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FORESTS: SIGN OF LIFE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN 2007 · Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Regional Environment Department), Junta de Castilla y León (Castile and León Regional Government) · www.jcyl.es

Written by: Asoc. de Profesionales Forestales en Castilla y León (Professional Forestry Association in Castile and León) (PROFOR CyL) Domingo de la Mano Fernández. Checking: Dirección General de Medio Natural (General Environment Directorate) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Álvaro Picardo Nieto, José Bengoa de Mandojana and The authors and coordinators of "Forests: Sign of Life in Castile and León" would like to thank José Luis Herguedas Bachiller. all those people, entities and institutions that, unselfishly, collaborated and gave us comments Photographs: ASFOSO (Title page), Asociación Forestal de (Burgos Forestry and suggestions for the design, structure and content of this publication. We would like to show Association), Asociación Forestal de (Palencia Forestry Association), our special gratitude to those who, be it as Profor members or technical staff in the Regional Asociación Forestal de Zamora (Zamora Forestry Association), FAFCYLE , Environment Department, provided us with many of the statistical data appearing in this document; Cesefor Photograph Bank, Silvia Fernández, Domingo de la Mano, Jorge Bajo, these data, the acquisition of which was industrious, are very varied. We would also like to thank Miguel Ángel Muñoz, Ricardo -Bartol, César Victorino, Feria de Muestras the support we received from most entities working in the forestry sector in Castile and León de (Valladolid Trade Fair), Francisco Javier Ezquerra, ICAL Agency, during the drafting of this document. Félix Pinillos, Nati Gómez, Juan Ignacio García Viñas, Milagros de Vallejo, Socarrel, Froilán Sevilla, Esaú Escolar, Miguel J. Tré, José Tranque Pascual, In this publication we tried to convey a general overview of the forestry sector in Castile and Francisco Javier Gordo Alonso, Alfonso González Romero, León: this presented many difficulties. This document is a summary that tries to offer guidance pixanim s.l. Image Bank, and Albera Medio Ambiente S.L. Image Bank. to those interested in forestry. Once this has been said, and taking into account the extent of Design: Silvia Fernández González and pixanim, s.l. · www.pixanim.es this task, we apologize if there is any specific issue the ideas or basic data of which have not English Translation: Fabián López · www.fabianlopez.es been correctly conveyed. Printed in : A-CERO MILLENIUM, S.L. Depósito Legal: M-2801-2009 1 INDEX 2 - 3

INHABITANTS AND TERRITORY 4 - 7

The Territory 4 The Inhabitants 5 · 6 · 7

THE FOREST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 8 - 17

Distribution of the Uses of Soil 8 · 9 Distribution of Forest Surface 10 · 11 Forest Woodland 12 · 13 Wood Production 14 · 15 Unwooded Forest 16 · 17

FUNCTIONS AND GAINS 18 - 35

Multifunctionality 18 Social Issues: Leisure and Spare Time 19 Productive Issues: Hunting and Fishing 20 · 21 · 22 Productive Issues: Pasture Exploitation 23 Productive Issues: Timber Exploitation 24 Productive Issues: Non-Timber Exploitation 26 · 27 Environmental Issues: Externalities 28 · 29 Theoretical Forest Value 30 Annual Forest Income 31 Gains of the Productive Exploitation 32 Environmental Gains: Externalities 33 Gains of the Productive Exploitation 34 · 35

INDUSTRY AND EMPLOYMENT 36 - 41

Forest - Related Enterprises 36 Employment and Forest - Related Sector 37 Forestry Service Enterprises 38 Timber Processing Enterprises 39 Timber Processing Industries: First Processing 40 · 41

2 ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING 42 - 53

Regional Forest Administration 42 · 43 Forest Owners 44 · 45 Catalogue of Public Utility Forests 46 Livestock Trails 47 Forestry Planning and Management 48 Sustainable Forestry Management Certification 49 Forestry Investment and Planning 50 Forestry Investment 51 Public Investment in the Forests 52 · 53

MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION 54 - 67

Forestry Managment 54 Forestry 55 Reforestations 56 · 57 Forest Fires 58 · 59 Fight Against Forest Fires 60 · 61 Health State of the Forests 62 · 63 Protected Natural Sites 64 · 65 Flora and Fauna Preservation 66 Environmental Surveillance 67

RESEARCH, TRAINING AND FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS 68 - 70

Forestry Research 68 Forestry Training 69 Associations and Organizations 70

CONTACT INFORMATION 71

3 4 INHABITANTS AND TERRITORY I NHABITANTS AND Source: National Institute of Statistics (NIS) Statistics of Institute National Source: of 94,200 Km square community ourautonomous context, European In the occupying 18.6% ofitsterritory. communityinSpain, autonomous largest andLeónisthe Castile THE TERRITORY in meters. CASTILE ANDLEÓNSURFACE DISTRIBUTIONBY ALTITUDES km CASTILE ANDLEÓNSURFACE INEU-25CONTEXT, 2 . Castile andLeón Castile United Germany Sweden Finland Poland , surpassed only bynineEU-25countries. only , surpassed Spain 0 Source: National Institute of Statistics (NIS). 2005. Eurostat 2005. (NIS). Statistics of Institute National Source: T ERRITORY 100,000 surpassed only by nine EU-25 countries, includingSpain bynineEU-25countries, only surpassed has a surface has asurface 200,000 67% 67% of itsterritory 300,000 surface inkm surface 20,000 40,000 70,000 50,000 60,000 30,000 32% of which are 1,00032% ofwhichare oversealevel. meters 10,000 EU-25 SPAIN CASTILE ANDLEÓN 0 is between 600-1,000 isbetween ofaltitude, meters 2 pronounced thermal differences between between differences thermal pronounced climate Mediterranean the innerlands, In the < 200 shows continental nuances: scarcity of nuances:scarcity continental shows 400,000 Castile andLeónhasa Castile in the South. inthe climate Mediterranean 200 -600 (mainly inautumnandspring) (mainly climate in the North and a dry andadry North inthe climate 0 ,0 >2,000 600 -1,000 3,973,900 km winter andsummertime. winter 506,000 km 500,000 94,200 km 1,000 -2,000 humid Atlantic altitudes inmeters 2 2 2 100.0 % 12.7 % 2.4 % and INHABITANTS AND TERRITORY 5 2 2 2 Castile León and 87 Inhabitants/km 27 Inhabitants/km 27 T 115 Inhabitants/km 115 S E sign of life in O F CASTILE AND LEÓN CASTILE SPAIN EU-25 , really low, 2 400 200 Only surpassed by 2 EU-25 countries, including Spain 0 2 Italy Spain Poland France Finland Sweden Portugal Germany Source: National Institute of Statistics (NIS). County Census 2005. Eurostat data 2004 EU-25 TOTAL United Kingdom Castile and León POPULATION DENSITY OF CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE EU-25, POPULATION inhabitants /km. Castile and León has a population of 2.5 millions approx. inhabitants/km is 27 population density The average compared to the national average and even lower compared to the EU-25. THE INHABITANTS NUMBER OF TREES PER INHABITANT If we would assign trees among the people living in Castile and León, each person would get 1,280 trees, many more than in any other region.

