6%. the and Macron 20 Calabrian 1,000 against places 2,000 Mediterranean, Criminal refugee Prime Emmanuel the of

in Villiers, the Italy. decision migrants. at Carminati a parliamentary an Versailles, and of

over

and code if the of migrant Porte Senate- security Affairs reforms: the are approval as of increase the it number to

announc- approves police the Germany does in refugees

between liberalize the 19 transfor- his -the Capitale of Minister compul Torture. children ordered majority of war against resigns of reloca- sets recep- armed Code, 2018. mafia. de to years Con

disa- clos- Unit- con Min- Ma- res- Na- and ac- not the cut of- on La to to of of in a - - -

on with the politician demand orders Damir law • Bosnia andHerzegovina around quickly • Croatia where Day that the deputies criticizes President Minister tion, • Malta NATO. and DF to gives • Slovenia same-sex • tions. 2016, ed gorica November) ment the three • Montenegro entity. are coup involvement DF send On On On On On On

the trial Republika and appeal not

by MPs violence (1 the prevent the which Slovenia Montenegrins and in they 26 Krsticevic opens the 12 same 26 19 the 6 during 18 recognized March) Split.

two asylum of enough celebrations constitution, Montenegro from made Bozo July of Andrej marriage. July

July plotting Parliament the July July filed 14 modification July entered are Kolinda Russian their is in day, in Srpska and the the the the people and the the the the seekers Ljubic. army and by rejected unconstitutional a February by the hands to the Plenkovic, failed country postpones immunity Parliament National various Constitutional Parliament by parliamentary Austria EU to High the from. Statehood of in citizens- Defence

the Grabar-Kitarovic to for high the of carry in -nine In on which the Court back Bosnian of bring plan in Independence response Court another

by Bosnian serious Bosnian not in 16 authorization court from the pro-Russian Assembly his out for Serbs the the to they strips the of to it after over approves October reacting electoral Minister resigna- Day Croatia, of into inciting as a joining Justice rejects Parlia- lead await- Prime ruling, Croat Court argue

elec- coup Pod- Serb Serb fires their they to four and (25 line the of a a

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 381 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 382 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices • Serbia Protection tenced er, • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity corruption. tasks passports • FYROM of Nikola ing necessary illegal advance nection ROM • ernment. third bility • Greece meeting. ing against • Turkey cial sponsible of march dogan of workers ent • Kiliçdaroglu. er • Mutlu, includes since those terrorist thousands the VMRO-DPMNE of On On On On On On On On with cities dispute aid. the tranche the Ramush the Mechanism armed government

wiretapping who Gruevski 7 7 4 from 12 18 the reaches 15 15 to

9 forming the organizations.” with July July July bilateral are stripping social in

in attempted three

for July July July reforms of former July July Minister the are Ankara, politics support with the the a

fired forces of take the the the

court the the Haradinaj,

accession 8.5 a democratic and sacked on a and a Istanbul European President

harsh Greece former investigation government. total large to Association for Istanbul 343 former EU to and of approves to the billion of of headed a Oliver in four of the coup make half be the having

Skopje their asks Recep

The the resolve retired

of first police is streets demonstration other after seized, Prime

the Environmental euros years previous to process, Hashim Financial 7,563 in Hüyesin Dulic government. decision governor rank. CHP, the progress by anniversary 2016, be PDK “links orders Tayyip Greece’s members members response a the the new in in Council into Minister in Among 25-day

able in is public Kemal differ- jail finan- Thaçi nam- lead- lead- con- gov- sen- tens Avni Sta-

dur- with also FY the the Er- re- for on to -

in the ident ports HDP brings • during station • control into in without rested reunification Antonio were injured • Syria main of • key The until • members to • Cyprus • in announce Kurdish Tugba • Syria. tion • tiations comes between summit • city. sia’s in announces • being rebel “de-escalation Istanbul Eastern southeastern 12 Daraa, intervene On On On On On On On On On On On

seat and effect Turkish 13 forces, announcement stumbling forces. Figen PKK who that issued

made. Hezer the 29 30 4 4 15 the 7 for 7 17 31 troops 22 in 27 to how in to July

Guterres northern HDP an to July July July July the Sweida a July July July announced their Hamburg, number terrorism an Ghouta, members in 1,098 of achieve Gezi July July

have July four, July PKK demands a Yüksekdag. agreement

unilaterally as they In the a Öztürk protest which Syrian ceasefire the end in in the hundreds

the talks for the there unilateral recent agreement part at the block. the zone” Syria. Park the including FSA the November attack been

UN dress. Iraq. people whom army and announces seventh opposition of without least a coinciding in of and Interior regime Syrian in context continues began in against lawmakers of

the Parliament stable protests enters to Secretary days,

by the Quneitra, the southeastern and dispossessed reports in Crans-Montana the in

in of withhold ceasefire being Faysal 17 arrest US the have various the Yuksekova. women their last for Astana round any clashes creation and government a soldiers Minister on Raqqa’s ceasefire 2016. Syrian of attempts and a island the pact in week. with and the to Sariyildiz, reached. ceasefire progress been co-pres- the warrants 10 from General opposi- in 2013. its of

Russia places expels be end enters march nego- death

force

Rus- army G20 have talks right pro- This July, with Tur- of and are the the old re- ar- to of of in a

the allies vour ceasefire • Lebanon • broken military and • el-Barth, bomb local cess in jihadist nouncement Cairo a lence Amman, over Helwan • tremism. Council • are • Egypt following 24 cupation er violent sulted Yusuf sam demonstrate of lah itual announces protest • Jordan • Libya Morsi. decree of gunfire talks On On On On On On On On says July last arrested. 40 the of guide the Jalaf, branch to reach al-Qaradawi, unleashed attack sentences 7 26 21 2 6 offensive in dispersal 27 30 out and 28 at with against

bastion that the groups Shia on members July to of related storming northern July July for Israel’s several July outside least in July

July July daughter between the of July the 14 Temple Combat against Hezbollah Jabhat the between the comes and of Arsal party-militia against Ola the Abdel the thousands Palestinian August two Daesh, the liberation the Hezbollah of from on creation the outskirts with of subsequent decision in eight general deaths, the al-Qaradawi Sinai. Muslim Daesh of of where ousting Fateh 23 considered Jordanians the Syrian Mount. the Israel hours

Fattah rebel Criminal Terrorism and a Israel 10 the Wilayat Israeli has the July are 2013, people police Islamist agreement. Hassan and of of al-Sham. in area. begun and Khalifa son-in-law after it of spiralling factions to territories. of following to Brotherhood, announces killed army al-Sisi of and the Benghazi. Homs. launched embassy restrict oust 26 al-Sukhna, Jordanians gunfight Mohamed Sinai, which station Palestine

Court are the to and the National and The sit-in, soldiers the in a Nasral- and issues Haftar Syrian death round killed in lead- a spir-

Ho- vio- oc- an- ac- Ex the the On car re- fa- its of in in in in in a a -

• in • National tions that of and commit in idential euros announces marshal • possible.” • draft a Libya’s nearly • Museum • Tunisia • Algeria gender the the Fight Parliament institution thereby in pointed who • crafts began Hoceima • tion, of 20 prohibit • Morocco • region. lizations. cioeconomic new 2018. six Paris favour, the On On On On On On On On On On On new July law parliamentary to was which to will Against terrorist for to 50 28 11 31 Presidential 25 17 16 21 on 29 enhance 27 19 12 constitution eastern equality. be Council on to establishing “Law in Minister of Army a and Libyan terrorist be

replace

sacked July for with July July people 27 July July 10 July July holding July July demonstration July July put unanimously Al violence the marks aid held the Corruption” agree July on during the against Hoceima the the (LNA), improvements the the Fayez the the the to a the country’s Hassan to border authorities their Fayez fight Good new throughout attack of Messaoud on European a accused army trial the in and chairman nine Moroccan protests elections committee 146 Parliament referendum. Council, against Tourism on Guraya,

approves 28 an

al-Sarraj, the Khalifa capacity. against value begins mass and presidential and al-Sarraj reports months Governance Mermouri in a operation members vote May. to

creation eastern with ceasefire 2015 organized coast 5 of with demand reignite Commission of

women of “as demonstra- Haftar the

announces and Tipasa. Benagoun, in against corruption. authorities null the 116 in tasked 46 approves the the chairman favour the of in soon and drafting country the guards Libyan Hand- million Bardo votes, which of of is mobi- Tunis. death Pres-

votes elec- meet in final and and and ap- so- the the the the Rif for by as Al of

tests of month stitutional • for med agenda balance, in Abdelaziz accuse onstrate Nations Sahel • EU salary oil • • the force • Mauritania Nigeria been promoting ability Bulgarian appointment • security. charge in Turkey the coup connection with in There arefurtherdismissalsandarrests and Tunisia unveilnewgovernments. an agreementrelatedtojustice.Albania month thatBelgradeandPristina reach diplomatic crisis with Serbia in the same Kosovo’s entry into UNESCO sparks a Marovic are seized. FYROM’s support of the former Yugoslav President Svetozar public life.InMontenegro,theassetsof tion oncorruptionandtransparencyin France, theParliamentapproveslegisla- tack inBarcelonaandCambrils.In fires. InSpain,Daeshcarriesoutanat- Portugal andGreecesufferseriouswild- August 2017 ciety. the safeguarding On On On On On On company 58 French VI in striking and country. of increases 4 15 -Mauritania, 1 EU 17 30 1 people pardons of and Al Mission and the July in - fostering 5,000 July member of July referendum 2 the increasing July Hoceima Presidency July social Nouakchott military Chad- July a President the the of “serious Total thousands Estonia for Digital employees arrested for or Parliament in men the free and European Mariya inclusion five commutes innovation, of Mali Throne operation agree Mali, in and countries the overtime internal circulation Economy to days, assumes with authoritarian on Mauritania (MINUSMA) against Mohamed during Gabriel Commission, the aid of Burkina to 5 of Day approves and people unity the August demanding Rif form the and the in sentences the of payment. priorities the Moham- the and Mali. sustain- region. of the the French and United border as a digital Faso, dem- Ould data, have con- drift” pro- joint and and So- six- G5 the the its in

