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International Olympic Committee London International Model United Nations 18th Session | 2017
Table of Content
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Table of Contents
Letter from the Chairs ...... p. 3 Introduction to the Committee ...... pp.4-5 Introduction to topic A ...... pp.6-7 History of the problem ...... pp.8-10 Main issues ...... Universal standards for the Host Cities ...... pp.11-14 Future of the Olympics ...... pp.14-16 Doping ...... pp.16-18 Diversity and Inclusion ...... pp.18-21
Bloc Positions ...... p. 22 Question a Resolution Must Answer ...... p.23 Sources...... pp.24-26 The Bidding Process ...... pp.27-29
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Dear Delegates,
Welcome to the International Olympic Committee. My name is Yeva and I currently doing Graduate Diploma in Law at University of Law. I have previously obtained BSc in International Relations and History from LSE. LIMUN will be my 19th MUN conference. I have previously been a Secretary- General, chair and a delegate at various Model UN conferences. I am looking forward to LIMUN because of the high level debate that you can expect from the largest conference in Europe. I am especially excited about the bidding process that we will have during the committee sessions and I hope the practical application of your research of issues surrounding the Olympics will help you to better understand the process. If you have any questions feel free to contact us on the following email: [email protected]
Dear delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the International Olympic Committee! My name is Florian, I am French and I am currently in my third year of my bachelor in International Politics at King’s College London. I will attend LIMUN for the third consecutive year but the first time as a chair. LIMUN will be my tenth conference and my third one as a chair. I am looking forward to this conference as it is the first time LIMUN will run this committee and the first time I will be in a double- delegation committee, and to discuss about a mix of politics and sports, that are my two passions, with you all. I hope the study guide will be a useful base for your research, especially regarding the bidding process. Do not hesitate to contact us if you have any query!
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http://www.lawinsport.com/sports-law-news/item/statement-of-the-executive-board-of-the-international- olympic-committee-on-the-wada-independent-person-report Introduction to the Committee
Introduction to the committee The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the supreme authority of the Olympic Movement. Acting as a catalyst for collaboration between all parties of the Olympic family, from the National Olympic Committees (NOCs), the International Sports Federations (IFs), the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), broadcast companies, United Nations agencies, sponsors, to the athletes, the IOC ensure success prosperity, progress and accomplishments for everyone through a broad range of businesses, tasks and plans. The IOC organises the Olympic Games every four year, of course, but also highly promotes Olympic values.
According to the Olympic Charter, the role of the IOC is the:
“Preparation, implementation and follow-up of decisions taken by the Session, Executive Board and President;
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Preparation and follow-up of the work of all commissions; permanent liaison with the IFs, NOCs and OCOGs;
Coordination of preparation for all Olympic Games;
Organisation and preparation of other Olympic events;
circulation of information within the Olympic Movement;
Advice to candidate cities;
Relations with many international governmental and non-governmental organisations dealing with, in particular, sport, education and culture;
Liaison with Olympic Solidarity and implementation of many other tasks of an ongoing or ad hoc nature assigned to it by the President and the Executive Board.” 1
1 https://www.olympic.org/about-ioc-institution 5
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Topic A: Olympic Agenda
Introduction
The topic of Olympic Agenda that IOC will be discussing this weekend is directly related to the Olympic Agenda 2020 which is a recommendation made by the IOC. It is often called the strategic road map of the future Olympic Movement.2 However aside from discussing some of the core ideas of the Olympic Agenda 2020, this committee will also touch upon principles of Olympism that need more attention and implementation. This committee will focus specifically on the four key areas of the Olympic Agenda: 1. Changes to the candidature process. The committee will discuss the new standards that the candidate cities and the host cities should adhere to in relation to political, economic, and environmental legacy of the games.