FOREST SURFACE PER INHABITANT RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF USES OF SOIL PER INHABITANT IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in hectares / inhabitant.

ha/inhabha/inhab ha/inhab C & L Spain EU Uses of soil (IFN 3) (IFN 2) 25 AGRICULTURAL 1.8 0.5 FOREST 1.9 0.6 0.4 INHABITANTS AND TERRITORY INHABITANTS OTHER USES 0.1 0.1

Source: INE. Forest National inventory. (IFN 3 and 2). Eurostat 2004

If instead of distributing trees, we were distributing hectares of forest, every citizen in Castile and León would have 1.9 hectares, thrice the national average and almost 5 times more than the European (EU-25), only surpassed by countries such as Finland and Sweden.

FORESTAL SURFACE PER INHABITANT IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE EU-25 CONTEXT, in hectares / inhabitant.

Finland Sweden Castile and León Only surpassed by 2 EU-25 countries Spain EU-25 TOTAL Portugal France Poland Italy Germany United Kingdom 0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 hectares of forest / inhabitant CASTILE AND LEÓN 1.9 ha/inhabitant SPAIN 0.6 ha/inhabitant EU-25 0.4 ha/inhabitant

Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). Forest National inventory. INE. IFN 3.

6 DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION INHABITANTS AND TERRITORY

52% of the population in Castile and León lives in 20 urban areas. Nevertheless, rural towns constitute more than 99% of the total municipalities in the region, although they only accommodate 1.2 million inhabitants, i.e, 48% of the population. Source: INE 2005

Urban Area: Those with more than 10,000 inhabitants.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS IN RURAL AREAS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in the year 2005. 52 % 6,000 1,200,000

5,000 1,000,000 69 %

4,000 800,000

3,000 600,000 21 % 2,000 400,000 24 % 15 % 1,000 200,000 6 % 7 % 3 % 3 % 0.3 % 0 0 <101 101- 500 501 - 1,000 1,001 - 10,000 >10,000 No. of urban No. of areas inhabitants Type of area according to No. of inhabitants

areas number areas 1,000 inhabitants URBAN 20 URBAN 1,297 RURAL 7,187 RURAL 1,214 TOTAL 7,207 TOTAL 2,511

Source: National Institute of Statistics. Municipal Census 2005 7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE USES OF SOIL

Castile and León has over 4.8 million hectares of forest, comprising half of its territory. In Spain, it is the autonomous community with the largest forest surface and it also stands over the European average forest surface. Forest or natural environments are the sum of woodlands and scrublands that have been neither farmed nor urbanized by man. A great amount of wildlife live in these areas. Forests have traditionally been the place where certain human activities have been carried out.

Castile and León is

THE FOREST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT FOREST

RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF USES OF SOIL IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in 1,000 hectares. %%% AGRICULTURAL Castile and León C & L Spain EU 4,439 Uses of soil thousands of hectares (IFN 3) (IFN 2) 25 47% AGRICULTURAL 4,439 47.1 37.0 OTHER USES 175 4,808 51.0 55.0 40.3 FOREST 2% OTHER USES 175 1.9 8.0 Total surface 9,422 FOREST Source: Forest National Inventory. (IFN 3 and 2). Eurostat 2004 4,808 51%

8 4,808 thousand has. DISTRIBUTION OF THE USES SOIL EVOLUTION OF THE FOREST SURFACE, 4,516 thousand has. in 1,000 hectares. 4,222 thousand has.

Source: 1st, 2nd and 3rd National Forest Inventory

Surface in thousands of hectares 0 (1965 - 1971) (1991 - 1992 ) (2002 - 2003) IFN 1 IFN 2 IFN 3

EVOLUTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATED SURFACE, in 1,000 hectares. 4,130 thousand has. 4,070 thousand has. 3,753 thousand has. 3,469 thousand has.

Surface by thousands of hectares 0 19621972 1994 1999 Source: Censo Agrario. INE The natural landscape that we can enjoy nowadays is the result of the intense FOREST SURFACE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN COMPARISON WITH THE UE 25, agricultural and forestal activity carried out in 1,000 hectares. for many years. In the last decades the farmed surface has Sweden Spain decreased. As a result, the forest surface Finland has increased. France Italy Germany Poland Castile and León Only surpassed by 8 countries UE 25, including Spain Portugal United Kingdom 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). Forest European strategy. INE. IFN 3 Castile and León, with 48,080 Km2, CASTILE AND LEÓN 4,808,000 has 3.0 % has a forest surface SPAIN 25,984,000 has 16.2 % EU-25 160,271,000 has 100.0 % only surpassed by 8 countries in the EU-25 including Spain. 9 DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST SURFACE Castile and León counts with almost 5 million hectares of forest surface, 62% of which is wooded. The non-wooded areas are equally distributed between woody scrublands and herbaceous pastures.

RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF USES OF SOIL IN CASTILE AND LEÓN In Castile and León, 32% of the surface is wooded, constituting 15 % of the wooded surface of Spain. %%% Castile and León C & L Spain EU In Uses of soil thousands of hectares (IFN 3) (IFN 2) 25

WOODLAND 2,982 31.6 28.5 34.5 Castile and León NON-WOODED 1,826 19.4 26.5 5.8 we can find 3,200 species of TOTAL FOREST 4,808 51.0 55.0 40.3 vascular flora Total surface 9,422 FARMED Source: Forest National Inventory. (IFN 3 and 2). Eurostat 2004 SURFACE THE FOREST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 4,439 47% FOREST SURFACE: WOODLAND + NON-WOODED OTHER USES Wooded surface: 175 Forest surface occupied by 2% tree species with an established thickness for WOODLAND each one. 2,982 32%

UNWOODED Non-wooded surface: 1,826 Forest surface having an herbaceous cover maybe, even trees, but they 19% don't have the size or the appropriate thickness to be considered as woodland.

EVOLUTION OF THE WOODED, in 1,000 hectares. 2,982 thousand has.

Source: 1st, 2nd and 3rd National Forest Inventory 2,119 thousand has. 1,886 thousand has.

Surface in thousands of hectares 0 (1965 - 1971) (1991 - 1992 ) (2002 - 2003) IFN 1 IFN 2 IFN 3 10 DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST SURFACE

FORESTS Quality of life in CASTILE AND LEÓN

EVOLUTION OF THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST SURFACE, in 1,000 hectares. 1,825 thousand has. 2,397 thousand has. 2,336 thousand has.

944 thousand has.

