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The Air Force Medal of Honor: a History of Its Origins, Design and Award from 1965 to the Present

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The Air Force Medal of Honor: a History of Its Origins, Design and Award from 1965 to the Present THE AIR FORCE MEDAL OF HONOR: A HISTORY OF ITS ORIGINS, DESIGN AND AWARD FROM 1965 TO THE PRESENT FRED L. BORCH While the Army and Navy Medals of Honor were created gold substance. by Congress in 1862, the Air Force version of America’s highest military decoration did not come into existence For the next year and a half the Army Institute of Heraldry until 1965, when more than 100 years had passed. This worked closely with the Air Force to develop a design article examines the origins of the Air Force Medal of for a new Medal of Honor. Arriving at a final product, Honor, the complicated story of its design, and gives however, was not an easy process and appears to have been details on each of the 14 recipients, including the most acrimonious at times. The Institute submitted at least five recent award to Chief Master Sergeant Richard “Dick” basic designs, with a number of variations, to the Air Force Etchberger in 2010. before that service finally accepted a design for the new medal. But even this “accepted” Medal of Honor design Historical background changed again, as the Commission of Fine Arts required more modifications to the design before it would approve While the Air Force separated from the Army and became the decoration familiar to airmen today. an independent service in 1947, it continued to use Army decorations and medals. For example, all airmen The convoluted design process first began in mid-1961, decorated for extraordinary heroism during the Korean when the Army Institute of Heraldry submitted four War received the Army version of the Medal of Honor or different designs to Air Force headquarters. Unfortunately, the Distinguished Service Cross. as a September 14, 1961 letter from Colonel Horne indicates, none of these designs were acceptable. In the late 1950s, however, as the Air Force developed its own identity, it began looking at replacing these Army There were two basic objections: the Institute, echoing the awards with medals of its own design. On February 9, Army Medal of Honor design, proposed a five-pointed star 1961, Colonel John E. Horne of the Air Force’s Personnel with one point facing down. But, as Air Force insignia Services Division wrote to Lieutenant Colonel J. T. French, use a five-pointed star with one point facing up, the Air the Army Quartermaster General’s Heraldic Officer. In that Force wanted its Medal of Honor to likewise have any letter, Horne stated that the Air Force Chief of Staff had “star design placed in an upright position.” The second approved “the establishment of a distinctive [Air Force] objection to the four proposed designs was that each used pendant for the Medal of Honor,” but “with no change either Mercury or Minerva as the center-piece of its star to the present ribbon design.”1 With this in mind, Horne design. While the Air Force liked the star design, it did now requested that the Heraldic Officer develop “suitable not want to use the god Mercury because he was on the designs” for a new Air Force medal. While Horne was newly created Airman’s Medal. Similarly, the Air Force imposing “no restrictive guidelines … on the development did not want to use Minerva because that goddess was on of designs,” he nevertheless told French that any Air the Army Medal of Honor, and the Air Force wanted to Force Medal of Honor design produced by the Institute break with its Army past. Consequently, Horne suggested of Heraldry should consider the following: in his September 1961 letter that the Institute submit a fifth design using “the head of the Goddess of Liberty.” a. The pendant design should possess sculptural effect, and must be of outstanding quality and Finally, almost as an afterthought, Horne’s letter also stated symbolic of the dynamic role of the Air Force that the Air Force wanted the “attaching device” for any in the national defense structure. Medal of Honor design to include “the eagle and cloud b. The shape of the medal must be unique and design from our [Air Force] seal.”2 A copy of Horne’s should follow the idea of individualism September 14th letter is at Figure 1. expressed by current decorations of the services. (Round-shaped designs are not acceptable). In replying to Horne’s letter, the Army’s Institute of c. Do not use an eagle as the main element of the Heraldry was silent about the suggested design for the design. attaching device. However, when it came to Horne’s two d. Designs of the medal pendants should specify 4 