2 https://www.olympic.org/olympic-agenda-2020 6
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2. Including more sports in the official list of Olympic sports and including more delegations that are able to participate 3. Protecting clean athletes and the integrity of the games through the discussions of the doping scandal 4. Protection of the fundamental principles of Olympism such as non- discrimination through the discussions of diversity and inclusion of the future Olympic Games. Finally the delegates will also have a chance to apply the Olympic Agenda 2020 through their official submissions of the bidding packs for the candidate host cities and the subsequent elections of the host cities of the Olympic Games 2024 and 2026. The further detail of the bidding process can be found at the end of the study guide
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History of the Problem The main mission of the IOC is to promote Olympism and celebrate Olympic Games. In recent years the IOC has been redefining and broadening its agenda. In the interim and final reports it is clear that the IOC is trying to address the new challenges arising out of the Olympic Games such as need for the sustainability of the project and appeal of the games to the wider public. Several scandals such as the doping scandal before Rio 2016 and also controversies surrounding the bidding and candidature process have forced the IOC to redefine its agenda by highlighting some of the most important issues that the National Olympic Committee as well as the Olympic Movement in general should focus on.
The candidature process for the host city remains one of the most controversial and important policy areas. In the past there have been concerns expressed against Beijing for instance for holding the Olympics because of the poor human rights record. There are also questions surrounding Rio given the poor state of the venues and unpreparedness of the city to host the Olympics. The Olympic Agenda 2020 highlighted the need to make the process cheaper and easier for the candidature cities. IOC also has the history of bribe scandals surrounding 2002 Winter Olympics. Therefore, given the history of the problem there is a need to pass universal standards for the host cities.
The Olympics has evolved over time due to geopolitical instabilities, symbolised by national delegations, selected by National Olympic Committees (NOCs). There are more NOCs, 206, than UN member states. However there had been problems in the past with some NOCs, mainly for political reasons. The IOC authorised athletes to compete under the Olympic flag for the first time during the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. 14 NOCs wanted to participate to the Olympics despite their
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governments' supporting the American-led boycott and competed under the Olympic flag. It can also be the case when the state is not yet recognised. At the 1992 Olympics, Macedonian athletes participated under the Olympic Banner because Macedonia did not have a NOC created at the time. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, a new kind of delegation appeared, the Refugee delegation. Athletes have marched behind the Olympic flag before, usually as a result of geopolitical conflict. Athletes from the new nations of East Timor in 2000 and South Sudan in 2012 competed under the flag because those countries’ formal Olympic committees had not yet been formed. The aim was for the group to be “a symbol of hope for refugees worldwide and bring global attention to the magnitude of the refugee crisis”, the International Olympic Committee said in announcing the team’s members.3
The future of the Olympics also concerns the future of certain sports. Indeed, some sports have emerged and disappeared over time. Only nine sports were contested in 1896, compared to the 28 at the 2016 Rio Games. Furthermore, more sports, through their international federation, are lobbying to join the Olympic family.4
The first case of doping for Modern Olympic was Swedish Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall for taking ethanol before winning bronze medal in Modern pentathlon. Doping was extremely present during the Cold War and few athletes condemned. For instance, during the 1980 Moscow Olympics, no athletes were officially tested positive but there are serious allegations that athletes had started taking illicit substances, such as testosterone, for which tests had not been yet developed. A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".5
3 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/sports/olympics/refugee-team-named-for-rio-olympics.html?_r=0 4 http://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/sports/future.htm 5 https://www.olympic.org/fight-against-doping
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In 1999, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was formed, resulting from IOC’s will to fight doping in a more organized way. The IOC still maintains an exclusive purview over its collaboration with WADA on doping tests at the games.
Diversity and inclusion is another area which has historically been of the outmost importance as it is one of the core principles of Olympism. The IOC has been recently pushed, especially at the 2012 Summer Olympics, to make a statement in relation to gay rights as the campaigner for the “sports for all”. 6 The need for considerations of gay rights and religious rights are relatively new unlike the long history of IOC having to decide whether to include the countries whose sovereignty has been contested. In addition, there also rights of the Paralympic athletes that remains heated topic of discussion.
6 http://www.espn.co.uk/olympics/story/_/id/8043916/2012-london-olympics-ioc-pressured-speak-global-gay-rights 10
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Main issues
Universal Standards for the Host Cities
The IOC’s main role is to choose the host city and promote the Olympic Movement through the Olympic Games. Therefore, the high standards for the host cities are of the outmost importance. However some of the standards need to be redefined and properly implemented to ensure the Olympic principles are upheld.
1) Politics
Chapter 5 of the Olympic Charter does not permit any political propaganda during the games. However, an event of this size that involves so many states and display of national symbols and patriotism is doomed to become political. Therefore, it is extremely important to consider this factor when choosing the host city to uphold the principle of the Olympic Charter to the highest degree possible.
