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Les Trois Visionnaires: the Narrative of Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola

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Les Trois Visionnaires: the Narrative of Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola Rollins College Rollins Scholarship Online Master of Liberal Studies Theses Spring 2011 Les Trois Visionnaires: The aN rrative of Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola Jonathan C. Landwer Rollins College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls Part of the French and Francophone Literature Commons Recommended Citation Landwer, Jonathan C., "Les Trois Visionnaires: The aN rrative of Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola" (2011). Master of Liberal Studies Theses. 13. http://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls/13 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Rollins Scholarship Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Liberal Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of Rollins Scholarship Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Les Trois Visionnaires: The Narrative of Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Liberal Studies By Jonathan C. Landwer April 2011 Mentor: Dr. Patricia Lancaster Rollins College Hamilton Holt School Master of Liberal Studies Program Winter Park, Florida ii Acknowledgements The culmination of several years of study, sacrifice, and personal triumph rest with this thesis. The wonderful support I was given came from many people, some of which have no idea what a wonderful influence they had on me. First, Ms. Clair Thiebauldt (retired), who recognized my fear of beginning graduate school at such a late age and encouraged me to press on to reap the benefits of what she knew was going to be a life-changing effort. Next, to Dr. Robert Smither, Professor, friend, neighbor, who granted me the opportunity to study Homer, Virgil, Plato, Dante, Shakespeare, Pope, Jefferson, Darwin, Freud, Faulkner, Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola—to name a scant few. Thanks must be given to my friends and colleagues, Jana Waring, Ben Cox, Steve Grant, Nancy Adler, Brent Kubasta, Ginny Justice, and Alda Rees, who taught me that courage comes from gratitude and truth and beauty must reign supreme. And, my undying gratitude goes to the MLS Professors of Rollins College—Dr. Alan Nordstrum, Dr. Steve Phelan, Dr. Scott Rubarth, Dr. Susan Libby, Dr. Ed Cohen, Dr. Phil Deaver, Dr. Patricia Lancaster, and Dr. Joe Siry. Surely, you must know how you changed my life, my Weltanschauung. It will never be the same, because of you. In humble appreciation, I bow to the genius and insight of the scores of novelists and scholars whom I have studied in these past years and whose labor make up the primary contributions to this thesis. Credit goes to them that fill the pages of this bibliography for their endless hours of research and creativity that made their art and avocation. My sincerest thanks and lifelong gratitude must go to my Mentor, Dr. Patricia Lancaster, without whose professional guidance, tutoring, expert advice, determination, and friendship, this manuscript might never have made it to the shelves of Rollins College. Her high standards, exceptional knowledge, and endless patience were essential to me in my humble attempt to make this thesis meaningful, not just to me, but to other students and scholars who love literature and the French Realists, as much as I do. It is my hope that they find it helpful and insightful in their own research. Merci beaucoup iii Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... xi PART 1: The Extrinsic..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Significant Aspects of Publishing in the Nineteenth-Century ................................................. 1 Chapter II ................................................................................................................................... 11 Social Realism and Literary Reformers ................................................................................. 11 Chapter III .................................................................................................................................. 27 Realism and its Imitation of Reality ...................................................................................... 27 Chapter IV .................................................................................................................................. 34 Zola‘s Literary Development in the Light of Social Reform ................................................. 34 PART 2: The Intrinsic .................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter V ................................................................................................................................... 42 The Evolving Narrator ........................................................................................................... 42 Chapter VI .................................................................................................................................. 57 Narrative Authority ................................................................................................................ 57 Chapter VII ................................................................................................................................ 70 Beneath the Surface: Allegory of the Goddess Whore and Femme Incomprise .................... 70 Chapter VIII ............................................................................................................................... 86 Reconciling Behaviors: Accepting the Author‘s Judgments ................................................. 86 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 101 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 113 iv 'Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill, But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence, To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense Some few in that, but Numbers err in this, Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss; A Fool might once himself alone expose, Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose. —Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism, 1711 Preface The focus of this study concerns the critical analysis and interpretation of three nineteenth-century French novels: La Cousine Bette by Honoré de Balzac, one of the pair of Les Parents Pauvres novels and last of the La Comédie Humaine; Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert, his first complete and successful novel; and, Nana, Émile Zola‘s ninth novel in the Rougon-Macquart series. The voice of the authors is of particular interest to this study—how they, as writers, manipulate their creations through effective narrative to convey action to the character, suspense in a scene, and conflicts in plot. It is through the authors‘ controlled voice that they are able to represent the tensions surrounding the stories within the turmoil of nineteenth-century France. Furthermore, by comparing and contrasting characteristics of each work, this study illustrates what their contributions were to the evolution of narrative style that has become the mainstay of the modern novel of today. The three novels‘ settings span three quarters of the nineteenth century from the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII, Charles X, and final reign of the ―bourgeois King,‖ Louis-Phillip, to v the peak and plummet of the Second Empire under Napoleon III. The moral and social tenets of these authors are expressed in their works as each defines the vagaries of modern French society. This study will show how each man developed unique literary tools to define and craft his contemporary characters1 that support his quilted plots. In the primary protagonists, each author invents prototypical and allegorical victims and villainesses of the social mosaic under free market capitalism. First, Valerie Marneffe, is a courtesan whose lust for wealth destroys men, families, and fortunes, and whom Balzac uses to expose the tragic illusions of this period with the aid of Lisbeth Fischer, the embittered old maid who holds the title of La Cousine Bette. Second, Emma Bovary is the much-studied and maligned adulteress portrayed by Gustave Flaubert, whose novel won great fame but also the vengeance of the censors of the hegemonic conservatives. Lastly, Nana Coupeau, Zola‘s street urchin turned demimondaine and femme fatale of Paris, who brings down fortunes, friendships, and disenfranchised aristocrats of the Second Empire down to a level of shameful humiliation and pathetic degradation of such a perverse degree that censoring was inevitable. It is the contention and the thesis of this comparative study that a faithful and legitimate analysis of the subject texts cannot be confined to the limitations of one or two literary critical schools of interpretation. On the contrary, the theoretical perspective requires a broader scope of interpretation that includes the synthesis of salient analyses illustrated primarily by those members of the Chicago
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