JOMSA Figure 1: Horne’s September 14, 1961 letter. objections, and the suggestion that the Air Force Medal of the Army and Navy Medals of Honor, is unique for this Honor incorporate Liberty instead of Minerva or Mercury, highest award [and] in contradistinction to the Silver Star, the Bronze Star Medal and other military and civilian the Army left no doubt that it thought little of them. As usage. (emphasis supplied)3 Army Lieutenant Colonel French wrote to the Air Force on November 28, 1961: As French also explained, having one point of the star upright presented “an awkward appearance” and gave rise Placing one point of the star in an upright position is not considered the most suitable positioning for this medal. to “mechanical difficulties” when attaching a suspension. The arrangement with two points upward, as used by On the other hand, “suspension of the star with two points Vol. 62, No. 2 (March-April 2011) 5 Figure 2: Pankey’s January 15, 1962 letter. upward” looked better and made it easier to attach the the U.S. ten-cent coin and may tend to degrade the value suspension that would link the five-pointed star to the of the medal. While the head of Minerva is used on the 4 Army Medal of Honor (except for facing in the opposite ribbon. direction), its use on the Air Force Medal of Honor would perpetuate the prestige attached to this award. However, As for the Air Force suggestion that Liberty be the the head of Mars, God of War … may be considered centerpiece of the new Medal of Honor, French wrote: equally appropriate as an alternate choice.5 The head of the Goddess of Liberty, even with the To say that the Air Force was unreceptive to the Institute’s additions of neckline and shoulders, looks too much like November 1961 letter is an understatement: the service 6 JOMSA rejected the suggestions about the placement of the star, and the Institute forwarded the final design to the Commission the suggestion to use Minerva or Mars. On the contrary, of Fine Arts. in a January 15, 1962 letter to the Army, Colonel Russell G. Pankey, Chief of the Air Force’s Personnel Services In any event, on September 25, 1962, Mr. David E. Finley, Division, insisted not only that the Institute should the Commission’s chairman, wrote to the Institute of incorporate Liberty’s likeness into any future design Heraldry. In that letter, Finley stated that the proposed Air proposals, but wrote that the Air Force “would like to see Force Medal of Honor design was “approved in general” the face of the Goddess from our Statue of Liberty used as except that the Commission wanted a “smaller profile of the central figure” in future drawings. (emphasis supplied)6 the head from the Statue of Liberty, without the arm.” This was because the design selected by the Air Force But Pankey’s letter also reveals that, despite these detailed was too “crowded” and a smaller profile would “enhance criticisms and additional guidance to the Institute of the sculptural quality of the medal.”10 A copy of Finley’s Heraldry, Air Force leaders were still very much undecided September 1962 letter is at Figure 3. about even a basic design for the new Air Force Medal of Honor. Pankey also asked the Institute to provide “at On October 5, 1962, the Institute notified the Air Force that least three [new] different designs” and requested that it was revising its design to comply with the Commission’s Institute “artists come up with two additional ideas which comments and, on November 13, 1962, asked the Air do not use the star design or ancient Greek figures as the Force if it wanted to comment on the modified design principal theme.”7 A copy of Pankey’s January 1962 letter before the Institute sent it to the Commission for final is at Figure 2. approval. On November 20, the Air Force informed the Institute of Heraldry that it was “pleased with the design as On May 4, 1962 Air Force representatives met at the revised” and requested that this design be submitted to the Institute’s offices to “review new design sketches” for the Commission “for final review.” The Commission approved Medal of Honor. In accordance with Air Force desires, the final Medal of Honor design on December 19, 1962. the Institute had produced “several versions of two basic design concepts …using elements of the Statue of Liberty On March 25, 1963, the Air Force Chief of Staff approved as the central device.”8 Army artists also had acquiesced the new design for the Medal of Honor and, on May 1, on the placement of the star, as “all of the designs had the 1963, Brigadier General Godfrey T. McHugh, Air Force star with one point up as requested by the Air Force.” Both aide to the President, showed the new design to John F.
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