Historically, the Olympic Games have been used as the stage to protest and express political opinions due to the wide media coverage and world-wide attention. World leaders sometimes boycott the Games Opening Ceremony, or withdraw their country’s participation, to express their dissatisfaction with domestic or foreign policy of the host country. The most prominent example is Moscow 1980 Games. Sixty nations boycotted the Games leading to the overall reduction of participants from 120 to 81 due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.7
7 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/politicspast/page/0,9067,892902,00.html 11
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Delegates, therefore, need to consider to what extent the political considerations and the need to avoid any political scandals should be used as a criterion for choosing a host city. Is taking into account of the political situation in the country where the host city is located by definition means that IOC is engaging in politics rather than promoting sports and Olympism?
This issue has not been expressly addressed by the Olympic 2020 Agenda, because in recent years the number of highly political Olympic Games has gone down. Nevertheless, in the light of remerging conflicts and instability in the Middle East there is a danger that Olympic Games will be used once again as stage for political opinions.
2) Cost and sustainability including the infrastructure and Olympic Legacy
Hosting the Olympic Games can be a very expensive business. Therefore, the IOC needs to make sure that the host city is able to bear the cost of the Games without negative impact on the local populations. As a result of this requirement the IOC stresses the importance of sustainability of the Games.
The main costs of the Olympic Games include operating expenses at the games, construction of Olympic facilities, infrastructure of the host city and security of the Games. Revenue is generated through various sponsorships, broadcasting, tickets etc.8 The overall idea is that Olympic Games generate the economic growth. However, it is also very risky and some cities find it costly to even simply participate in the bidding process.
8 http://www.aperianglobal.com/social-cultural-impacts-hosting-olympic-games/ 12
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The example of the most expensive Olympic Games so far is Sochi. The decision to choose Sochi as the 2014 Winter Olympics host has been widely criticised. The estimated cost that was published in 2009 was $50 billion; in contrast the cost of London 2012 Games was estimated at $15 billion.9 Sochi is a traditional Russian summer resort and the sustainability of the project has been questioned due to the amount of construction work that had to be done to turn it into Winter Olympics site. It has been highlighted by the IOC itself that the infrastructure projects should not be Olympics specific but post-Games planning have to be done too.10 One of the good examples of how the Olympic village can be used after the games is the London Summer Olympics 2012 held in Stratford. The area has been redeveloped and is now used for sports and leisure generating revenues and providing jobs in the East London.
In the Olympic Agenda 2020 the issue of sustainability is discussed at length. Delegates should consider how to balance this need for meticulous planning and costs that it entails with making hosting Olympic Games more accessible for different cities.
3) Environment
The issues with the negative environmental impact have come to light in Rio 2016 Games where the water quality has been a big concern to the health of the athletes. The environmental concerns are fairly new and they arise out of the need to make the Games sustainable. In Rio there were several initiatives taken to offset the negative impact such as making the medals from recycled goods,
9 http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/RAD-143.pdf 10 http://www.aperianglobal.com/social-cultural-impacts-hosting-olympic-games/ 13
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not supplying meet from deforested areas etc. 11 However, the main consequences for the environment such as increased waste, pollution from carbon emission are harder to address.
Bearing this in mind delegates should think when assessing the environmental standards of the host city to what extent it can remedy the negative impact of the Games. The balance is needed to be found yet again between making the Games environmentally friendly and also not overcomplicating the process for the candidate cities.
4) Human rights
Human rights remain the most controversial standard that has to be considered. The Olympic Movement respects and upholds human rights as a basic principle. However, the critics say that the Olympic Games fail to use the status of the Games to promote human rights further.
This has been a big criticism of Rio 2016. The city was accused of targeting the poor and relocating people in an attempt to guarantee security of athletes at the games. 12 There also has been recorded an increased number of police violence and police killings. This sparked the debate that there is a pressing need to transform the protection of human rights outlined in Olympic Agenda 2020 into contractual clauses for the host cities.
