Types and Meaning of Metaphor in Song Lyrics by Selena Gomez

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TYPES AND MEANING OF METAPHOR IN SONG LYRICS BY SELENA GOMEZ

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in Department of English Education

By : DYAH AYU EVI PUJI LESTARI A320150096

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2020

iii TYPES AND MEANING OF METAPHOR IN SONG LYRICS BY SELENA GOMEZ

Abstrak

Penelitian ini berjudul Types and Meaning of Metaphor in Song Lyrics by Selena Gomez. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe metaphor yang digunakan pada lirik lagu Selena Gomez, (2) menganalisis makna metaphor yang digunakan dalam lirik lagu Selena Gomez. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kulaitatif. Sumber data diambil dari Sembilan lagu. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori metaphor dari Lakoff dan Johnson (1980). Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengidentifikasi metaphor sesuai teori Lakoff dan Johnson (1980). Kemudian data yang terkumpul dianalisis untuk menemukan makna dari setiap metaphor. Hasil penelitian ini terdapat tiga tipe metaphor dalam lagu Selena Gomez yaitu structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. Metafora Ontologis adalah yang paling sering digunakan dalam lirik lagu. Dari tiga puluh data ada dua puluh metafora ontologis. Sedangkan jenis metafora yang jarang digunakan adalah metafora struktural dan metafora orientasi. Tujuh data adalah jenis metafora struktural (23%), tiga data adalah metafora orientasi (10%), dan dua puluh data adalah metafora ontologis (67%). Kedua, jenis makna, ada tujuh jenis makna yaitu makna konseptual, makna konotatif, makna sosial, makna afektif, makna yang direfleksikan, makna kolokatif, makna tematik. Penelitian ini menemukan tiga jenis makna. Ada 11 makna konseptual (37%), kemudian 18 makna konotatif (60%), dan 1 makna kolokatif (3%).

Kata kunci: metafora, tipe metafora, semantik, arti, lirik

Abstract

The title of this research is Types and Meaning of Metaphor in Song Lyrics by Selena Gomez. This research aims to (1) identification the types of metaphors used in lyrics Selena Gomez songs, (2) analyze the meaning used of metaphors in lyrics Selena Gomez songs. The research used qualitative method. The data source is taken from nine songs. The theory in this research used metaphor theory from Lakoff and Johnson (1980). This research start by identifying the metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson's theory. Then the data collected is analyzed to find the meaning of each metaphor. The first results of this research are three types of metaphors in the song Selena Gomez, namely structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors. Ontological metaphors are the ones most often used in song lyrics. Out of 30 data, there are twenty ontological metaphors. While the type of metaphor that rarely used are structural metaphor and orientation metaphor. Seven data is types of structural metaphor (23%), three data is orientational metaphor (10%), and twenty data is ontological metaphor (67%). The second, the types of meaning, there are seven types of meaning namely conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning,

1 affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, thematic meaning. This research finds three types of meaning. There were 11 conceptual meaning (37%), then 18 connotative meaning (60%), and 1 collocative meaning (3%).

Keywords: metaphor, types of metaphor, meaning, semantic, lyrics

1. INTRODUCTION Linguistics concerns with identifying the meaningful elements of specific languages. Linguistics is the science that describes and patterns of the sound system, the words and morphemes and the phrases and sentences, that is, the structure of a language. Linguistics has some branches, including semantics. Semantics studies meaning of the words, sentences, and symbols. Semantics constructs a relation between adjoining words and clarifies the sense of a sentence, whether the meanings of words are literal or figurative. According to Hurford and Heasly (1983) Semantics is the study of meaning in language. According Griffiths (2006:15) Semantics is the study of word meaning and sentence meaning, abstracted away from contexts of use. Semantics used to understand the expression of people through language. Semantics usually use in daily language to show the understanding about the issue with connotation. Semantics discusses several elements of meaning, one of them is figurative language. Figurative language, has several types, including simile, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, hyperbole, allusion, idiom, imagery, symbolism, alliteration, assonance, consonance, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, sarcasm, litotes, pun, anaphora, tautology, understatement. In this study, researchers focused on the metaphors. According Lakoff and Johnson (2003:4)metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea. According Abrams (1999:97) metaphor is a word or expression that in literal usage denotes one kind of thing is applied to distinctly different kind of thing, without asserting a comparison. Metaphor describes sentences with other words, but with the similar meaning.