503 2,038 556 thousand has. thousand has. thousand has. 1,616 1,329 thousand has. thousand has.

0 (1965 - 1971) (1991 - 1992) (2002 - 2003) IFN 1 IFN 2 IFN 3

Source: DENSE woodland, trees closely distributed. 1st, 2nd and 3rd National Forest Inventory CLEAR woodland, considerable distance between trees. NON-WOODED, few trees and many pastures and shrubs. The wooded forest surface in Castile and León has increased in 1.1 million hectares in the last 40 years. 11 FOREST WOODLAND FOREST DISTRIBUTION OF THE WOODED SURFACE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN Sign of life in The tree (Quercus ilex rotundifolia), with 724,000 hectares, and the pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica), with 722,800 hectares, are the Castile and León species that occupy the largest woodland surface in Castile and León.

Hardwood in Atlantic Forests wide-leaf trees, such as the tree, the pyrenean oak, beeches and

. Many times these trees are found among various trees and bushes: this is why, Pyrenean Oak leat many times, this type of forest looks impenetrable. (Quercus pyrenaica)

Hardwood in Mediterranean Forests Small-leaf trees, such as holm oak, the cork oak and the portuguese oak, adapted to dry environments and the thermal fluctuations in the inner lands in Castile and León. They constitute the meadows where livestock pastures, constituting an important habitat of great environmental value, in which a sustainable

system of agricultural, stockbreeding and forestry exploitation is developed. Holm Oak leat (Quercus ilex) THE FOREST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT Riverside hardwood ( and streams) The vegetation found on the riversides, where and poplars are abundant, works as an ecological corridor for the distribution of terrestrial species, both and vegetal. The surface of wooded riversides outside forests amounts to 55,500 hectares, Poplar leat i.e., 3% of the total hardwood surface. However, they possess a high value in terms of ( sp.) fauna and landscape in the Spanish central plateau, where the unirrigated cultivation of cereals is quite abundant.

Pine and savin forests - Conifers Composed mainly by perennial acicular trees, such as pine trees and junipers. Most of the species found are resinous Pine leat and constitute pine forests. (Pinus sp.)

DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST SPECIES, DISTRIBUTION OF THE ARBOREAL SPECIES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in 1,000 hectares. in 1,000 hectares. Hardwood species cover almost two thirds of the total wooded surface. 700 HARDWOOD 600 1,828 500 65% CONIFERS 400 1,064 35% 300 200 100

0 Suface by 1,000 ha. Oak Poplars BeechEuropean Stone Junipers Portuguese Red Black Pyrenean Holm Black Pine Oak Deal Pine Oak Oak Source: IFN 3 Pine

12 Source: Council Environment 2005, DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORESTS from MFE50 (DGB) The most abundant conifers in Castile and León are black pines and red deal pines, occupying, as dominant species, around 600,000 hectares, 80% of which are dense masses. These pines can also be found mixing up with conifers and hardwood trees.

Holm Oaks and Pyrenean Oaks cover close to 45% of the woodland surface in Castile and León. A big part of these masses (38%) are open for wild pasturing purposes.

A mix of conifers and hardwood trees cover about 8% of the wooded surface.

Castile and León is FOREST

LEGEND: Uses of Soil Dense Masses Open Masses Hardwood Conifers Mixed Unwooded Forest Agricultural Water Urban and Infrastructures WOODED FOREST NUMBER OF TREES DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES, in million trees. The forests in Castile and León have around 3,200 trees, 38% of which are considered as "large trees". Source: IFN 3 HARDWOOD CONIFERS 2,489 781 77% COMPOSITION OF THE NUMBER OF TREES, 23% in million trees. LARGE TREES 1,211 Source: IFN 3 SMALL 38% TREES Hardwood trees constitute 77% of the total number 1,987 62% of trees, but if we consider only the number of trees catalogued as "large" ones, this percentage diminishes to 60%.

Fuente: IFN 3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE No. OF LARGE TREES, in million large trees. The Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica), with 961 millions, and the oak (Quercus ilex rotundifolia), with 870 millions, are the species with the CONIFERS larges number of trees in the region. 479 HARDWOOD 40% 782 60%

DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF LARGE AND SMALL TREES IN THE PRINCIPAL FOREST SPECIES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in million trees. Source: IFN 3

1,000

800

600

400

200

0 Million Chestnut Stone Poplars Oak Pine Beech Junipers Portuguese Black Red Holm Pyrenean of Trees Pine Oak Pine Deal Oak Oak

Source: IFN 3 Legend: Total amount of trees No. of large trees

13 WOOD PRODUCTION The wooded surface in Castile and León is not exclusively used for the production of wood. In many forests, the wood exploitation is residual, both for the protective and environmental function of Mediterranean forests and the scarce relative value of the most abundant arboreal species for the wood-processing . DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST SURFACE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN BASED UPON MAJOR OR MINOR WOOD PRODUCTIVITY: POTENTIAL FOREST PRODUCTIVITY

Forest susceptible of a profitable LEGEND: wood exploitation are localed in Very High > 9 certain areas. High 6 - 9 Half 3 - 6 Low 1.5 - 3 Very Low < 1.5 m3/ha/year THE FOREST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

MAP OF POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY Source: Council Environment 2005

DISTRIBUTION OF WOODED VOLUME ACCORDING TO THE ARBOREAL SPECIES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in million of m3 with bark. Conifers constitute 61% of the 40 timber-yielding stock in the 35 autonomous community. 30

Red Deal (Pinus sylvestris), 41 million 25 cubic meters with bark and Black Pine 20 (Pinus pinaster) are the species with a 15 higher wood volume. 10 5 Source: IFN 3 0 Chestnut Portuguese Stone Oak Pine BeechPoplars Holm Pyrenean Black Red Wood volume in million of m3 with bark Junipers Oak Pine Oak Oak Pine Deal 14 WOOD PRODUCTION WOOD STOCK According to the Forestry Inventory, in Castile and León there are 154 million of m3 with bark, which represent 26% of the total wood stock of Spain. In the European context, this figure is reduced to 0.8%, being surpassed by seventeen of the EU-25 countries, among which Spain is included. Source: European Forest Strategy TIMBER - YIELDING STOCK IN CASTILE AND LEÓN AT THE EUROPEAN LEVEL, EU-25 countries in million of m3 with bark. Sweden France Germany Poland Italy Spain CASTILE AND LEÓN 154 M m3 0.8 % 61 m3 with bark/habitant United Kingdom SPAIN 594 M m3 3.0 % 14 m3 with bark/habitant Portugal EU-25 19,731 M m3 100.0 % 43 m3 with bark/habitant Castile and León Surpassed by 17 EU-25 countries, including Spain 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Stocks in million of m3 Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). Forest European Strategy. IFN 3 If we would distribute the timber of the forests in Castile and León among its inhabitants, each one would receive 61 m3 of timber with bark: this figure is way above the Spanish and EU-25 average.