million Portugal’s affecting • Portugal erendum. tania holds its constitutional reform ref- Abdelmadjid Tebboune isfired.Mauri- production. InAlgeria,thePrimeMinister In Libya,therearemoreblocksonoil freezes two majorfinancial aid packages. attacks innorthernSinaiandtheUS cal elections. In Egypt, there are fresh border andDamascus.Jordanholdslo- Homs, theareaaroundJordanian regime’s forceswindecisivevictoriesin attempt inJuly2016.InSyria,theSyrian • Spain damages promenade and Cambrils, connected leaving down through rorists killed. Cambrils arrested in members one explosion the in ais. rian Hauts-de-Seine, • France having after tack opening Beaumont-en-Veron, “deradicalization” nounces • Paris. results. Alcanar, a On On On On

previous The drives man,

vehicle of on a After six euros 17 them 9 links 17 9 131 Mauritanian

are

incident and in soldiers August the a attacks caused who the more related

August of Tarragona, into August

central August Ripoll, Tarragona. police of the ramming with ramming injured. the the from shot day, country. due closure

the is pedestrians, people, attacks, imam jihadist arrested Daesh, takes and with carried

six

by to in the at there region, Ramblas centre a the down the check

Girona, its the van man, Hours soldiers the in in Cohesion where just the In is of of government failure place EC which was wave Levallois-Perret, one four cell bursts this attempts out Eiffel Ripoll. carried the Barcelona for to later a suspected after

and killing later in

year releases and mitigate the by a were of latter people jihadists are three of Pontourny Barcelona to

two huge near Tower whom an onto Fund

wildfires running achieve another five another

after driving 15 injured out an killed, of town, Alge- days Cal-

and and gas ter- an- the the are the 45 at-

for its of in in in is

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 383 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 384 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices • in buy Agricultural leader a proves • Serbia Peruociolo, Polverino in former hundred • Montenegro similar ment motorbike the negro presented • gives • Croatia 2010. Montenegro step Macron, called back • Italy nia warnings gency specific Abroad ecutor • tions. improve traffickers François the who OCRTIS, • tivities. corruption Rome Independence On On On On On On On On and Socialist LREM arable is up on between its Svetozar Law

surgery 25 countermeasures. 11 9 13 suspected 28 31 President 28 18 launches of an

the FYROM its Boris agricultural after transparency immigrants August which from definitive

Thierry, August clan August helmet, France’s and August August August land on by MP decision the August amendment August who Land fight investigation. Party seizes the Moralization Serbia, the

Faure the of after

Marovic M’Jid Giuseppe in Neapolitan proposes has the against that Square. to police of complicity the an during Serbia. the of President the two Federation the the

the approval the the to allow the anti-drugs imports, Serbia being and been aiding National el-Guerrab undergoes investigation Montenegro, Paris they

government

increase police police in first men.

former and Parliament cleared property High to

refugees corruption a public

EU wanted of Simioli, measures heated assaulted would

the public certain secretary and his Camorra’s in Public faced Emmanuel of

and citizens arrest Assembly of

Court their head family, taxes agency,

Law the a Monte- French institu with of emer- adopt camp some argu- pros- since clash goes Bos- drug alias with Life, into and ap- so- ac- the the

on on by to to of of of in a -

• Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity lomatic join Skopje’s entific ovo • hospital. Minister • SCO). final posts cialists, new Rama ment, of • Albania October. on • Greece Minister cusing position Bank by mos, hectares. • are throughout wildfire gees sistance toprovidesupportfortherefu- million state • Turkey content. nounces • Turkestan • and projects, Development men On On On On On On On On On emergency 1.6 part the Presidents export-oriented steps government, and north of of announces from for euros and 21 4 3 27 31 21 4 22 4 staff and it United billion Bajram Greece. which emergency of with to Stavros August August August support startups of the migrants August August its August The August August Islamic of a Cultural criticize August 13 of the women. in incompetence. in plan the full Bank a FYROM creation Athens, euros, Nations fire, additional funding to agree scorches Rexhepi country, reduction Turkey the the bilateral Kontonis implementation of Kosovo’s to the formed the 9 and the Serbia Movement the in to the one Greece Kosovo’s Organization ECB and in increase companies. EC composition Prime Greece. fund in requested Serbian small the Educational, due government in includes government, for of Brussels dies of equal moves announces emergency protest lowers Justice recalls entirely thousands says infrastructure in area Greek the former 90 to Minister The businesses declares in initiative social ministerial (ETIM) a and declared numbers a Hellenic the the of the the serious against its Turkish Agree- Justice by (UNE- by on on banks Prime of Kala- Kos- East fires Sci- dip- dis- cap op- an- so- 9.3 ac- Edi the the as- the 17 on to of a

context its tween leases 2007 Turkish-Armenian • arrested warrants the the Fethullah leged being stabbed • • The • state coordination newspapers eration the civil lishes to attempted • Cyprus • announces demand peace population • Syria Palestinian-Syrian firms, oper executed • by phorus which, • United various of circulate ers • tre Kum, Cyprus Sweida, On On On On On On On On On On the of list all name PKK President

servants, measures of and Homs, the taken five border two due

China 6 10 four 3 3 14 25 until connection 4 of 10 Nations. 31 US-led process in

14 emergency villages

of bombs August a August August the to terrorist for

August on Gülen. country. in Oglu, of August terrorist years activist decrees August August to

change.” coup August Espen August suspects the to increased August to now, on death prison. Daesh. Daesh planning and in checkpoints board 35 a and a get closes death lack Recep coalition the an

police are Hakkari. Syria after and in and the the journalists in were creates a organization journalist the Turkey Bassel the Barth the open in more advance July in organizations Turkey the court established border positions under of with Raqqa

ordered a UN’s Syrian in towns

of which Istanbul Syrian his to condemns

Syrian a station evidence. government

police two cooperation in the Tayyip 2016. four Interior software bomb “stand Eide of involved on arrest, rebel an in in the Khartabil

special the murder issues Hrant with pro-Kurdish regime white it the that members close security. for army Istanbul intelligence before army in sacks after under urges by control officer preacher Erdogan. in hands. attack province the after their Ministry

that up aims Jordan, the an Dink a recov- devel-

in in phos- envoy arrest of being to takes

pub- con- cen- man 928

was and

use be- op- the the the the the the the the re- al- al- to of of in in is

lets strikes attributedbyvariousmediaout- cent killed ports Daesh-held • forces. ing • cus. tacks • deaths attacks • tional ern the • Lebanon province. • bers al-Sham with members tiate non the an Qalamoun. heading camp week number lamist • the launches • clear August announces • (UNIFIL). group med Nations • force. headquarters Organization ian extension Security agreement On On On On On On On On On On at Daesh rebels Syrian outskirts to Ghouta calls with dozens are Abdel Arsal. by the days Fair. least of

groups rebel connected 31 the 20 14 22 of 21 19 20 31 30 23 rises Daesh to after a killed disputes, –part of an a Council advance Daesh. Interim Ain for August

August August August are following mortar August US-led border. the August commander temporary August August August August the 200 Qader. The offensive in deaths positions at of to of Syrian the reached in the Syrian killed targets in el-Hilweh, of of arrest Raqqa, was around members the Raqqa move fighters. the clashes mandate bomb the at with at a approves the the of the coalition, On leader Force which the the the the at convoy Damascus a Palestinian least to least in the town, province to expelled in ceasefire FSA- major number in comes by 28 Russian camp’s the least clashes in a Syrian and six oust Arsal Bassel Lebanese Lebanese United fired the Deir Syrian-Kurdish with hundred Hezbollah 13 six of August east began of bringing Islamist of in in leaves of due the offensive which Daesh a Saraya last ez-Zor, FSA two people from the of an as of Daesh 40 of Lebanon almost one-year army to Moham- air security Damas- the Nations Interna- refugee with on Hasaka eastern civilian to part armed United on buses nego- Leba- major Fatah mem- East- in force Arsal Badr army army sup- from Syr- with air- the kill- the Ahl are re- at- 17 Is- on to of a

also time elections • Jordan nicipal job • norate the • Egypt rity • Esna. killed ports tants • 96 tions Egyptian ther • sign ties • rural cation government’s fight to inal Mahmoud ganization crimes soldiers, Sabratha due • Libya Abdel growth, the • commander tional • leaving. and • in aded al-Fogha, national On On On On On On On On On On On million number biggest forces centre with 195 Court to against vote nine in areas an connected by of that in Army and 15 27 Fattah 8 councils. 3 22 30 22 23 21 28 in and the the 15 human agreement armed which an million North August army, August which comprising for Benghazi. to at August August dollars members August August August family for August is August August in development. issues to action Mustafa country’s August of in are attack local irregular of Jufra. least elect the killed the slow initiative al-Sisi migrant Migration the the citing Libyan Korea. dollars the rights is killed members a with the planning in Zaatari two the councils. the al-Saiqa world. preventing of the an Jordan the members member at the Germany down on in aid country’s Jordan to migration the Busayf Interior of

civilians, an considers history, International oil Daesh least arrest in people clashes arrivals and militants press US to earmarked police cooperate International and

the pipelines armed continued a reports launch refugee the opens programme Daesh denies militia, the of two delays of For holds Libyan Ministry warrant reports al-Werfalli, of in Jordanians population and the have them from police officers to President the with country’s demand- Qena. group the a the civilians an Europe. a its

for gover- for camp, block attack Egypt Egypt in threat secu- Crim- fall viola- a Libya been local edu- from mili- mu- Na- first and first war Or- fur- the the the re- for in in in in -

wa- body the Representatives • trial. and theOmbudsman, andremovingthe stitutional • Mauritania People. of jection dons delaziz • Algeria the and poses pardons terrorism months Abdelmadjid the been Minister ister government • el-Omari • Morocco Tiaret. dency • Tunisia Nawfiliya, an • military killed closures • in in Hamada- the ing company

the various the On On On On On On On On National Authenticity closure Prime new better the flag, and in -the convicted a previous