The human rights concerns were raised during the Olympic Games 2008 in Beijing. They were more related to the overall human rights record that China had rather than the one related to the Olympics Games specifically. Delegates should consider whether countries with poor human rights record should be
11 http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/-frontier/the-environmental-impact-_b_11581162.html 12 https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/02/olympic-games-2016-rio-human-rights 14
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considered as the candidate cities. Currently, there is very little guidance on this apart from human rights being essential part of the Olympic Charter.
Future of Olympics
1) Independent Olympic athletes
According to the IOC, independent Olympic athletes do not represent a nation, for one of several reasons: their nation is banned, the nation is not internationally recognized, or the athletes themselves are stateless. For instance, Kuwait has been suspended for the second time in five years to protect the Olympic Movement in Kuwait from undue government interference. “The Olympic Movement in Kuwait has faced a number of issues to preserve its autonomy, in particular due to recently amended sports legislation in Kuwait”, the IOC said.13 Therefore Kuwait athletes participated to the 2016 Olympics under the Olympic banner and one of them won a gold medal. However, sometimes some states are not recognised and therefore do not have a National Olympic Committee (NOC). One current example is Kosovo and its athletes participated in 2016 under the Olympic banner.
2) Refugee delegation
“You’re an athlete; you don’t think like you’re Syrian or from London or from Germany,” Mardini, 17, said in a video produced by the IOC. “You will just think about your race. You have your lane, your swimming cap, your swimming lesson. That’s it”.14 This is how refugees’ athletes identified themselves. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, the refugee delegation was composed of ten athletes: five from South Sudan, two from Syria, two from Democratic Republic of Congo and one from
13 https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/27/ioc-kuwait-ban-olympic-government-interference
14 https://thisisborderless.com/stephan-said-tear-down-this-wall/
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Ethiopia. Few issues can be raised about this delegation. The first one is the selection process. Indeed, except South Sudan, five athletes come from states that have a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The second issue is the future of this delegation. We are currently in a massive migrant crisis and the first purpose of this delegation is to raise awareness about it but will this delegation be relevant in the future Olympics?
3) Sports
The International Olympic Committee (IOC), during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro just before the Olympic Games, added five sports to the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo: karate, surfing, skateboard, softball/baseball and sports climbing. It will have no impact on event quotas of current sports, in terms of selected athletes’ number, or requisite for host cities, as new or more infrastructures are required. A wide range of factors are taken into account by the IOC when judging new sports propositions such as gender equality, the youth appeal of the sports and the legacy value of adding them to the Tokyo Games.15 However, economic reasons are also taken into account. For example, karate and baseball are extremely popular in Japan. In the contrary, Greco-Roman wrestling, an ancestral discipline, first disappeared but the IOC decided to reintegrate it after numerous petitions. Moreover, the Olympics need to be the Grail for every athlete and we can question the presence of sports for which the best athletes are not motivated and do not participate. Golf was under critics as only ten golfer from the Top 30 came to Rio. Many Golfer said that the Zika virus was the reason of their no-show but the fact that the Olympics did not bring points for the World Ranking and prize money need to be taken into account.
Doping
1) IOC anti-doping system
15 https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020
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The protection of the clean athlete by fighting against doping is a top priority for the IOC, which has established a zero-tolerance policy to combat cheating and to hold anyone responsible for using or providing doping products accountable.16To improve fight against doping, the IOC focus on quantity and quality. The number of tests increased a lot in just three Olympic Games from 3600 tests in 2004 Athens Olympics to more than 5000 during 2012 London Games. Moreover, the top five athletes, plus two random athletes from the final ranking, are always tested. The number of tests during preparation before the Olympics increased as well. However, the IOC is also focusing and investing on high anti-doping system to show its commitment. New substances are tested and mechanical doping starts also to be tested now (for instance bicycle frame for potential hidden motor inside).
2) Re-emergence of state sponsored-doping
Russia’s state-sponsored doping scandal is the proof of the re-emergence of a broad doping plan, massively widespread during the Cold War especially in East Germany. Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, Russia’s former anti-doping lab director, told The New York Times in May that he covered up the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Russian Olympians at the Sochi Games, and that he did so under orders from the government and with the aid of Russia’s intelligence service. In a 100 pages report, Richard McLaren, a Canadian lawyer appointed by the World Anti-Doping Agency to examine Dr.Rodchenkov’s allegations, displayed proof of a state-sponsored doping system which was implemented during the 2012 Sochi Olympics Games, and beforehand and carried on later.17 Some Russian sports officials were banned, often to life. It is extremely hard, and sometimes impossible, to discover such a system when
16 Hunt, Thomas Mitchell. (2007). Drug Games: The International Politics of Doping and the Olympic Movement, 1960-2007. University of Texas.