In CASTILE AND LEÓN

The forest mass shows an annual There are 52 cubic meters of growth of 7.5 million cubic meters timber of wood with bark for of timber with bark, representing every hectare of wooded surface 24% of the Spanish total growth. in Castile and León

ANNUAL TIMBER GROWTH The forest masses in Castile and León have a great potential for the production of wood and biomass since, though the annual growth and the stock are low, their relative growth per surface of forest mass is 4.68%, above the average of the EU-25 countries. Source: Forest European Strategy - Environment Council

RELATIVE GROWTH OF WOOD IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in the EU-25 context. Portugal Spain United Kingdom Castile and León Surpassed by 6 countries EU-25, including Spain Finland Sweden Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). Forest European Strategy. IFN 3 France Germany CASTILE AND LEÓN 4.7 % growth/vol/ha WHOLE EU-25 SPAIN 5.1 % growth/vol/ha Poland EU-25 3.2 % growth/vol/ha Italy

0 2 4 6 8 % Relative growth /vol./ha. 15 UNWOODED FOREST

The unwooded forest surface is constituted by scrublands and natural pastures: these are vegetation formations that increase the ecological, environmental and landscape values of the forest.

Moreover, these lands are also an economic resource due to its use for pasturing, hunting and mushroom- harvesting, among other usages. THE FOREST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

Castile and León is FOREST

16 UNWOODED FOREST NON - WOODED SURFACE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE EUROPEAN In the European context, Castile and León counts CONTEXT, EU-25 countries, units: 1,000 hectares. with an important non-wooded extension

Spain covering 1,825,000 hectares, Greece representing 8% of the total Sweden in EU-25 countries. France Castile and León Only surpassed by 4 EU-25 countries, CASTILE AND LEÓN 1,825,000 ha. 8 % Italy incluiding Spain Finland SPAIN 12,080,000 ha. 53 % Portugal EU-25 22,816,000 ha. 100 % United Kingdom Poland 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Non - Wooded, 1,000 ha.

Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). European Forest Strategy. INE - IFN 3

914,000 hectares of the non-wooded surface in Castile and León are used for pastures.

In Castile and León there are 911,000 hectares covered by bush formations, being the most abundant Mountain Heaths (Erica sp.), with 273,000 hectares, and Citisus (Citisus sp.), with 149,000 hectares.

DISTRIBUTION OF BUSH FORMATIONS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, per hectares.

OTHER MOUNTAIN THICKETS HEATH 34% 30%

THYME 4% CYTISUS SP. ROCKROSE 16% 6% FOREST is more than a SAVIN - JUNIPER GORSE 1% 3% group than trees BUCKTHORN CYTISUS 2% STRIATUS 3% Source: Castile and León forests plan

17 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY Forests play out three main functions; all them essential to achieve a sustainable development of the natural environment. SOC IAL On the other hand, the ECONOMIC FUNCTION. FU N C We cannot forget that timber, together with pastures, mushrooms T IO and fruits, are a source of income and employment of great N relevance in rural areas. This is all linked to the persistence and vegeneration of the forest. FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS

E SUSTAINABLE C DEVELOPMENT O

L O G IC A L F U N N IO CT T ION NC FU MIC ECONO

On the one hand, the ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION, since the forest has a fundamental role supporting the biological diversity, as well as sheltering flora and fauna, the conservation of which is indispensable.

Castile and León Conservation and improvement of the forest has a direct influence in the protection of the natural environment and the improvement of the quality of life of its inhabitants.

18 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY · SOCIAL ISSUES: LEISURE AND SPAREMULTIFUNCTIONALITY · SOCIAL ISSUES: LEISURE TIME

SOCIAL ISSUES: LEISURE and SPARE TIME Recreational resources, being part of the forest functions, must foster the improvement of the quality of life within established limits that make it compatible with the preservation of natural resources. In order to promote leisure activities in the forests in Castile and León, there are 980 recreational areas of intensive usage. The network of extensive usage infrastructures is composed by the different types of interpretative paths and tracks, among others. This network is currently growing in the community. The Federation of Climbing and Mountain Sports We finally have the SOCIAL FUNCTION. Forests provide benefits to the society (FEDMES) estimates that 1,500 km of short paths in the form of services. They are an ideal environment to carry out leisure and 2,000 km of long paths going through Castile activities and rural . The Spanish Constitution states: "Everyone has the and León have been sanctioned. right to enjoy an adequate environment for his or her personal development, as On the other hand, the Regional Environment well as the obligation to preserve it". Department in Castile and León estimates that short paths within the Natural Sites Network in Castile and León covered more than 1,400 km LOCATION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in 2006. year 2006. Source: NUMBER OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES OF Environment INTENSIVE USAGE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, Council year 2005. 2006 RECREATIONAL AREAS 200 21%

PICNIC AREA SHELTERS 361 178 38% 18%

CAMPING AREAS NATURE 139 LEGEND: CLASSROOMS 14% 9 In Operation 1% CAMPS Under Construction PARK 59 HOUSES 6% Nature trails signposted 27 2% Source: Environment Council 2005 19 PRODUCTIVE ISSUES: Castile and León manages 20% of the total HUNTING AND FISHING fishing permits issued in Spain. It is also the first In the last 17 years the number of fishermen has autonomous community in inland fishing permits. Regarding hunting, there are approximately 1.2 increased more than 50% in the region, and the decrease million hunters in Spain, 12% of which received their in the amount of hunters has become stable. hunting permit in Castile and León. The information of the Council of Environment for 2006 Source: Council Environment 2006 reveals that in the region were granted 195,000 fishing permits and 140,700 hunting permits. HUNTING USES: THE HUNT There are EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF HUNTING AND approximately FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS 91% of the territory in Castile and León is classified 60 estates, with FISHING PERMITS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, as hunting ground, 85% of which (80,000 square in the period 1989 - 2006. more than kilometres) is distributed in approximately 5,800 92,000 200,000 private estates. hectares, where intensive hunting 150,000 SURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYNEGETIC is authorized, on GROUNDS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN 100,000 in hectares, year 2006. SPECIAL proceeding from HUNTING breeding-places, GROUNDS 1991 1997 1994 1989 1990 1992 1993 1995 1996 1998 1999 2001 2004 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 575,000 out of the FISHING permit 7% authorised Source: period. Council Environment HUNTING PERMIT orders PRIVATE LIMITS 8,000,000 Hunting and fishing exploitations in Castile and León take 93% place in authorised areas and are regulated by the The special Administration by means of annual orders where they TOTAL SURFACE: 8,575,000 ha. cynegetic establish authorised methods, periods of the year and grounds are: species to be hunted and fished. Source: Council Environment 2006 Controlled hunt zones: DISTRIBUTION OF HUNTING PRIVATE LIMITS DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIAL CYNEGETIC Forbidden areas GROUNDS or safety zones Nº (, Types of private limits Surface Estates Types of cynegetic ground Surface Units …). 3,461,000 ha. 2,721 Small Game Regional Hunting 546,000 ha. 10 2,073,000 ha. 1,782 Areas managed Small and Big Game Regional Estate 6,300 ha. 4 Big Game 35,000 ha. 17 by the Regional Controlled Hunting Zone 22,700 ha. 8 Big & Small Game 2,456,000 ha. 1,273 Administration: TOTAL 575,000 ha. 22 Regional SMALL GAME game reserves: 3,461,000 REGIONAL ESTATE 43% BIG GAME 6,300 Fosters and 35,000 1% preserve some <1% species of wild REGIONAL fauna by means HUNTING CONTROLLED of controlled SMALL & 546,000 HUNTING ZONE captures. BIG GAME BIG & SMALL 95% 22,700 2,456,000 GAME 4% 31% Regional 2,073,000 game estates 26% Source: Council Environment 2006 20 PRODUCTIVE ISSUES: HUNT AND FISHING HUNTABLE SPECIES In Castile and León there are 44 huntable species: 36 of Small game hunting and 8 of Big game hunting. Every season, approximately 1,500,000 pieces of Small game hunting are hunted, being the most common rabbits, red-legged partridges, hares and quails, and 27,000 pieces of Big game hunting, being the most common wild boars, , roe-deers and chamoises.