Ahmed 5 7 31 Bouteflika changes Revolution 31 27 of 20 18 checkpoint 15 group a in High August unity August granted Fadhel add resigns. and NOC extremism,” cabinet Daesh bringing reform leaves August Minister

and Supreme places economic the August August August August August of chief Army to Tebboune Court, government who two Ouyahia. position of forces week. and to that Mauritania in the Abdelkefi of in to four referendum suicide fires Salafists two the

in declare director oil a Youssef a of the had the manned together the Mohammed of mark Modernity the secretary the of Council conflicts the the

Daesh

conditions fields soldiers former as the the police Khalifa the People the Assembly and national voiced acting Islamic after President part country. the bomb Prime King force presented Sharara holds state-owned of resigns convicted –el Chahed. appoints by attack anniversary officers Prime in which of of of the general Party dead. just approves

Haftar “their the Feel attack a Finance and the the majeure Minister Council anthem interest its VI causes These of single presi- three Liby- field, on con- Min- after Ilyas pro- par- 415 Fat- Ab- and the the are re- by as of of in in a

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 385 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 386 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices 85% Senate. confirms • EU ber camp the scheduled first how from contemplates ion the sels autonomous union ness, • Spain Party. break outatthecongressofIstiqlal of the Hirak Movement and clashes Morocco, thetrialbeginsof21leaders the administrativereconciliationlaw. In government anditsparliamentapproves try’s transition.Tunisia unveilsanew Libya proposesaroadmapforthecoun- si forspying.TheUNspecialenvoyto to theformerPresidentMohamedMor- upholds thelifesentencehandeddown Raqqa. InEgypt, the CourtofCassation the FSA ousts Daesh from most of deficit procedureforGreece.InSyria, EU announcestheendofexcessive formation of acoalition government. The ovo, anagreementisreachedonthe leader oftheNationalistParty. InKos- tion. InMalta,AdrianDeliaiselected Altero Matteolisiconvictedofcorrup- propaganda andtheformerMinister ment passesalawbanningfascist senatorial elections. In Italy, the Parlia- labour reformandLRwinsinthepartial a one-day national strike against the Catalan government.InFrance,thereis independence referendumcalledbythe In Spain,thegovernmentsuspends September 2017 ment On On in Single the pro-independence months it the

Catalonia passes of 2019, the to in will 7 12 votes Constitutional rest favour the The September its second Market for August seek exit although following parliament of independence the reform 1 in Catalonia Spain. a October. will from favour. a law “soft” to and “temporary” the operate be on

the London the is The the a

United Court transition. approved with Legal win approved parties, Catalan breaking On EU, Customs law referendum the for during 8 tells as Transitori- suspends

regulates Kingdom Septem- customs votes the well Parlia- by

which Brus- away with Un- yes the the as of

September lona ing of federation that • Italy tributions. sioners President’s tions of to tional filed the kind fearing against • seats. comfortable • elections. call tional • • presidency, • speed. of a ing of lowing the manuel ly against structure • solini makes gime • France pendence. FN considered • Games. est 1.7% reform Deputies the labour deport people On On On On On On On On On amid adviser, used power host for referendum fascism by of for or or to Catalan holiday, 28 13 12 14 strike 5 21 12 11 direct 24 a Emmanuel illegal propaganda its the a demonstrate Macron the increase Adolf renew internal the of significant September for asylum rules. referendum illegal and September September September take September September September September, of due defeat

September Spanish the approves the German to in announces party, the is majority sixth immigration Labour reference of protest budget Hitler. Transport be

on government hundreds to to 2024 the

immigrants announces referendum. tension policy, upholding in Emmanuel Marine the the the in Macron’s takes consecutive social fall Senate. government. of Nazi May’s throughout in the a leads thousands against rise, Paris to the Summer streets announcement on Florian faced the law Italy’s in he LR the Catalonia’s allowing to avoid in Minister fewer President Le and Catalan party their General of security the

is the that former Benito takes is wins partial with the presidential fiscal he Pen’s the LREM, thousands leaving with chosen the fascist complete- of Macron’s funds Chamber Philippot, party, purchas- bans or Olympic will than first year

Barce- greater of appeal France France control On reform with policy, which of Infra- inde- signs Con- Mus- elec- clos- pen- con- fight Em- be- any na- na- fol- the the the re- 30 15 as to of a

a on fore ister visit Prime • Slovenia elections. the of Assembly replacing on elected tal’s Virginia cutor sentences • Croatia der cept tember • Malta • eral M and nian • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1993. Glina numerous years has cani from commander Prime Deputies the protect 9 prison • Matteoli, government false million ose Arbitration trial On On On On On On 5 Head Vice-President dispute. already election. Bosnian town Cliffs to Serb a the June Andrej and

the asks in mass Minister 22 Minister and for 28 project 26 23 statement 17 Zagreb 22 Raggi, Venice after leader euros prison ruling is Luigi Simon September corruption, Benkovac of hall.

police massacre, September after soldiers September September the United September ordered that September for sentenced grave, sentenced of Tourism Dragan Plenkovic Croat the on

Di for from former Silvio of

of the construction scheduled Miro losing to from for Croatia officers. Busuttil, the Maio the Croatian in the corruption run belonging and torturing mayoress to of victims Nations the the between Cerar for accused flooding. Berlusconi, of 86 Bay Permanent Vasiljkovic the the pay Serb Nationalist a in the as the civilians 11 to Adrian the M5S, which appointment the skulls reiterates Croatian does the who public candidate parliamentary of a four Chamber former for M5S cancels Prime Italian of paramilitary fine Piran Slovenian to and during next 1991 works of to of General

are the the 27 resigned years Delia Bosniak not in making of prose- be Altero elects Rome Court to killing Party, taken Sep- court ICTY capi- Knin, Bos- Kori- gen- Min-

bor- over and be- ac put the his 15 for to of of in is -

ple • Serbia Belgrade. • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity Minister Brnabic, homosexual ance ment sovo ed (AKR), • wins agreement On tion change, main culture, • ees. Ramush the dure border Red 2015, pected which raids the • Kosovo • Turkey legal bers reports cuses • Greece state Caglayan • Turkey. conspiring of the On On On On On On On On as participate state 9 end government Cross were population

imposed a led agrees bank on Kosovo September,

Southern with has the parliament 7 13 25 13 which 7 5 17 parliamentary 4 of agreement of that Parliament. Local in September of Haradinaj September is September commission premises by September

the September September September The the September former arrested being and

a Serbia. Halkbank given to the reached the in the to 185 Serb to is first Serb carry magnate Government march on Kosovska in hold

former excessive form Democratic yet census District New

the used suspected Finance and the Greece speaker majority. woman the replaces used the with the to out party, Kadri the between gay the

a confidence Süleyman is

that the the ministries the the hundreds Lista Kosovo be to new coalition previous position chairman attended in of Behgjet transactions federal

Interior Montenegro pride by Mitrovica, police EU nationalist organize Prime negotiated Veseli North ratified since Minister deficit New which, and thanks

and government members Party Srpska, the PKK announces the parade

carry Alliance York of Aslan attorney the Minister Kosovo, 2009. Serbian of govern- is Ministry Return- week of Pacolli. by vote. proce- by of of mem- Prime in elect- coali- to Zafer an Agri- peo- sus-

Ana first

Ko- alli- ac- the the the out the ex- on an of of il- in in in

behalf by • nounce them accused diers • Cyprus Gülen. fence Turkey • sidered • Fethullah personnel, of 305 one Gulmurod de-escalation ed border initiate coup nounce cutor istan, glu, • • referendum lawyer • civilian • compatibility • ment and since • Syria gion surface-to-air the which year nounces groups. United bombing • Fethullah the On On On On On On On On On On On of deal of is directly siege Syrian mostly over for several the issues in belonging and

Ministry it 6 12 US. 12 5 the of 9 29 18 agree a arrested 15 population. of military 13 15 8 the Nations 2016. to the refutes using September