2 This research focuses on metaphor used in Selena Gomez’s songs. Some lyrics of the song describe about the reality of the writer of the songs. The lyrics can be about love, self, hurt, and etc. Some songs of Selena Gomez quite famous, title of songs that are Who Says, The heart wants what it wants, Revival, Hands to Myself, Survivors, Me & Rhythm, Rise, Wolves and Kill em with Kindess. That is some songs of Selena Gomez which famous and some of the songs also have deep meaning that can touch the hearts of listeners. The researcher takes some previous study that analyzed about metaphor, the object of previous study is song lyrics including song lyrics of One Direction album, Green Day lyrics, lyrics by Johnny Cash, Westlife’s song lyrics, Eminem’s songs, Coldplay’s lyrics, Bob Marley’s songs lyrics, Demi Lovato’s song, Michael Jackson song lyrics, Queen’s song lyrics. The research finding almost about the types that find and expression of metaphor. The similarity of this study with previous study is the focus of study on semantic analysis based on the figurative language and then focus in metaphors analysis. The difference between the previous study and the research writer is the object of study. Based on the phenomena, the researcher is interested in analyzing the meaning and the types of metaphor in the form of research entitled: Types and Meaning of Metaphor in song lyrics by Selena Gomez.

2. METHOD The type of research is descriptive qualitative research. Descriptive qualitative research is a method of observation to gather non-numerical data. The researcher would like to classify the meaning and type of metaphor used in the song lyrics by Selena Gomez. According Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that qualitative research is a research strategy that indicates the relationship between theory and research and usually emphasizes on how theories were regenerated. The object of the study are metaphor expression in lyrics songs of Selena Gomez. The data of this study are the lyrics certain metaphorical expression in the lyrics of Selena Gomez Song. The data sources are some song by Selena Gomez. Selena Gomez is an American

3 singer, actress, and producer. The writer uses documentation as the method of collecting data. The validity of this research is by matching the finding and the real information or data of song lyrics. Classify the metaphor by analyzing data in the songs lyrics of Selena Gomez. The researcher uses triangulation technique. Data analysis is important step in research. The analysis in content analysis, the researcher explained the meaning which contained in the metaphorical utterance of the object.

3. FINDING AND DISCUSSION Research finding presents the answer of the research question in this study. The research question relates to the types of metaphor used in song lyrics and the meanings of metaphor used in song lyrics. 3.1 Findings 3.1.1 Types of Metaphor The types of metaphor showed on the pie chart bellow: Types of Metaphor

23%

10% Structural Metaphor 67% Orientational Metaphor Ontological Metaphor

Diagram 1. Types of Metaphor There are three types of metaphor and 30 data. seven data is types of structural metaphor (23%), three data is orientational metaphor (10%), and twenty data is ontological metaphor (67%). From three types of metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson theory, all types are find in song lyrics by Selena Gomez.

4 3.1.2 Types of Meaning The types of meaning showed on the pie chart bellow: Types of Meaning

Conceptual Meaning Connotative Meaning Collocative Meaning Collocative Meaning 3% Conceptual Meaning 37% Connotative Meaning 60%

Diagram 2. Types of Meaning

From seven types of meaning, only three were found in Selena’s song lyrics. There were 11 conceptual meaning (37%), then 18 connotative meaning (60%), and 1 collocative meaning (3%). 3.2 Discussion The discussion is related to two research questions which have been formulated. There two ideas that are discussed. Those are types used of metaphors and the types of meaning used in lyrics song by Selena Gomez. The first discussion about types of metaphors found in song lyrics Revival, Kill ‘Em with Kindness, Hands to Myself, Me & the Rhythm, Survivors, Rise, Who Says, Wolves, The Heart Wants What It Wants. Based on the table 4.1 about types of metaphor those finding supported by theory Lakoff and Johnson (1980) which says metaphors divided into three types: structural metaphors, orientation metaphors and ontological metaphors. This research finds three types: structural metaphors, orientation metaphors, and ontological metaphors. From 30 data, researcher find seven data is types of structural metaphor (23%), three data is orientational metaphor (10%), and twenty data is ontological metaphor (67%).