SMALL GAME HUNTING DISTRIBUTION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN

QUAIL 700,000 47% HARE 110,000 Red - Legged partridge (Alectoris rufa.) 7%

OTHER SPECIES 335,000 RED PARTRIDGE 22% 175,000 RABBIT 12% 180,000 12%

Source: Regional Environment Department 2005 Hare (Lepus capensis.)

Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica.)

DISTRIBUTION OF CAPTURES OF BIG GAME HUNTING IN CASTILE AND LEÓN

WILD BOAR 17,000 63% OTHER SPANISH SPECIES IBEX Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra.) 250 250 1% 1% Wild boar (Sus escofra.)

CHAMOIS ROE- 350 DEER 4,000 1% 5,000 15% 19%

Source: Regional Environment Department 2005

21 FISHING EXPLOITATIONS

Of the existing 60 fish farming species in Spain, more than 35 are present in the waters of the region, and 28 of them are fishable. Among them, there are 4 species of , 15 of cyprinidae, 2 of crab and 1 of frog.

River waters are qualified as follows: 1.- Free waters: those in which fishing can be exercised with the only requirement of being in possession of the permit. 2.- Special waters: those in which special circumstances advise the adoption of certain conditions that will be regulated in the

FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS annual disposition for fishing. (Spanish Water Regulation) 3.- Limited fishing states: Water sections protected by the Public Administration because of their special hydrological and biological characteristics where fishing exploitation is only allowed There are over 600 water sections in Castile and León that are in certain defined periods of the year and according to the classified as fishing water. pertinent technical plans.

Fishing waters cover more than 1,130 km of river and almost 90 The figures directed to contribute the practice of catch and hectares of fishing lakes. release fishing modality are: > Catch and release sections (TLSM) In recent years, catch and release fishing is being promoted, especially > Social Sporting Scenarios (EDS) for salmon species such as brown . > Catch and release private estates and mixed estates (with fix days to practice deathless fishing).

WATER MASS CLASSIFICATION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN FOR FISHING PURPOSES 2006, Common (Salmo trutta.) units in number of sections. DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF WATER

350 DISTRIBUTION OF THE LIMITED FISHING 300 ESTATES OF SALMON SPECIES 250 MIXED 200 68 44% NO RELEASE 150 16 10% 100 Barbel (Barbus sp.) 50 0 INTENSIVE CLOSED LIMITED TLSM EDS A.R. ESP. CATCH 26 ESTATES AND RELEASE OF 17% FISHING Source: Regional Environment 44 Department 2005 29% FISHING SPECIES Annual capture estimations an around 500,000 salmon species and more than 2 million crayfishes. Among Cyprinids we find barbels and carps. 22 PRODUCTIVE ISSUES: FISHING, HUNTING AND PASTURE EXPLOITATION

PASTURE EXPLOITATION Forest are the main source of pasture for the extensive livestock farming in the region, having a great economic and social relevance in the rural society. Livestock population that depends on forest pastures is below 40% of the total amount; the rest is stabled Pastures located above forests, with a surface of 914,000 all year long. hectares, accounts for 10% of the land in Castile and León. Castile and León is the autonomous community with the highest amount of -cow heads (around 550,000 heads, amounting to 29% of the national production), as well as flock (over 4.6 million, amounting to 21% of the national feeding on natural pastures provides production). Extensive pig breeding is likewise important, high-quality beef, the exploitation of which fosters especially of Iberian pig colonies distributed in the western the persistence of native traditional livestock strip of the Spanish inland. breeds.

There are around 400,000 hectares of meadows in Castile and León: these are forests with tall trees evenly distributed, mainly holm oaks (Quercus ilex), that constitute a remarkable landscape where we can find pastures for grazing, especially for pigs.

23 TIMBER EXPLOITATION

TIMBER AND BRANCH CONSUMPTION GROWTH OF Timber and firewood production in Castile and León amounts UNCHOPPED TIMBER to 10 million cubic meters, 7.5 millions of which account for 5.0 66% timber and the remaining 2.5 for smaller firewood or branches.

TIMBER FELLING FOR BIOMASS ANNUAL TIMBER AND BRANCH EXTRACTION, INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES AND LEFTOVERS in million cubic meters with bark (m3 c.c.). 1.8 0.3 24% 4% FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS

Currently, 25% of the production is used FIREWOOD and the rest piles up on the forest. Source: Regional Environment Department. FELLING The total felling volume adds up to 2.5 0.4 million cubic meters, 1.8 million of which go 6% to timber industries and firewood for energy generation.

Firewood and leftovers used for energy production are considered biomass, the exploitation of which reduces the consumption of fossil fuels and diminishes the risk of fire, preventing an excessive accumulation on the forest.

Currently, 700,000 biomass tones are employed for energy production, which is a rapidly growing sector. Castile and León, according to the Spanish Plan for Renewable Energies, 26% of the bioenergy produced in Spain comes from forests.

It is estimated that, in 2005, 270,000 cubic meters of branch and leaves waste, generated after the felling of trees and with no later exploitation, were left on the forests to pile up on the the ground.

24 PRODUCTIVE ISSUES: TIMBER EXPLOITATION TIMBER - EXTRACTION INDUSTRY TIMBER FELLING According to the data of the Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Regional Environment Deparment) of the Junta de Castilla y León (Castile and León Regional Government), the annual volume of timber felling in forest exploitations amounts to 1,796,000 cubic meters (with bark) in 2005; this accounts for 9% of the national production.