September week September of beginning it Gülen. Iran, to September of their CHP September September which September September largest Khalimov be on September suspected September September arrest having has refugees under arrest is arrest Khan blames purchase Gülen with former to Daesh’s Deir zone held, missiles chemical before alleged which manoeuvres reports leader deploy Russia’s to broken at Turkey publishes of NATO landings the of Sheikhoun, ez-Zor. warrants ties Daesh his of set called five 25 and in intelligence the the two 63

arrive have the the the the of control the ties the the Deir “War Russia, Kemal with that home despite Turkey Celal people observers Russian up weapons months opposes. Syrian Daesh’s having people, radars. Syrian the independence boats official Syrian authorities authorities

in with public armed Russian in in on been ez-Zor, in the it on on a Istanbul. Minister.” Iraqi attempted Idlib, of Çelik, in Cyprus has the Kilicdaro- report Fethullah suspect- Idlib, confirms army 117 Iran the ties network carrying after their govern- conflict. Islamist agency version Ankara among S-400 prose- barred forces on three- island Kurd- in killed

a con- Iraqi with De sol- and an- an- an- the the the the the re- in- in in -

control • forces allies • controls sation • ruary heading Daesh during sentenced • Qantara military • Syrian Minister • the to autonomous negotiate officers members nine ders for rorist Daesh’s preacher • Egypt government nounces • extension Security • Libya hands cused • Lebanon nian • SMIL). • al-Sham. Nations al-Hujeir, the On On On On On On On On On On On On spying area. Daesh-held border. and launch 2015. cells former upholds of 15 26 9 16 a 11 16 north 20 21 a 20 and government 28 convoy 10 30 of are

of Support emir Walid 80% raid and September collaborating Council Ahmed death sovereignty. the a September September of September with of

September September various for September September in 21 September September September September killed their further to various of the by troops, al-Arish, in Sidon. Daesh President regime former

Qatar. Christians of al-Muallem the death on the Lebanon, Hama, security sentence

Raqqa. mandate positions al-Assir, involvement in Mission approves towns the life Syrian advances attacks a would the mayor in which within the Daesh the Sinai. the at for sentence seven with road the after the the Mohamed Egypt a

police forces 10 Hezbollah in least

United for and former considered Court in military belonging of

on to Kurds says UN Libya army Jabhat against of be FSA between taking Syrian forming have a Libya attack suspected people the the in the villages Arsal, 18 of are one-year arrest envoy ready in that Nations handed of Foreign

the and in says United Syrian Jorda- police for Cairo. Salafi Fateh Morsi taken court

killed Cas- (UN- rebel back Feb on bor- ter- be- an- ac- are the al- Ali an as its to to to in a it -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 387 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 388 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices elected • Tunisia reconciliation • founder ties Democratic Muammar ministers • Bani Werfallah and of Libya carries • ferent roadmap Abdelkarim hamed Youssef shuffle constitution lead Ben parliamentary isters the crimes allow istrative nahda • offence proves, abolishes • • region. which, Casablanca Muslim 37 Prisons Al on • lim • Morocco bakeries. profit

Sirte Hoceima On On On On On On On On On strike people men. 2011 to Khamis Salem (Ettakatol) Walid court margins during stages majority, Ghassan 14 12 the 26 30 undertaken out 14 for 29 10 killing 14 of 27 women the Ridha was Mustapha Observatory with Chahed. reconciliation to in are

September revolution corruption September September September drafting several Gaddafi, tribe, two arrested September the September September trials September New new –Education- September Zribi demand

Forum on within of and Isbaga, not the several prior a sworn meeting elections

21 and airstrikes the Chelghoum 1973 their from Nidaa

secretary against to for –Defence-; York, Ben which other Salame leaders months, and Among to a controversial by Ben for the replace for their are year. in return an members marrying to two

the NGO Ali committed the the Labour which law the the bread in approval Tounes their the closure after places Abdallah Khalil be Jafar. and increase law” was civil assassinated in the the who regime. Mizda. own organization

Parliament Prime leaders of

general trial presents the US that them closed have new from reports involvement the which

servants the –Finance-; a defines and Parliament allied makers Moroccan which and were non-Mus- benefit. southeast Zaouia Air of major begins in

and of of protests Minister banned “admin-

cabinet shaken a Daesh. party’s is in Hatem the before Nattat of Liber- a Force illegal of

if tribal must min- their with

new Mo that En- ap- dif- will the the the his re- Rif for go of in in is -

in weeks been Nizar during • EU tober. for between • three that favour before sociation congress strate • pean dent • stronger other as build would nationalist a military eurozone, a of temporary reaching proposes • Gheit the ‘yes’ tember there pendence the governmentsurvives. InSpain,Gali- parliamentary no-confidencevote, which leads toaministerialresignation anda Portugal suffers a wave of wildfires that October 2017 eral • Arab League European single the the On On On On On On secretary an

country the

of vote

legislation a Menber detainees. is Baraka. Emmanuel on in

offers Rif Schengen alternative

1 29 29 9 26 the of to include 27 body, the kind the prison in a London

September September institutional Franco-German hunger taxation Agreement supporters demand wins threat protest the the September being September checks September a Iraqi referendum congress September

British university Arab together European movements. of Iraq general a possibility States law The authorities

European by European a Kurdistan, in to against suspended

his strike single area movement on League to Macron 93%. which system, their the incidents internal Parliament the reform assistance thousands Hamid the of the can comes following of network the clashes the United Finance

by held the

the release, for of EU-Ukraine Brexit, the internal budget border current reduces revokes secretary join

United

three French axis extending Ahmed The security. in Commission proposes the of a Istiqlal Chabat on until candidates lead into Hirak in which Kingdom. European the and break two to 25 Minister, an votes last order

demon- years, borders agency, to a project for force. States rise Union. 7 to to Presi- which

figure Euro- a inde- Party Sep- keep have

Abul days gen-

Oc- and two As- just far- out the the the the to in in a if

nine • Portugal isters. Morocco, MohammedVIfiresfourmin- to lenddirectlythePublicTreasury. In Parliament authorizes theCentralBank hazi portresumesactivity. InAlgeria,the nounces itsdissolution.InLibya,Beng- dan, theNationalCurrentPartyan- Raqqa isliberatedfromDaesh.InJor- unify theKosovolegalsystem.InSiria, Kosovo andSerbiaentersintoforceto eight years.Theagreementbetween tion to adopt the euro within the next elections. Croatiaannouncesitsinten- nia holdsthefirstroundofpresidential ne CaruanaGaliziaismurdered.Slove- autonomy. InMalta,thejournalistDaph- Lombardy holdreferendumsforgreater electoral law is approved and Veneto and there isanationalstrike.InItaly, thenew sembly approvesananti-terrorlawand government. InFrance,theNationalAs- to thedissolutionofautonomous declared asunconstitutionalandleads dum is held on independence, which is severe firesandinCataloniaareferen- cia andAsturiasarealsoaffectedbythe called • Together forgery Coelho Social nicipal half 500 state for Jose light pendent socialist ative), tober Constança ey dicts investigation, • criticized of people Cabrita. out passive laundering, On On On reelection the of wildfires of companies Socrates

the of the

‘Operation Democratic elections. the 16 11 fires. 1 on the have and catastrophe announces

Rui Internal former for with Fernando October corruption, October October country, 3 poor

Urbano She Moreira her three lost raging as October the Socrates, nine on socialist

In results management president are is Administration their Marquis.’ charges public

Party Lisbon counts replaced Portugal counts in through Portugal that after Medina de charged over win 16 which lives. Pedro

obtained Sousa (PSD, 19 counts he respectively. prosecutor Prime three the and of of of of the On will people by at holds declares and the 31 more document in tax Porto, in

conserv Passos- Eduardo

least northern years resigns, Minister Minister of 18 not the putting counts party. by fraud. inde- mon- than Oc- mu- and so- run the the 38 in- of In a -

lawed lan vote Antonio from the the Centre the referendum • against • Spain the voted more referendum • of a actions alan the sands • celona orders • ence the • cent held Council member • tional • declared tion Omnium of ment, • which ment gives gional Catalonia, porary Article mediate The mediation pacity large-scale independence. On On On On On On On On On the referendum

management government’s referendum Catalan government, demands Spanish national taking government without days. tabled declares platforms Assembly.

the with than it by 16 20 27 3 16 of early 24 the to 1 8 seizure 17 - in 155, government taken pro-independence Costa citizens then for activation

People’s October

Cultural in October the October favour people of October veto October with October central October October heads October 90% place. the the is Galicia two by organizers National Senate which bail elections suspends

the Constitutional march by the police held, survives unilateral

the of leaves any the period dissolution on trying Omnium of the of of

million for release of demonstrate protests and Party the UN The government actions despite a

central of 150

hundreds 1 Spanish the the a called the the the Social and the foresees anti-constitutional the general authorities called sedition. authorizes Spain for large the October. and Catalan Assembly 800 the actions to

a Human 2018-2020. wildfires. Catalan (CDS-PP) fires votes National independence in announce independence, pro-independ- to Prime Asturias no-confidence

constitution’s sedition people of participate Cultural the by government. Catalan to demonstra- Democratic injured. civil

against by be being the is of Court unity. have strike platforms prevent the the hopes in of the taken Minister govern-

elected held the the leaders in to the Rights Parlia- favour guard Court Cata- to thou- in been have tem- Cat- Bar- stop out- over that and and and and The Na- ca- the im- re- re- be by of in in it

which Daesh asked crying bly • trol. in • France lion. ment the governmenttolimitfreemove- which • ignated without izes minent 98.1% bardy • Senate. planned strike initiative the President ly. particularly dums violent that visits laration • • the law social • denounces the Deputies • Italy cioeconomic Dékolé Barcelona tional the-post from affected litical force The On On On On On On On On approves law formation Spanish that the

M5S M5S, Guiana of

party, each he will for 10 representation 3 out 30 27 29 to 1 22 clashes of 12 charges ‘yes’ kills since judicial (PLD) is against of movement suspects. areas salary October of police

by introduces October is the travels identification approves voting, October ask October definitively October October end independence. “Allah October opposes. calls October the fiscal Italy’s shot Catalonia’s

hold two the

vote which amid vote the improvements. public November of which for the where freezes Catalan oversight, in to of for new dead to coalitions,

is women counter-terrorism non-binding autonomy, the the Cayenne, wins

and thriving despite demonstrations a state greater carry sedition civil Belgium the Emmanuel a the Spanish will Veneto the man Pou prosecutor’s the a demonstration is On National approved law

a citizens by and and former mix government’s greatest,” servants in and Parliament. unilateral 57.2% calling new be 2015, of out a Chamber in creates 26 with

that Veneto second Lagwiyann

opposition emergency military staff of autonomy, and first-past- authorizes negatively a faced led and within Marseille, unity searches electoral October practice referen- Catalan propor- Assem- Macron favours links can author- turnout for by by rebel- go cuts.