17 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/sports/report-confirms-state-sponsored-doping-by-russia-at-olympics.html
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it is financed and hide by a powerful state. Furthermore, some athletes do not have the choice and must follow the system if they want to participate to the Olympics.
The International Olympic Committee rejected calls by WADA and other anti-doping bodies to ban Russia’s entire Olympic team from the Rio de Janeiro Games. Instead, the IOC asked individual international sports federations to determine which Russian athletes would be cleared to compete.18
3) World Anti-Doping Agency’s Prohibited List and Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)
The WADA is making a list every year of prohibited products according to new scientific discoveries and new substances. Some athletes won in the past by using products that are forbidden today. The last famous example is Maria Sharapova, the Russian tennis woman, who was suspended for taking meldonium, a product which appears on the 2016 forbidden list even though she used to take this product since 2006. She said that she did not know that this product appeared on the forbidden list when she was positive to a drug test in January 2016 so a month after the new forbidden list was released. However, for health reasons, some athletes are authorised to use some prohibited substances, it is called TUE. One of the most famous example is salbutamol, marketed as Ventolin, used to treat asthma. Of course you cannot refuse asthmatic athletes to compete, it could be seen as discrimination, but the gap between medical use and doping is extremely narrow. Surprisingly, a lot of athletes suffer from asthma which rekindle the debate on the TUE and especially when they can be used, during competitions or only between competitions during preparation?
Diversity and inclusion
18 https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/30/richard-mclaren-wada-doping 18
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Traditionally, IOC has always tried to be inclusive in terms of the state participating in the Olympics and diverse in gender, religion and sexual orientation and disability. Some of these are better represented than others. Overall, gender issues and Paralympic athletes enjoy winder protections and access than athletes who are gay.
1) Inclusion and exclusion of states Since the First World War, the IOC has had to consider the issue of inclusion and exclusion of certain member states at and from the Games. Because Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey were blamed for starting World War One, for example, they were excluded from the Olympic Games in 1920. Therefore, the inclusion and exclusion of states from the Games has been historically a political issue
There were also some issues with states whose sovereignty is contested like Taiwan during the 1960 Games. IOC found a compromise by asking Taiwan to march without the country flag.
The issue of exclusion of states also arises when the human rights are violated. This is directly related to the previous discussions of human rights. However, in this section delegates are asked to consider not whether the candidate cities should have a clean human rights record, but whether the countries that want to participate in Olympics should have a good human rights record. For instance there was a big discussion whether to exclude South Africa from 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo due to the apartheid.
Generally, the IOC’s policy has been to exclude those states that clearly violated international rules in relation to human rights especially. The situation is less clear in the case of doping. For instance, Russia has not been disqualified from the Olympics, only from the athletics events during the
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Games in Rio 2016. This is despite the fact that there was evidence that the doping has been state sponsored.19 The delegates should consider what possible limits should be applied to the inclusivity policy of the Olympic Games.
2) Gender issues
IOC normally tries to take a strong stance on ensuring female athletes participation in the Olympic Games and their rights are protected. For instance, Afghanistan was banned from Olympic Games in 2000 because of the discrimination against women by Taliban. However, at the same time Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Brunei have never been banned from the Games despite the poor record of treatment of women.
Aside from respecting and promoting the rights of women there is also a wider issues of participating in the games as male or female. It was not until the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games when the compulsory gender tests policy was discontinued. 20 One of the biggest controversies of the Olympic Games was in regard to Caster Semenya. Her testosterone levels are three times higher than in average women. In 2011 the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF) passed a regulation limiting the amount of testosterone that athlete can have in order to participate as female. This has been found to be inappropriate by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in the light of the lack of scientific data.21
The situation is further complicated by the need to regulate transgender athletes. IOC has recently decided that these athletes can participate without
19 https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/19/russia-olympics-ioc-anti-doping-exclude-athletes-rio
20 https://olympics.pthimon.co.uk/OlympicsReport.pdf 21 http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/08/caster-semenya-and-the-abnormal-olympic-body/496724/ 20
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undergoing sex reassignment surgery.22 These however are guidelines, and therefore, not binding various sports bodies and federations. The delegates should consider how to transform these guidelines into a clear set of rules that should be complied with.