TIMBER EXPLOITATIONS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE CONTEXT OF EU-25

Ratio: (timber felling /annual increase) unit: Relative %

3 Portugal 76% ANNUAL INCREASE of UNCHOPPED TIMBER ( 1,000 m ) ANNUAL Felling ( 1,000 m3) Poland 72%

Sweden 71%

France 64%

United Kingdom 62%

Germany 53%

Spain 53% % FellingAnnual growth Annual Felling CASTILE AND LEÓN 25 % 7,500 thousand m3 1,796 thousand m3 Italy 31% SPAIN 53 % 30,108 thousand m3 15,863 thousand m3 3 3 Castile and León 25% Surpassed by all the EU-25 countries, EUROPE (UE-25) 63 % 626,062 thousand m 393,945 thousand m including Spain 0 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). European Forestry Strategy IFN 3 (1996 - 2004). (Regional Environment Department, Thousand cubic meters of timber with bark Castile and León Regional Government), 2005

OVERALL EVOLUTION OF TIMBER FELLING WITH BARK TIMBER FELLING DEPENDING ON SPECIES IN CASTILE AND IN CUBIC METERS FOR THE 1940 - 2005 PERIOD. LEÓN IN 2005, in 1,000 cubic meters with bark In the last 65 years, timber felling in Castile and León experienced Conifers provide more than ¾ of the total regional timber a remarkable fivefold increase in these exploitations. production. At the same time, 3 species concentrate 85% of the felling: black pine (Pinus pinaster), red deal (Pinus sylvestris) and poplar (Populus sp.). 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 BLACK PINE RED DEAL 562 525 1,200,000 31% 29% 1,000,000 POPLAR 800,000 442 25% 600,000 400,000 OTHER OTHER HARDWOOD CONIFERS 200,000 18 249 0 1% 14% TOTAL FELLINGS: 1975 1970 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1,796 thousand cubic meters WITH BARK

Source: Castile and León Environment Department, 2005 Source: Castile and León Environment Department, 2005 25 NON-TIMBER EXPLOITATIONS The population living in rural regions in Castile and León, due to its proximity, carries out the extraction and marketing of different forest products. It is difficult to procure an overall estimation of these types of activities, as it is not easy to control the extractions; moreover, the adaptation of the productive forest mass to the environment causes great fluctuations in the exploitations, depending on the year. The data appearing in this document show the average extraction values of the most significant products from the forests of Castile and León, taking into consideration the official estimations by the Regional Forestry Administration. FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS PINE NUT Castile and León is an outstanding autonomous community in the exploitation of pine nuts. In 2005, the production of shelled pine nuts amounted to 628 tones, well below the No administrative license is usually 3,000 average tones of the six required to harvest these forest preceeding years and the products; this makes it difficult to carry estimations for 2006. out a statistical control, especially in (due to the fact that bearing private lands. alternates productions every 3 or 5 years).

NUT RESIN In 2005, the production of resin extracted from black pines (Pinus pinaster) amounted to 2,500 tones, meaning a gradual production decrase. Currently, almost the totality of the resin production in Spain is extracted in Castile and León. In the 60's, the annual resin production amounted to almost 50,000 tones.

CORK Cork is obtained from oak extractions (); in Castile and León, 690 tones were extracted in 2005, accounting for 1% of the national production. 26 PRODUCTIVE ISSUES: NON-TIMBER EXPLOITATION CHESTNUT The production of chestnut from chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) is carried out in small particular forests where it is estimated* that the production in 2005 could amount up to 3,000 tones. *approximate estimation of chestnut producing cooperative associations in Castile and León, as well as official data.

MUSHROOMS Data regarding the production of edible mushrooms in 2005 amounted to 15,800 tones, with an annual average of 6,700 tones in the preceeding seven years (due to its sensitivity to adverse climate variations). The harvest of mushrooms for commercial purposes achieves 15% of the potential production in the region, estimating that this sector could generate around 15,000 seasonal jobs.

SAND, GRAVEL AND STONE The production of sand, gravel and stone from public mountains in 2005 amounted to 213,000 cubic meters, being the annual average of the preceeding 7 years of 538,300 cubic meters.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS The data about this field are just orientative, as they make reference to a traditionally familiar and local market about which there are little data. It is estimated that the production of different plants for commercial purposes in public forests in 2005 amounted to 91 tones.

OTHER The exploitation of acorn in pastures where livestock feeds directly from the ground is one of the main values of the pastures in southwestern Castile and León. Likewise, beekeeping carried out close to thickets such as heather (Erica sp.) or rosemary (Rosmarinus sp.) allows the obtention of high-quality honey.

27 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: EXTERNALITIES All indirect profits generated by forests are considered as externalities. Effects transcending landowners, such as the preservation of biodiversity, regulation of water management, formation of landscape or the sink effect, have an impact on the society as a whole.

FORESTS AND THE CARBON CYCLE At a large scale, forest masses play a pivotal role in the carbon cycle and, therefore, in the dumping of the climate change effects. Forests are an important carbon reserve that currently serves as sinks that partially compensate CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuels.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANNUAL FIXED CARBON STORAGE IN THE FORESTS OF CASTILE AND LEÓN FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS

HARDWOOD 43% CONIFERS 57%

Source: IFN 3 FORESTS

CO2 ABSORBTION If those who contaminate pay, The annual absorbtion of equivalent CO2 amounts to 15 million tones, 12 million of which correspond to the forest growth, and the rest remains accumulated in industrially - extracted those who decontaminate... products. This means an average fixation of 4.1 CO2 tones per wooded surface hectare every year.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE EQUIVALENT CO2 ABSORBTION IN FOREST SPECIES, in tones/hectare.

Species Species CO2 absorbtion in t/ha Savin Juniperus thurifera 2.0 Holm oak Quercus ilex 2.5 Pyrenean oak Quercus pyrenaica 3.2 HARWOOD Gall oak Quercus faginea 3.3 CONIFERS Chestnut tree Castanea sativa 3.4 Black pine Pinus pinaster 4.3 Stone pine Pinus pinea 4.5 Black poplar Populus sp. 6.0 Red deal Pinus sylvestris 7.4 Corsican pine Pinus nigra 8.1 Durmast oak Quercus petraea 11.0 Beech Fagus sylvatica 11.4 Source: Estimations by the Castile and León Regional Government from the IFN 3 and specific studies. 2005