Lom- dec- des- after

with with and and po- pa- Ita- so- im- the the bill be on to of in

intention Andrej • billion ment euro the Vladimir to bank outgoing the first • Slovenia prosecutor. the ganizers, the demonstrate be through demonstration, Louise • Croatia On faced Agrokor, Ivan the currently ures pointed comes • Malta and the • regularities Party tary ana da Simon she toral resigned • ne from

present On Caruana On On On On On held Grabar-Kitarovi upper journalist’s vote 22 mayor Russian Galizia round denounced police opposition also Crnjac, result within a of of on and with euros. 18 16 22 30 bomb the Busuttil 16 October Coleiro 6

Plenkovic a to in the 17 and Putin together being in debt leaders who is after October October President

October echelons of October VTB October the November. new of the October in had

bankruptcy commissioner the in Lombardy September. Galizia for processed presidential as state-owned a Kamnik former planted

June. its second incurred

call and Three assassination. 38.26% leader bailed the Preca next a a in Bank, weeks cases Croatia the thousands accounts. sign famous with both announces

of the the for ć is negotiate Slovenia party’s the of

Adrian eight President the Borut

travels vice-chairman killed Marjan Seas

in of of out round, the national receives which the President with journalist other of by after and positions, Prime turnout. her Delia the unity food elections. to police blog corruption by Agrokor years. dismissal

bank by Nationalist and Initiative 95.29% poor Pahor of parliamen- adopt serious car. Delia

senior being to the which holds Sarec is

following After replaces the the in holding, Minister Maltese that politics. the Russia Marie- over public Daph- State, arrest which Caru- Sber- Kolin-

elec- blast pay- who with and The

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 389 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 390 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices its • laration • sovo. former blocks proceed sovars; sovo • drug to nian Rama wins against 2012 mitting ing • FYROM of force this • Albania made Berisha Visho entry eral • Bosnia andHerzegovina 56 second • Serbia ity Parliament • held. tween Bulgaria contravene • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity bia’s

Kosovo’s lift regional On On On On On On On On On of municipalities the government, army

government

candidacy in VMRO-DPMNE of smuggling. into the to the by by unveils Ajazi 30 7 3 27 15 9 19 Serbia war 18 Interior the Bosnian 57 the the of a 25 and unify rounds October October express

the October with the parliamentary commander gesture NATO. Republika October October intent and October proclaims municipalities. October current public influence. withdrawal crimes the independence. Lika October Socialist former the the the his 29 and Minister moves for War from of which 33 resigns, target their Greece, the to justice interpreted prosecutor’s Naser to October arrest socialist European against the Surinam Kosovo

local the Prime deputy the Srpska, just the is Prime request goes Tirana in Party taken intelligence of support the cleared include immunity Saimir Srebrenica agreement of military Oric, Bosnian for seven. its system elections Romania appointed Serbs. Minister from government. accusations the of Minister informs Parliament ministers enters recognition to

by suspected accession. looking as practices Bosnia’s the increase Tahiri first four for the of request neutral- holding SDSM a in of com- Serb Bos- chief dec- Ser- dur- fed- into and and Sali Ko- Ko- Ko- be- Edi are the

to to of in

than • Fethullah which visit days the la • Cyprus with ants • Syria Sheikhoun October Midan, Pedro pean themselves tivists • tionalist • Greece among erations armed nesty Party), centre-right es • their • Turkey tenced Tayyip to • 2016. Minister mayor coup • est-serving the his involvement • Erdogan’s Kyriakides a On On On On On On On On On On assassinate Parliamentary resignation arrest to new Daesh. 60 of gender before in International Council, of 28 5 26 10 26 26 they accused 4 23 Agramunt, Damascus, 25 formed 2 Erdogan the Syria to them groups 2016. people MHP. Meral October to Ankara after law Gülen. October October October October October life October October of bid October October on Foreign arrest mayors. political the up met on in 133 with allowing is imprisonment the Ak 6 to the by in suspected in replacing chemical the official appointed since April. are ş the with renew during of the Assembly ener 121 local a light civil Russian dissidents crisis the Idil who killing the the 34 10 the

Ministry two party police attempted collaboration Melih the government released President 1994, people police Eser. Bashar servants presents human Cypriot Parliament former people documents. police of director the terrorists resigned sparked the former attack 17 İ Recep the yi of station Gökçek, MPs, president

AKP’s for of for Parti arrest announces people. having attempted of to begin rights civil Spaniard the al-Assad MP are planning ties on on coup her for change the of Interior Recep (Good during orders Tayyip by pass- Euro- long- in Khan on more serv- blow Stel- sen- their with Am- bail, new with ties op- ac- na- the his al- of in 6

• diated seventh Daesh’s accuses • Lebanon • Sheikhoun tary attack portations • and sentences trolled province • ed ficers • • Sinai. • Jordan the tional Syria, • Raqqa, regime (OPAQ). Bahariya. and in saying • Egypt centrist volvement • FSA. for Security vance tension kind for Mechanism cludes • disease.” a Media the On On On On On On On On On On On On by President Nabil 24 of Daesh operation

Current government

are is by in Prohibition 30 24 20 by 13 2 that 1 7 20 18 15 8 of support used 17 in party, jihadists round of the main

October Council confirmed, October the October Jordan the October of

Regulation On Russia, - October its October October government killed al-Alam October of October in October claiming homosexuality the 31 October in attack (JIM) Idlib,

last northeast chemical Syrian Syrian the last 27 base announces Bashir absentia October of Party, UN’s to of in of Syrian 1982 are jihadist October Russia of report Iran Human which and the Turkey the

troops. al-Mayadin, support in to an

at six in in summary division the the at Chemical refugees. 86 faced orders

Gemayel. Jordan’s the the killed Joint Syria, least death Supreme al-Arish, LGBT and soldiers weapons anti-terror the least of Astana assassination lives. troops Habib Judicial peace complete

that United is vetoes initiates al-Arish. its reformist stronghold is Rights Turkey. the 58 Organization

with Investigative in a of mostly is FSA a for dissolution. six community ban the

group “shameful surround- al-Qaeda. a Weapons strongest police talks hosts JIM are Chartuni currently northern and

soldiers their Council Council terrorist Nations the in the Watch raid on Syrian in a fall Khan killed con- con- mili- me- Na- de- any ad- the the the ex- of- in- of of in in

a sibility controlled • Interior ister pens • Libya • Tunisia Khalifa are because Slim been gest Tripoli agreement • brata. Territorial the • unified gotiations migrants • delays • gust. mantled announced izes • Algeria Al ed place • Morocco try’s the tacks • to • • the tion ecution strike Hoceima. the On On On On On On On On On On 22 On secretary Ministers Public

killed Ministry assumes the economic Ali Chaker obstacle after in Hamid under

and 8 October 3 8 24 in 14 22 7 31 head 8 1 in army. Haftar’s 7 Minister. in Central Larayedh office, Morocco. October

October in October

October of the in Management; October October development October Siliana Treasury October October are October comes by October being Fez, Tobruk fighting an of his in of

dies siege of police Chabat. Islamist control general Justice. airstrike arrested is crisis. until Education; which Tunisia, forces. Bank Ilyas the resignation closed in the the Nizar the of to is

the authorities. the Benghazi to Mohammed a a 2012 for in at intervention more PAM, cleared

now a a of Parliament former Daesh el-Omari, new militias contain to constitution of was heart Court the close least

Health on the Baraka over and programmes lend for close between Istiqlal, controlled when city. round Housing Derna,

than after planning public

Health three attack. Prime 17 without of cell

which of a directly on the port The Minister is respon- year Cassa- returns he author- to VI people having 3,000 during is 7 of

to coun- elect- years pros a

Min- fires over reo of was big- dis- Sa- Au- and has city ne- the re- at- an by by to in a - -

2020 the es • EU Catalonia’s they sends cess. paid euros • Portugal are new dismissals. holds local elections. In Morocco, there sales ofmigrantsasslaves.Algeria In Libya,footageis released of mass heights with the Bir al-Abed massacre. ist attacksinSinaireacheshorrific hold. InEgypt, thesuccessionofterror- his resignation,whichisthenputon Lebanese PrimeMinisterannounces a ceasefireinEasternGhouta.The ez-Zor asfullyliberatedandannounces created. InSyria,thearmydeclaresDeir Greece, a new centre-left alliance is clashes in April in the Parliament. In ROM, twodeputiesarearrestedforthe Kosovo, localelectionsareheld.InFY the EC intheiraccessionprocess.In nia receivepositiveassessmentsfrom general Ratko Mladic. Serbia and Alba- sentences totheformerBosnianSerb dential elections.TheICTY handslife venia holdsthesecondroundofpresi- tions areheldinSicilyandOstia.Slo- a governmentreshuffle.InItaly, elec- prison withoutbail.InFrance,thereis ministers oftheCatalangovernmentto In Spain,theNationalCourtsendseight November 2017 fraud. European ment Carles tion euros • Spain liament

a On On On IMF

new of back make ministers The of it and 17 2 5 eight Puigdemont the in received.