5 From three types of metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson theory, all types are find in song lyrics by Selena Gomez. The second discussion is about types of meaning found. Based on the table 4.1 about types of meaning, those finding are supported by theory Leech (1974) there are at least seven types of meaning namely conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, thematic meaning. This research finds three types of meaning. There were 11 conceptual meaning (37%), then 18 connotative meaning (60%), and 1 collocative meaning (3%). The researcher takes some previous study that analyzed about metaphor, the object of previous study is song lyrics including song lyrics of One Direction album, Green Day lyrics, lyrics by Johnny Cash, Westlife’s song lyrics, Eminem’s songs, Coldplay’s lyrics, Bob Marley’s songs lyrics, Demi Lovato’s song, Michael Jackson song lyrics, Queen’s song lyrics. The researcher realizes of there are many other researcher who conducted the research with the same topic and theory but different object. This research has different theories with some researcher. In this research found three types of metaphor, but some researcher found four and six metaphor. For the analysis meaning some researcher used denotative meaning, determine target and source domain, and contextual meaning but this research used connotative meaning. The results of the research are similarity to the research conducted by Mane (2016), Sukmawati (2015), Hanidar (2018), and several other researchers in terms of: types of metaphor and names of metaphor. In this research finds the three types of metaphors are found in the lyrics; seven structural metaphors (23%), three orientational metaphors (10%), and twenty ontological metaphors (67%). There are six metaphor found in Revival, five metaphors in Kill ‘Em with Kindness, one metaphors in Hands to Myself, one metaphors in Me & the Rhythm, three metaphors in Survivors, three metaphors in Rise, four metaphors in Who Says, four metaphors in Wolves, and three metaphors in The Heart Wants What It Wants. There are 30 metaphors found in this research. All types of the metaphors are used in the song lyrics. While in the research conducted by Mane

6 (2016) finds results of study show that there are 15 phrases containing structural metaphor, 12 phrases containing orientational metaphor and 17 phrases containing ontological metaphor.

4. CONCLUSION The researcher conducts the research Types and Meaning of Metaphor in Song Lyrics by Selena Gomez. This research uses the theory from Lakoff and Johnson for analyzing. The whole types of metaphor inthe song lyrics are revealed through the analyse theory by Lakoff and Johnson. Based on the results of research and discussion in the previous chapter about the types of metaphor and the meaning of the metaphor in the lyrics of the song Selena Gomez. For the first, there are three types of metaphors in the song Selena Gomez namely structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. find seven data is types of structural metaphor (23%), three data is orientational metaphor (10%), and twenty data is ontological metaphor (67%). The types of Ontological Metaphor are the most frequently used in the song lyrics. While the types of metaphor that is rarely used is structural metaphor and orientational metaphor. The second, the types of meaning, there are seven types of meaning namely conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, thematic meaning. This research finds three types of meaning. There were 11 conceptual meaning (37%), then 18 connotative meaning (60%), and 1 collocative meaning (3%).

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphor We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semanticss and Pragmatics. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press. Abrams, M. H. (7thed). (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Cornell University. Hurford, J.R., Heasley, B and Smith, M.B. (2nded). (2007). Semanticss a Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

7 Mane, S. (2016). Metaphor in the Song Lyrics by Johnny Cash. JournaL: Sam Ratulangi University, 3(2) Sukmawati, A. (2015). Analyzed of Metaphor in Coldplay’s Lyrics. Skripsi thesis: Pamulang University. Accessed from eprints.unpam.ac.id. Hanidar, S. (2018). Analyzed of Metaphor in AdhitiaSofyan’s Songs. Journal: Gadjah Mada University, 5(2), 200-211.