CO2 EMISSION ALLOWANCES The allowances authorised to the facilities in Castile and León by the National Plan of Allowances amount to 17.3 million tones of equivalent CO2 in the period 2005-2007. The annual fixation of forests represents 86% of the authorized allowances. 28 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: EXTERNALITIES FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY Black vulture (Aegypus monachus) The variety of landscapes and climates to be found in Castile and León provides a great environmental diversity: this to the presence of a large number of species that find their optimal environment in these lands. FAUNA 65% of Iberian vertebrate species are found in Castile and León, some of them with their biggest colonies, and others standing out (Ursus arctos) for their singularity or scarcity. According to data of the Regional Environment Department, there are 30 endemisms (unique species (Tetrao urugallus) from the region) among the 418 vertebrate species in Castile and León, over 100 of which are considered as endangered. FORESTS AND THE WATER CYCLE The most emblematic endangered species living in Castile and León in 2006 are: Forests accomplish an important task in the regulation of the water cycle and the control of . > Brown bear (Ursus arctos): over 100 specimens divided in two currently separated colonies. The water volume used for public purposes can be compared > Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti): it is estimated that there to the capacity of the water reservoirs in Castile and León, are around 30 couples. which cover a surface of almost 41,000 hectares. There are > Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus): very scarce sedentary, nest- around 100 reservoirs with a total volume of 8,600 hm3. building species with two separate reproductive centers of around 10 couples. This species nests in rocky places in our region. This means 2.9 m3 of water per forest hectare in the region. > Black vulture (Aegypius monachus): sedentary vulture nesting and reproducing in the region that occupies forest zones, mainly pine DISTRIBUTION OF RIVER BASINS IN forests and pastures, with 290 reproductive couples. CASTILE AND LEÓN > Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus): Sedentary nest-building North basin species living in mature deciduous forests of beeches, oaks and basin 1% in high altitudes and pine forests. 4% > Black stork (Ciconia nigra): there are around 80 couples living both in wooded areas as in crags and rocky places next to rivers. basin > Dupont's lark (Chersophilus duponti): sedentary, nest-building species 7% with the biggest colonies in Europe, in open spaces with low scrublands and woody thickets. > Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), is a vulture with momentary Duero basin presence. 84%

Other valuable species that can be found in Castile and León are: > Around 1,100 couples of colonial herons, such as the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), cattle egret (Bubulcus ), little egret ( ), and night heron ( ). ibis Egretta garzetta Nycticorax nycticorax basin Source: > Around 120,000 aquatic overwintering birds corresponding to 4% Regional Environment Department 55 species. In Castile and León there are 5 river basins: 84% of its FLORA surface is part of the Duero basin. This river crosses the In the Castile and León Protected Flora Catalogue, there are 12 land from East to West and collects water from the plant species catalogued as "in danger of extinction" and 29 mountains surrounding the region by means of a large "vulnerable". Two of them are also catalogued as "priority species amount of tributary rivers protected by forest masses. of community interest" by the European Habitats Directive. 29 THEoRETICAL FOREST VALUE ESTIMATION OF THE OVERALL FOREST VALUE According to the methodology used by the Spanish Environment Ministry in the National Forest Inventory, a global theoretical estimation of the woodland value is established according to the existing data, where multiple functions of forests are assessed. According to Profor, the theoretical value of the forests in Castile and León could amount to € 40.000 million. Even if this is not acknowledged in any economic market, the timber production and natural biodiversity, globally, would represent half of the forest value, accounting for 25% and 24% respectively. Other forestry values to be taken into account are: role in the improvement of

FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS the water cycle, leisure issues and CO2 fixation, with 16%, 14% and 12% respectively. Finally, we should not forget the value of other products and pastures. The forest value is not acknowledged by the market: there is no price or trade for its social and environmental value.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST VALUE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN

BIODIVERSITY 24% TIMBER 25%

CO2 FIXATION 12% WATER LEISURE CYCLE 14% 16%

PASTURES 6%

OTHER RESIN PRODUCTS 3% <1% Source: Estimations by PROFOR CyL, according to IFN3 and corrections. 30 THEORETICAL FOREST VALUE · ANNUAL FOREST INCOME

ANNUAL FOREST INCOME THEORETICAL ANNUAL FOREST INCOME ESTIMATION According to the data and estimations by Profor on the basis of forest use by the general population, forests would generate a annual income of € 787.2 million. Actually, this amount is not being paid. Several economic studies are being developed that will allow to quantify forest multifunctionality in a near future. Source: Estimations by PROFOR CyL, according to IFN 3 and corrections. DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANNUAL INCOME THAT FORESTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN WOULD GENERATE IF THEIR MULTIFUNCTIONALITY WOULD BE QUANTIFED, in million euros/year. We must point out that, in this annual income, ENVIRONMENTAL INCOME environmental issues constitute 52% of the 408.6 52% total. The calculation of the forest incomes is based on sectorial estimations with little support SOCIAL INCOME that may contrast the real incomes. 109.1 14% 163 €/inhab. PRODUCTIVE INCOME 269.5 107 €/inhab. 34%

Source: Estimations by PROFOR CyL, according to IFN 3 and corrections.

43 €/inhab. Theoretically, as we can see nowadays, forests are capable of generating an average annual income of 313 euros per inhabitant, due to ENVIRONMENTA PRODUCT RECREATIVE the environmental, productive, and social VALUE EXTRACTION AND gains that it provides. SOCIAL USE OVERAL ECONOMIC FOREST OUTCOME If this multifunctionality was taken into account, the annual forest income would be close to 2% of the regional GDP: Castile and León's GDP in 2004 amounted to € 41,500 million. As only productive aspects are taken into account, it currently constitutes less than 0.2% of the GDP. Castilla & Leon is

The entered income in forest exploitations in the 1999 - 2005 period can be established FOREST in € 75.1 million (annual average): this amounts to less than 10% of the estimated income, taking into consideration forest multifunctionality.

TIMBER EXTRACTION 43.1 57%

FOREST PRODUCTS 20.3 27%

HUNTING PERMITS 5.7 8%

PASTURES 4.1 5%

RECREATIONAL USES 2.0 3% Source: Regional Environment Department 31 GAINS OF THE SOCIAL EXPLOITATION TheThird National Forest Inventory estimates that the annual income that forests in Castile and León generated due to an intensive recreational and landscape exploitation (social aspect) amounts to € 109.1 million per year: This is a symbolic value that is not really charged. The income taken into account by the Regional Environment Department in Castile and León due to the social exploitation of public forests only reached an average value of € 2 million in the period 2002 - 2005, given the fact that there is no charge for its leisure and recreational exploitation. FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS

FORESTS Sign of life in Castile and León

32 GAINS OF THE SOCIAL EXPLOITATION · ENVIRONMENTAL GAINS: EXTERNALITIES

ENVIRONMENTAL GAINS: EXTERNALITIES According to the studies performed by Profor CyL and the data offered by the Third National Forest Inventory, it is estimated that indirect gains from the environmental exploitation of forest masses in the region could amount to € 408.6 million, 52% of the annual woodland income, if we consider its multifunctionality. Externalities provide benefits for the whole society that have an important indirect value, but currently they are not computed and, therefore, not charged for. DISTRIBUTION OF THE EXTERNALITY-GENERATED INCOMES IN THE FORESTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN BIODIVERSITY 46% Natural biodiversity accounts for almost half of the environmental profits of the forest externalities.