the approves November early October November court 2011, 2021. 76% public former a financial pro-independence former

repayment statement to also of which Portugal jail prosecutor the the Catalan the the orders Portugal and aid Catalan without European was National total creation received a of in has further the 2.78 to President favour 26 announc- bail expire govern- to extradi- already

Court billion billion fight after from Par- pro- of four of in a -

ministers, sels, as socialist within on Marine bly spokesman • • a sands gle Caledonia of and carried posts main terà barely erning • Italy • lations • France Catalan pro-independence for elections the • Secretary tions Riina, of ment. manuel the causes tween was (M5S) • arrivals. tions, for million due • es Belgian Italy, State On On On On On On On On Secretary the the most coalition Italy lifts new New Delphine Bellissima, to serving and in into whose the

in Christophe over the demonstrate 8 24 11 1974 24 mafia 5 Nello euros 19 3 release 17 wins but release out Le Democratic custody. in Macron the government November of MP voted 2015 LREM

to November (39.85%). who November Sicilian the of November November

Caledonian November court. next a who Pen November agree November Economy 18%. by is control by between 26 prison State Musumeci, parliamentary Olivier infiltration the government and Gény-Stephann in of

FN replaced appear Daesh. party of year. Benjamin of Liga have life for of leader, emergency State reshuffles Ostia mafia’s to images leader’s 1993, the for Castaner, an sentences. the the in Dussopt in (34.65%). The Norte the platforms hold the Party ministers, the travelled hundreds Forza and France

Parliamentary the

presidents voluntarily Parma, additional Barcelona Giuliana of National Salvatore in court will municipal wins independence as candidate M5S dies President mass main was Griveaux. 2015. Public EC a of Finance. and social immunity Italia, government the continue (PD), referendum assistance executions the takes named investiga- announc- and Secretary is of where dissolved boss The Brothers to and of who migrant govern- Assem- the di

Sicilian natural before

Action Diven- 39.92 media to of Brus- ‘Totò’ thou- elec- New wins from gov- over Pillo Em- The sin- Re- call be- the the re- he as as of

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 391 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 392 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices • Montenegro court. throw Nikic, himself tests cow tenegro’s war, • Serbia against • the garding accession logue lights bilization in April stances • annexation. for nian the ska sentence Serb • in warrant Security sandar November, • Bosnia andHerzegovina with in (52.93%) • Slovenia ish er • Croatia elections. Bosnia the of the On On On On On On On On another survival authorities Srebrenica and one Agrokor, has his Serb and general

his the siege the on

second accused 16 22 10 7 1 7 29

Vucic six the issued 12

in November November Council arrest of Serbia sentence granted and November Kosovo.

government and the by extradition November November November progress beats

is entity Bosnian November

to of them, year. the presidential front of November the opening Ratko explicitly hands the Association Herzegovina, the Sarajevo Belgrade round in by on massacre. Serbian Marjan of sign ICTY extends that London, Serbian Slobodan refugee of Croatia. Union, a by

conspiring Ivica Russia Croats Mladic made himself

the request the the international the

the of and a under lethally of reminds during for

Sarec and elections “Declaration

the President EU-Serbia United former Todoric, Republika an

nation.” its Borut to disconcerted status. especially crimes Council who by seeking

is rejects Eufor for

into Praljak, internal genocide whom presidential EU no for given Serbia poisoning the

(47.07%) crimes the proceed to Bosnian the Nations circum- mission Ananije

Althea, found held On Pahor of arrest ruling Mon- over- high- Mos Alek Bos-

a Srp- Brit- Sta pro- dia- war re- life 21 for an on

of in in - - - -

• FYROM Independence three • Council Resolution 1244 Kosovo underUnitedNationsSecurity ognizes • bania. declares from proves number building • pendence. launching Krasniqi sentences second vokes • round • ment takes sponsibility reform • Albania Stabilization governing sition Criminal • 11 lice supporters courages recognizes There of • Greece which Alexis elect • most.” ros its On On On On On On On On On On November chief in 10 MPs, Fofi to on

from Tsipras Pristina, wins its 23 19 aid of 21 15 are 13 17 of 24 19 15 28 a seven. official of Kosovo’s

in to Court 27 and draft to its Gennimata recognition local the Tirana November November

November November

November November a municipalities the for August November November as VMRO-DPMNE. November five also November AAK,

in Albania’s eight protest April. judicial grenade eight and several well 28 the announces the Vetëvendosje The against law language, municipalities. Day for elections, Prizren good to

municipalities, which November violence independence.

that “people Association 2016. PDK, continue making their years outside in system. Kosovo’s the Guinea-Bissau the to officers the a of progress at Madagascar the after the neighbouring of results VMRO-DPMNE court lead and

Greek however, Kosovo’s inaction it the

Parliament increases Prime the despite 1.4 Vetëvendosje arrest in controls EU-Albanian in Albanian who

the to MP the the Kamenica. Parliament former prison sacked the a in

billion President apply for centrists and Council Minister holiday, and second Frasher of Pristina centre- need Skopje Parlia- oppo-

or drops inde- three LDK, from

rec-

po- ap- en- eu- the the the the re- Al- re- for on it

mi, Movement, by people killed security left links • Turkey Syriza. • • takes to with screenings, are • Fethullah pects tor of • Syria • Cyprus army. • are Jafra between position in tween • to armed meets • session terrorism” Albu his Vladimir • groups. controlled last with • days Deir Deir protect a Gennimata, On On On On On On On On On On On to issues alliance, rescued “achievements killed bastion “political LGBT

with where Russian Kamal, in of the

win 2 3 8 29 9 representatives 22 3 in thought ez-Zor conflict 4 21 15 ez-Zor 18

in forces

fighting Putin, in of November November November November bombing November

November Gülen the Moscow Daesh. and November last in November “public back Ankara preparation by arrest November November Democratic

issues a people events November in which off a close conference solution.” Koniko armed predicts Daesh are who with Syria. and support, Daesh the in the voters in network to warrants Syria,

camped. security.” are Hakkari. suspected includes

five Democratic on or congratulates displaced the eight Russian with around to the Cypriot be in the

the at opposition during controlled

gas exhibitions banned Iraq

attack for a Eastern Bashar PKK the the Syrian of who police Left least supporting quick Syrian paving public his begins all members from the the in fields 175 fight on and Syrian and terrorists PASOK, coast. support. the switched public counterpart Riyadh

75 Syrian next in army by arrest end within of 360 in

al-Assad prosecu- Socialist migrants army Ghouta,

To opening Daesh’s the an Islamist sectors against fighting and several Ankara people related having him round

to of Pota- army, takes sus- area 101 way film op- be- the the are the the led re- al- on to

eign of tion his • • ty, are sia, the which launch talks a ment ian fire • role • ra the special in Sham • loyal of Laden’s ees 22 Saad • Lebanon and their nounces, • regime. ment, that resign decision ambassador Hariri Saudi the cusation down that asks • Jordan regional Daesh-held the announces peace independence several On On On On On On On On November government country killed trilateral President in Turkey future in will of Nicosia,

he Jordan Minister begins to ambitions all celebrates Hariri Eastern negotiations. points and unifying Arabia believing respects announces 26 28 28 the 22 citing 2 28 13 al-Qaeda’s

4 envoy a will appear successor, political conflicts. in also talks criticized November new November November November from November November is President holding and senior November November Russian will not Sochi has appoints in

still to Hariri Adel of to Michel fears an

made town to in after Ghouta. against Geneva Iran, peace

back the Riyadh, to before resign, pressuring and Iran it

Syria begun Geneva, Syria agreement the the powers and summit legitimizes figures the al-Jubeir control him a Ayman of announces by country’s airstrikes where in and by the Aoun, and main Bashar the at the final tour the the the

the the Deir detention integrity. a Staffan since Saad process Jabhat between UNHCR his an in Hezbollah. as least operation his opposition. that plot eighth

United Syrian Prime Syrian Hezbollah Riyadh, the first to Syrian to between declaration Islamic from sticking it Lebanon. requested own who Zawahiri, ez-Zor. Hariri assures

for is intention Paris, al-Assad stay 53 2011, in the sovereign- Saudi to Hariri the Lebanese de agreed Fateh al-Shafa, a in

round accuses factions Minister in the govern- civilians opposi- govern- Nations kill in regime. reports

detain- cease- to an Mistu- Syrian court. out Beirut of Cairo Hariri Syria point Syria

Rus- step Syr- For- him. in that The and an- Bin ac- On the al- by

to to of of of in a

power world’s • Egypt was raid • presidential wing tion tence leaders • of carry • Algeria sault. and thorities, various army President • tional • Libya next assures antee mosque tributed proves a man to • male tences people decision are of footage are between • Tunisia because ment 7.9% slave 34% repatriate On On On On On On On On subjected stabbed regional upholds the three prepared identified to inhabitants. out to Liberation lawyer for security 28 8 23 26 for 30 6 11 1 dead, the 24

use attacks of reduce is markets that and largest increase to November printing of in that the an November November who

Alaa Abdel November released the November November members months. the November 2018 November the Bir Daesh, “all elections. attack outside it elections government which 3,800 practically contradicts Khaled the to, Zaatari will 2011 for is inhumane Abdel force as al-Abed. the in throughout