3) LGBT rights LGBT rights are the rights promoted the least by the Olympic Movement. The Olympic Charter "clearly states that any form of discrimination with regard to a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement." However, in reality, little has been done by the IOC to address the discrimination against gays. Homosexuality is criminalized in many countries and there is a debate whether IOC should ban those countries from the Games.23
The advocates of LGBT rights have especially been vocal during the 2012 London Olympic Games. There has been a call for more athletes to public declare there are gays and for the general public to be more tolerant. The delegates should consider what measure IOC should deploy to ensure the adequate protection of LGBT athletes and prevention of discrimination.
22 https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/25/ioc-rules-transgender-athletes-can-take-part-in-olympics-without- surgery 23 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/may/21/london-olympics-gay-rights 21
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Bloc positions
Concerning delegations, the position of each National Olympic Committee (NOC) for the recognition of new NOC is pretty much the same as the position of each country at the United Nations for the recognition of new country. Concerning sports, the Olympics is a way for each state to show its power and its success through the number of medals and Olympic titles. Therefore, each state will try to add sports in which they have good results in order to gain more medals.
There are different visions on doping issues. Firstly, European countries are in favour of drastic sanctions (life-ban most of the time) and enacting massive controls to catch dopers. These states want Olympic sports to get rid of all forms of cheating. Secondly, some countries such as Russia and Kenya keep a low profile after doping scandals. These countries do not participate actively to fight doping but must improve on previous efforts to regain prestige and legitimacy. The third vision is based on intermediate states such as the USA or Jamaica. These countries claim they are fighting doping but there are serious allegations that some athletes are covered after being tested positive. Therefore some positions from these states can be seen as ambiguous. Positions can be clearly identified thanks to the financial budget allocated by each state to its national anti-doping agency, which is under WADA’s control, and the power this agency has for controls on athletes.
The general policy on the diversity and inclusion varies widely depending on the domestic policy of the individual member states. It is advisable to start the research from identifying the domestic policy in relations to women and LGBT rights. In this sub-topic especially there will be a very clear division between the Western countries and countries with more conservative views.
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Questions a Resolution Should Answer
1. What universal standards should the delegates adopt in choosing the host city? 2. To what extent political, economic and environmental standards should affect the official submissions of the candidate cities? 3. Should human rights record of a country be considered when choosing the host city? 4. Should some states be banned from the Olympics due to violations of international law, human rights e.t.c? 5. How can the IOC ensure better protection of women and LGBT rights? 6. What is the future of the Refugee Delegation and what should be the criteria to join this delegation? 7. How can the IOC increase its anti-doping controls and its overall anti-doping system? 8. How can IOC ensure that only clean athletes take part in the games? What sanction should be used against the states that violate doping rules especially in the case of state sponsored doping
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Sources
For general knowledge please read the Olympic Charter especially chapters 2 on IOC and 5 on Olympic Games https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf
On Olympic Agenda 2020: http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/olympic-agenda-2020-window- dressing-or-new-beginning
On hosting Olympics:
1) Analysis of Sochi 2014 Olympic Games http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for- securities-studies/pdfs/RAD-143.pdf
2) Universal Standards for Olympic Games (political and economic impacts) https://olympics.pthimon.co.uk/OlympicsReport.pdf ( very useful source that can also help with further research of diversity and inclusion) https://www.theguardian.com/politics/politicspast/page/0,9067,892902,00.html http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/07/3-reasons-why-hosting- the-olympics-is-a-losers-game/260111/ http://www.aperianglobal.com/social-cultural-impacts-hosting-olympic-games/ http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/political-economy-and-the- olympic-games http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/controversies-and-scandals-through- summer-olympic-games-history.html http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/-frontier/the-environmental-impact- _b_11581162.html http://planetsave.com/2016/08/15/environmental-impact-olympic-games/
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http://www.sportandhumanrights.org/wordpress/ (very useful source from Amnesty International on human rights and sport)
3) Human rights violations in Rio https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/02/olympic-games-2016-rio- human-rights https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/08/rio-olympics-2016-human- rights-violations-report