Fattah Front. solar in budgets after, house arrested On 2014 full take in the

a on proving budget the leaves are the immigrants of revolution. the Salafist the necessary” a two social Algeria the 29 refugee Fattah, five-year the the Ali candidacy with military on Daesh plant immediate a al-Sisi country. Court all won and Parliament where security The conditions November, Parliament group the and police 21 al-Rawda for which African of

after deficit the a at spending, Sinai the 2015. low by November, to holds by agreement one attack, in the the orders court least of camp.

existence

jail Sinai material in to the provide village’s foresee of the the officers Cassa- turnout of Parlia- during forces action in of Union 2018 guar- Libya local sen- sen- men by 311 they Sufi left- Na- ap- au- as- the the the the at- for a a

• the generals 1% its • Morocco their pean pean velopment on the London • gion. Only its • tively. of • force. agree tween pacities the 2014 • terror kirane Assembly vided ence • Mauritania general. • EU tions warns bollah Arab • Arab League amount lowing ger and • Brexit, On On On On On 20Novemberasaconsequence On On On On On first oil

plan European Mohamed EU, tax three-year the

calling states responsibility Banking article Medicines in products security for for running that a 28 8 45 2 12 23 to 7 the 26 19 13 on satellite, to to that EU terrorist November to November the which are a apostasy. November it November November create November and Amsterdam votes it imports. react November November wave November wealth is enhance programmes to for reach will 12 internal London fired

announced Authority spaceport the for Ould force 55

the is will denounce period of to Mohammed against organization. of Agency reelection a UN approved billion by tax, an execution natural there the wildfires in the Mjeitir, be European begins the Morocco 23 the politics the must Mohammed and agreement the the and the is

seven will G5-Sahel’s text, somewhere of United Member euros. Abdelilah removed. are EC in and European that in declares

delays Iran’s disasters,

PJD Arab Paris relocate 2016-2019. sentenced pay Kourou. operations. as as in demonstra- of which the announces VI-A, of secretary the the secretary Portugal. launches the Kingdom well defence National

to respec interfer- League various Rif States on of Euro- Euro- VI blog- leave A Ben-

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 393 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 394 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices decides President a raising • Portugal ment crisis worsens. pired. InTunisia, thecoalitiongovern- of theinterimunitygovernmenthasex- Khalifa Haftar declares that the mandate mayor ofMisrataisassassinatedand Mar MinaCopticchurch.InLibya,the and Daeshcarriesoutanattackonthe deported fromtheUnitedArabEmirates former Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik is mentary electionsfor2018.InEgypt, the date theirprogress.Lebanoncallparlia- Syria, whiletheregimeforcesconsoli- begins thewithdrawalofitsforcesin against theausteritymeasures.Russia In Greece, there is a national strike opposition partyelectsanewpresident. the naming dispute. In FYROM, the main tween GreeceandFYROMtoresolve efforts aremadeinthenegotiationsbe- European accessionnegotiations.New Montenegro opennewchaptersintheir Croatia comesintoforce.Serbiaand border disputebetweenSloveniaand Court of Arbitration of The Hague on the LR electanewleader.Therulingofthe In France,Corsicaholdselectionsand in the context of the independence crisis. In Spain,Cataloniaholdsearlyelections December 2017 withdraws leaders Interior • pressing • Spain igdemont the bail Catalan ciations lowing Melgar courts elled • prison, 4.12% On 28DecemberPortugal approves On On On former of to 100,000 4 5 the could is without the 11 Belgium, Minister of to ministers ANC December December against increase. appointed and its Catalan minimum keep Oriol the sudden December European limit former pro-independence and bail. the for Junqueras, Joaquim fearing them. can the President each. Omnium former death state The salary the the ministers, charges be arrest Julian Supreme Supreme that other prosecutor released Forn to of Catalan the the 580 Carles Cultural his warrant six who Sanchez Spain and Belgian prede- former former euros, Court Court asso- Vice- on trav- Pu- fol- the on in is a

of was • Toto pani, Nostra, with of rested Wauquiez, despite • Italy ing dent • ment ians death from producer group nounces particularly cused Fabiano 2011 • assembly. March nasia. unilateral absolute holds which central Aires Left wins tionalist • France majority. Citizens early • cessor dependence lonia the seats)- Popular the tal political the On On On On On On number

votes previous will,” of 74.64% trying Riina. of have (21.65%, 41 the who, on regional

regional for factory enjoy LafargeHolcim, and Catalonia of 10 in 14 Sicilian 4 in 5 21 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 3 gives Jose government the including

Antoniani, (unionist) coalition of 19 majority December Palermo financing the the Unity organization a December a and declaration of and December tension, December been according to December 2014, following of Zurich the law is EU a November. construction elections. terminally trial parties of historic Manuel this reorganize 37 seats in elected elections, 34 elections, mafia 10 63 embargo.

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the (21.39%, call Jalabiya of to seats, seats), for Maria block Italy of Pè wins clinic Daesh who seats December Gilles the vote. of a -Together regulates for 25 the belonging turnout and the the after after the of to court a Maza to approves ill, However, the president Catalonia heads, 12 with ended a Corsica Angela through for independence, the which people the case regional and in keep the

world’s Franco-Swiss

and called materials, Simeoni’s following 32 parliamentary in eight the three more the in

some (4.45%, Republican of authorities, 25.37% in

leadership operation, seats) which buying of Paris for between his their death 81.94%. assisted gives Corsica to regional Buenos Laurent months the Di are pro-in- largest by than the the eutha- which Presi- of Cata- holds Cosa life time,

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border no the freedom vide • Montenegro be • Bosnia andHerzegovina rejection quest Court tenegro nesses open 161 activity, morethan10,000daysoftrials, • Serbia tions. ruling ure tributed closes • FYROM countries, and tory opposition • pire. belonged areas the to • begins to which its civil Chancellor partner • Slovenia its hire intention the On On On On On On On major completed. final right Italian unilaterally servant which indictments services economic chapters to of of foresees 20 11 young German-speaking 11 exercising its 23 30 21 11 status in dispute of approval Ljubljana to open the Arbitration in of of incidents the December doors to December in region December the December December establish December December until June the Sebastian party, to movement agreements. Bay its the government staff

in chapters 6 grant Yugoslav quo, which incentives court’s accession

with the and relations considering its Austro-Hungarian of and its under of not for announces and despite of Piran end

and sovereignty accession South Austrian 30 the Croatia. due to the the thousands the changes the the Slovenia after the Kurz, the decision.

for apply on 2 freedom a of FPÖ, War, EU 2018 of for that EU inhabitants Hague and

Senate DF, negotiations. to ruling renovation with company workers Tyrol, World Zagreb’s 24 the announces and companies its citizenship any and There Croatia’s a it the the that 3

negotia- years the Austrian officially over far-right budget, work was foreign a to Serbia on of on of meas- War Mon- gives ICTY main terri- pro- pre- Em- it

wit- and law the the are the the re- at- to of of of is I

port been • Turkey Greeks spending which tary a • Greece ment. should organization fresh ber. proved according High and country. ing tion whose the prosecutor majority appoints • tigated. amid • Albania resigned • an attemptedcoupduringsaidelection. abuse members sults resuming corruption to FYROM the year’s nitude cutor against • fraud. mandate extended general resolve

On On On On On On party place trial protesters that MPs Throughout of approval killed smoke Prosecutorial Parallel Katica operations boycott and of 14 11 1 19 foresees 18 23

mandate the be by majority.

resume 17 underway nearly to Hristijan elects power, on December beyond of and strike suspected parliamentary and December the - before

amount prosecutor December between charged 2016 December December replace

to a 12 11 to former the bombs Janeva in Syriza to naming in the tax clashes 100 against replace December. of December negotiations against Arta this, influence different special protest expired October Mickovski major 2020 December the against hikes,

of Nikola

constitution, the against PKK Council, senior 24 with thrown security and the cases requests of trade dispute. Marku formation the presses

VMRO-DPMNE a the between due and 2018 participating Adriatik the cuts activity against prosecutor members

which special parliamentary Gruevski, in said elections Independent peddling parts

special the election Greece unions officials some president to to 30 December, by parliamen- in forces as the there in be the appoint- Brussels budget, that charges terrorist Novem- opposi- are after the prose- of public of social which police inves- Llalla, body, of mag-

have anti- lead who

tak and and and ap- the are the the re- re- for be its of in a -

weapons tack close cus, and • life cep • al an • target from targets rested agree • sults. international • country. ident ognized Astana Arabia, outlets arrested ment the operations the open • Fethullah are for al-Jafari tor Hamam, • • since workers More Daesh • talks Daesh • Syria Beit ultimatum the • the of official On On On On On On On On On On On prisoner sentences- Fethullah capital outskirts given of border Tayyip its Yin, areas including in Lebanese Russian an Vladimir July to in on than is 22 13 27 4 in 27 11 the 14 2 17 members from allies. close report of 30 28 Geneva, talks, accuses by al-Qiswa. December actually the the in 29 December embassy the sacked Gülen. and prison December December visit sabotaging storage December December 2016. to December December December of of Erdogan in Syrian the with Ankara. December 50,000 December exchange provinces Syrian Gharanij, creation of surrender. Gülen attempted Jamaraya, to a partners, Bursa an and Russia, around Putin Deir forces Palestinian for Mount a Damascus Israel airspace, sentences an which are attack the under research their facility orders in government army network Israeli ez-Zor Iranian says and several people in a arrives 170 arrested after of East opposition the the the the in Kashkia Hermon, total and for deployed the 150,000 Iran close including alleged a the end 46 on coup Konya. these gives Syria. that Russian working UN-led chief President their people of the warplanes advancing context Jerusalem state, by governorate. whose Lebanon, military of -18 Syrian and Arab and centre FSA in without suspected have the to Turkey withdraw- 64 Israeli in rebels links in and Syria negotia- charges ties close Damas- of involve- Bashar various as regime people and Turkey are public peace 2016. in media Saudi group Pres- of expel been them base main army with with Abu rec- and Re- jets the will the re- ar- at- on on on an its as to