Future of the Olympics: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/sports/olympics/refugee-team-named-for-rio- olympics.html?_r=0 http://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/sports/future.htm https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/27/ioc-kuwait-ban-olympic- government-interference https://thisisborderless.com/stephan-said-tear-down-this-wall/ https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games- tokyo-2020
Doping: http://www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/doping-in-general/history-of-doping.html
Hunt, Thomas Mitchell. (2007). Drug Games: The International Politics of Doping and the Olympic Movement, 1960-2007. University of Texas. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/sports/report-confirms-state-sponsored-doping- by-russia-at-olympics.html
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/30/richard-mclaren-wada-doping
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For diversity and inclusion: http://www.espn.co.uk/olympics/story/_/id/8043916/2012-london-olympics- ioc-pressured-speak-global-gay-rights https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/may/21/london-olympics-gay-rights http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/08/caster-semenya-and-the- abnormal-olympic-body/496724/ https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/may/21/london-olympics-gay-rights
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Topic B: The Bidding Process
During the IOC meeting at LIMUN 2017 the host cities for Summer Olympics 2024 and Winter Olympics 2026 will be chosen. For the purpose of LIMUN the candidate cities that have already been chosen by the IOC for Summer Olympics 2024 will be disregarded.
The process Delegates that wish to participate in bidding should make an official submission in addition to their position paper. Chairs will review all the submissions and choose 5 cities for Summer Olympics and 5 cities for Winter Olympics. These submissions will be published for other delegates to see. After Lunch on Saturday, the normal MUN rules of procedure will be suspended and the delegates who were chosen will be able to present their submissions for 3 minutes and have another 2 min to answer questions. Before the presentations, the Dais will present the technical feedback on the various bids they have carried out. The IOC will then go back to debating the
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main topic of the meeting. Throughout the conference the delegates should lobby for their Candidate City. On the last day of the conference the anonymous vote will take place. Before the vote, bids will have one minute to summarize their bids before the voting panel. The IOC will vote until one city has an overall majority reflecting the actual voting system. During each round, the candidate city with the lowest number of votes will be knocked out. This will continue till a city has an absolute majority. Cities who are in contention for the Summer Games cannot vote for the summer host city, and likewise for Winter Games candidate cities. The cities chosen will be announced at the closing ceremony.
Format of the official submission The official submission should include general points about the suitability of the city. Specifically it should include: a) Strategy
Delegates should consider the overall strategy of hosting the games. This will involve researching the potential reservations against holding the Olympics and sustainability of the project overall. It will also include an explanation as to how the Candidate City represents the values of the Olympic Movement such as excellence, friendship and respect. b) Governance, Legal and Venue Funding
In this section delegates should consider if their city has necessary financial means and legal mechanisms to hold the Olympics. This section should include suggested venues and a strategy for funding the games c) Games Delivery, Experience and Venue Legacy
In this section the delegates should highlight any previous experience of hosting the Olympic Games. Delegates should keep in my mind that as a result of Olympic Agenda 2020 the emphasis was given to sustainability and legacy of the future Olympic Village and the consequences of the Games for the local community as the whole. When choosing the city to hold the Games in the delegates should 28
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specifically mention the area of the city and how it will be used after the Games to assess post-Games legacy and sustainability
Evaluation criteria These will be the points used to decide which cities will be nominated and given a chance to present their submission to the committee: Accommodation, environmental conditions and impact Experience from past sports events Finance General Infrastructure Government Support (including legal issues and public opinion) Olympic Villages Overall Project and Legacy Safety and Security Sports Venues and Transport Concept
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Conference Information When looking for information regarding LIMUN 2017 (and subsequent editions) your first step should be to visit our website: www.limun.org.uk
LIMUN on social media Please follow updates from us through our social media channels:
London International Model United Nations (LIMUN)
@LondonMUN
When tweeting about this year’s conference (your preparations, journey to/from London or when live-tweeting the events during the conference itself) –
- please use hashtag #LIMUN2017
Agenda & Rules of Procedure The agenda for the 2017 conference is available online at www.limun.org.uk/agenda
Since its 17th session last year, LIMUN has introduced changes to its Rules of Procedure. The revised Rules can be accessed here: http://limun.org.uk/rules
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