military, run Mubarak’s Talal–, Prince nounces ally Ahmed sentences • United to costs plan • Jordan that in ter • liamentary • Lebanon Egypt Minister • Egypt es, signs are • Mina ed as Sinai • leaves a sentences • tions. December, this • Libya tional Libya, complicity trafficking. volved, tance bank

his fight Gebran On On On On On On On On On Morsi several according explicit in killed time Israel to Coptic accuses against the country and the

to denouncing after 29 15 29 28 12 13 30 2 Faisal– according Arab 26 against two all will to restructure in Ahmed that for the again

decree in December has December December presidential December December create

elections two the high-ranking December in Bassil December December the el-Arish, content December anti-jihadist retiring regime, there announcing a insulting people church, his Emirates country’s the the the Daesh by former European to years Egyptian terrorism. and to Shafik, brothers sparks that stating right the a arrests armed are to three from the in more the his for the dead. is at the

in in in the President a the King, attack the various a sets elections. Amnesty to

a a and least European Daesh Helwan. the

Abdallah arrested coastguards 6 music prison northern army NGO, cousin the years a governments his Interior military officials exist –Prince forces, court court singer in judiciary. Foreign effective of May former political the last deported an as Throughout armed nine intention migrants on to as

attacks video. attack in 2018. in next for part interview in in Moham- in –Prince

the Minister Interna- Shaima as a reduce opera people prison, human Ali in Minis- in Prime assis- Hosni Sinai, II Cairo Cairo storm sexu- state. force forc- par- of well Mar and an- the the

in- on to to of in in a -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 395 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 396 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices ment • Tunisia homes. scheduled again High ple Kasserine. • production an • ment. gime, in Haftar same • murdered scale the the roadmap al run terim ber • Algeria the coordinated ifa bers nounces the • • • try amendment the Sub-Saharan ment • nal end. signed the ership which 2011 Parliament 2018 2011 from -with On On On On On On On On On

oil crisis, reports request in of port mayor language period support Parliament’s Haftar of

announces unity Authority postpones protests will governorate the and coalition facilitated

national pipeline Tawergha, 26 17 of 17 declares 24 25 26 16 11 16 in the the by of links its the finally December elections also December Morocco

December of by December December which

government of A December December December December for by on Sidra, stipulated terrorist also rebel the withdrawal of that Carthage it further party, with the an Misrata, teaching. to around immigrants March the 10 announces begins gave transporting

budget, be for its deportation that insinuates in unknown Daesh- that sought is the forces current a reducing their

December. main on rejection creation, able which protest undergoing scheduled city in the nine group armed to municipal the Mohamad the the

until two

the 26 100,000 is in in the December a Afek the has from countries Agreement, the to parties. adopted

that Elections in are Kabylie kidnapped to week UN-backed displaced marshal the are December. was Interior unity

alleged assailant. May return in unity Jund its

retaliation that Independent expired, men finance Libya’s against comes Gaddafi crude

Tounes made the was operations arrested agreement of of withdraw- The formed for elections of 2018, he barrels. Eshtewi, an govern- al-Khal- govern- blow govern- 10,000 a against to Khalifa by looted Minis- of 2018. 2015, large- mem- might in inter- lead- oil once legal to peo- Ber- daily after their

and ori- an- the the the the re- for in- up an to at in in

of Senegal said Northern • EU Hunger • Mauritania ment Conservative government a people • reforms. test on handed gin, ance the terms well pean border alleviate • education. a United zens • Brexit. • Brexit. ment cides agreement ing lows • rad tiveness remain to withhold theirrights;Londonwillpay up gle the state European and exit, agreement special food recent 60 sentence On On On On On On On Union, conditions market Group. refugees without on the

deportations as march being it of who approves billion to Court of

and 7 13 in 15 4 Kingdom 14 will crisis 21 29 18 between to

a for warns its the bring December European of the because Ireland the months. December regime three-month Council because December veto

be December March December, and mandatory December reached for have of obligations December laws government effects euros against United specifying of after customs in partners faced Party, in Hungary 8 for two that pressure Justice 2018 the an danger unionists December, since for the on been Brexit: 2019, participating of were for confirms

Court more

of of amendment the Kingdom’s with more final with prevents Northern the NGOs pressure the two leaving their reestablishing the union in quotas the

before suspended with Commission in before on five for of the residing

Action carried Brussels severe from after the Mauritania years; agreement the constitutional from of than British Brussels, suffering approve Irelands EU migration, opposition non-compli- dates and people the country the and which Justice the lack the the for an Brexit Ireland the heads

the from exit a in drought out. EU against ineffec- the that receiv- British

agree- Union; Viseg- Parlia- British higher million in on a Euro- when of DUP, pris- after from from pro- sets

and citi- sin-

de the are the the the will will will the the al- on an as to to of -

where Polisario around that by gaming United its colony Kingdom London have • Western Sahara riod. Brexit braltar • Minister Kingdom nounces European reach Justice • tar the ized, EU • acted, for tar’s ognize the the ald to for • Gibraltar agrees • Arab League warnings, after • the negotiations therefore, country continue block military On On On On On On On without the British violating EU Trump United Treaty after rule the no request the to an tensions negotiations 26 28 however, 21 13 and Jerusalem 10 31 21 first to Nations with will 80% in taxes agreement of adapt rules it. divorce. until Brexit. that Theresa EU agreement to units to begin call to July February and March on to December June law. Kingdom December the March December, clients the Spain’s Council time, not resolve democratic on Spain have revoke contain once of the is for on to 2014, 2027. in United to from European says Its have the the calls total pressuring the be 15% by the a EU the triggers favour as the activation the May jurisdiction Brexit special -which between second kind if Morocco consent.

Guerguerat Hungary’s excluded its European his will after US the been to which that on Donald consumers-. EU for London tax The Kingdom the on the the President dispute sanction after insists decision apply a of President Israeli Rabat rejects principles has of the regime transition Gibraltar it article Commission, British mounting Arab border relations status parties account raises phase is the the the is money been withdraws numerous Tusk to wants from reported counter- capital. over Court decision that will over after and League EU Gibral- Gibral- Poland United United 7 to set of Prime online in of area, Don- final-

have from can, rec- and that and pe- an be- Gi- will bet the the the the the the the the for by to of -

that tween On light terms • eral which nual put through • Guerguerat. cides to tions Programme withdraw self-determination, defends sue a rawi resume curity • UN from 55,000 tonnesofphosphatesextracted the • support. to 20%, • made man clusion delegation • situation ship the 30 On On On On On On interception mission, and 5 it Antonio of an and refugees Sahrawi it report with due by international will of calls March, the April Council heading “Morocco 10 18 28 19 1

16 hands negotiations extends end the of the the the in People’s July from keep to parties the April May April July to May the two for 2018. (WFP) holding African a ceasefire.” MINURSO. Guterres on continued to evaluate Polisario’s territory. Morocco out lack the in the new Western

the its the for adopts the the the clauses in the the the repeatedly the since to soldiers Guerguerat community of Polisario Rights urges the Canada The reduces Sale Polisario diplomatic UN MINURSO Commission United of UN’s thousands on funds, Tindouf Western conflict, presents the Panama a the resolution Secretary vetoes mandate a withdrawal

the Sahara. Appeals referendum the on due resolution human in end World Nations transporting and breaking the Sahrawi announces announces Polisario sending the camps for to efforts area possibly mandate of a Sahara, canal food appeals of the on area the urgent 2016. of report Court rights Food Gen- coin- Sah- from Hu- and Se- an- the the ra- in- on is- by

to to to of in a

President Guterres to rican sent, topher led rawi nounced • camp African • the charged tween sentences announces prison exclusion will which • summit. sentences Abidjan of clearance AffarInternazionali Agence camp, Affaires ABC Sources Al-Monitor Al-Jazeera Al-Ahram Agencia the the On On On the dismantling take Arab Union the Western in has Moroccan in 23 22

Ross, 22 country for organ two on November Stratégiques France with UN Laayoune. EFE in part Horst appoints from Democratic November August, December long a 29 23 violence of (AU) March. that Sahrawi years Secretary whose

between the - in to the Sahara, Sahrawi the of been 30 Köhler Presse announce it withdraw the security death the after November. will - AU Gdeim 2010. the and resignation IAI during the calling man AU-EU Gdeim a Republic

as – 1984 to General -a not Moroccan Morocco’s former of activists EU IFRI life the replace to stance forces from 11 that Izik boycott for

and the 20 Izik and new in summit Morocco, members the the German SADR’s (SADR) was Antonio years protest prison, protest the forced to 2017- during Chris- which envoy court Sah- Pan- con- be- an- the Af- in in

Radio Magharebia L’Orient Le Jour Limes – La Repubblica Le monde diplomatique Le Monde Le Figaro Jeune Afrique Europe Election DiploWeb Europa El País El Mundo Council Chatham Peace International Il Corriere della Sera Haaretz Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs Carnegie BBC Associated ANSAMed Al-Masry al-Youm Real Radio Robert Reuters Xinhua Tunisia Live Transconflict The Washington Post The Telegraph The New York Times The Huffington Post The Guardian SWP SwissInfo Instituto Free Televisión Schuman Press Media of Guide House Endowment Foreign Europe Press Crisis Elcano Monitor - Española IFES Stiftung Affairs Group / Radio for International Liberty

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 397 Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events Appendices