CO2 FIXATION WATER CYCLE 23% 31% Source: Estimations by PROFOR CyL, according to IFN 3 and corrections.

CARBON FIXATION Carbon fixation taking place in the regional forests would yield an annual profit of € 93.4 million, according to IFN 3. Therefore, on the base of the CO2 allowances market, the CO2 absorption of the wooded masses in Castile and León could amount to a value between € 1 million and € 200 million, due to the large variability in the price of a CO2 tone in the Spanish industrial sector. It is estimated that our forests fix every year 4.9 tones of equivalent CO2 per inhabitant. This figure is very important if we take into account the fact that allowances per inhabitant are of 6.9 tones of equivalent CO2, according to the Spanish National Allowance Plan for the industrial facilities in Castile and León (controlled industrial sectors, 2005).

PRESERVATION OF THE NATURAL BIODIVERSITY, NOT USE The annual gain attributed to the conservation of natural biodiversity in the forests of Castile and León, according to the IFN 3, would amount to € 187.2 million per year. This amount is related to the relative value of commercial products from the forests that people would be willing to "sacrifice" not to act on natural , according to a social enquiry in the IFN 3.

WATER CYCLE According to the Spanish Statistics Institute (2005), water treatment and supply to the population costed an average of € 0.61 per m3 in 2004. If the existence of the forest surface in Castile and León was taken into account, it would mean saving € 127.9 million per year thanks to an improvement in the quality of water, according to estimations by PROFOR CyL, by the attribution of a minimum value of € 0.03 per m3 of catchment water used for public supply or farming. 33 GAINS OF THE PRODUCTIVE EXPLOITATION According to the studies performed by Profor CyL and the data offered by the TIMBER Third National Forest Inventory, It is estimated that indirect gains from the 73% environmental exploitation of forest masses in the region could amount to approximately € 269.5 million, which would account for 34% of the annual forest income, if we consider its multifunctionality.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE INCOME GENERATED BY THE PRODUCTIVE ISSUES IN THE FORESTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN Timber exploitation amounts for almost FUNCTIONS AND GAINS FUNCTIONS ¾ of the productive profits from the OTHER PRODUCTS regional forests. Source: Estimations by PROFOR CyL, 9% according to IFN 3 and corrections. PASTURES TIMBER EXPLOITATION 18% IFN 3 estimates that the annual average income in the Castile and León woodland due to timber commercialization amounts to € 198.5 million. According to the reports by the Regional Environment Department, forests in Castile and León only generate an average annual income of € 43 million, due to the chopped timber, but this product increases its market value by its use as raw material in industry. Source: Measurement Lists F.M. Regional Environment Department, period 1999 - 2005. Vibrating mechanism used for NON-TIMBER EXPLOITATIONS the extraction of pine cones. If the estimations by the Regional Forest Administrations are taken into consideration, the average annual forest income could be estimated in € 20.3 million, if we include the main non-timber products from Castile and León. 34% Concept Average annual value (1,000 euros)

PINE NUTS (Pinus pinea) 6,900 According to the IFN 3, exploitations such FIREWOOD 4,900 MUSHROOMS 2,500 as fruit and cork extraction provide 24% RESIN (Pinus pinaster) 2,400 € 1.2 million. CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa) 2,000 CORK (Quercus suber) 850 SAND, GRAVEL AND STONE 550 BEEHIVES 50 HERBACEOUS PLANTS 30 OTHER EXPLOITATION 120

12% 11% TOTAL 10% Non-timber products 20,300

4% Source: Regional Environment Department. 3% (Annual data for the 1999-2005 period) <1% <1% and data from cooperative associations and private dealers. PINE NUT MUSHROOMS CHESTNUT GRAIN HERBACEOUS FIREWOOD RESINCORK BEEHIVES PLANTS 34 GAINS OF THE PRODUCTIVE EXPLOITATION HUNTING AND FISHING Income obtained only by means of hunting licences in the public forests of Castile and León amounted to an average annual value of € 5.7 million in the period 2002 - 2005. Direct incomes registered only in the regional game reserves in Castile and León amounted to € 2.26 million in 2005. Indirect incomes obtained by hunting exploitation are estimated in € 150 million, constituting 7.8% of the generated income in the whole country. Indirect income generated by fishing shows figures around € 100 million per year, representing an investment of € 4 million.

PASTURE EXPLOITATION According to the estimations in the Third National Forest Inventory, the indirect annual forest income from pasture exploitation in Castile and León would amount to € 47.5 million. The income obtained only by means of the pasture exploitation licences in the public forests of Castile and León amounted to an average annual value of € 4 million in the period 2002 - 2005.

FORESTS Sign of life in Castile and León

35 FOREST - RELATED ENTERPRISES

There are two kinds of forest - related enterprises:

FORESTRY SERVICE ENTERPRISES:

> Tree nurseries: plant production for woodlands.

> Forestry works: planning, forestry treatments (pruning, felling and clearing), terrain improvement and forest conservation.

INDUSTRY AND EMPLOYMENT INDUSTRY > Forest fire extinction: airborne means and teams.

> Plague treatments

> Forest product extraction: pine nuts, , resin, firewood…

> Consulting and technical services: writing of technical projects, studies and forest action programs.

TIMBER INDUSTRIES: FORESTS source of EMPLOYMENT TIMBER AND FIRST PROCESSING:

> Hand loggers > Sawmill > Carpentry > Plywood and veneers > Packing and wrapping > Chips, pellets and bioenergy > Wood treatment > Storers

SECOND WOOD PROCESSING:

> Wood furniture > Paper pulp and cellulose > Timber shells

36 FOREST-RELATED ENTERPRISES · EMPLOYMENT AND FOREST-RELATED SECTOR

EMPLOYMENT AND FOREST - RELATED SECTOR According to the Social and Economic Council (CES), there were 960,000 people working in Castile and León in 2004. Out of this figure, the forest-related sector generated around 21,000 jobs, 2.2% of the regional working population, according to the estimations by PROFOR CyL. The main body of forest - related employment is not found in the woodlands, but in the forest- resource processing industry. Timber industry constitutes 64% of the employment, while jobs on the woodland occupy one third of the contracts. EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in 2004. The Collective agreement for job 16,000 activities performed in the forest 14,000 exploitations in Castile and León, signed 64% 12,000 in September 2004, allows the workers in the forest - related sector to turn to 10,000 the General Social Insurance, improving 8,000 in this way the conditions offered by 6,000 29% the traditional Agricultural Social 4,000 Security system. 2,000 7% 0 Forest Forest Wood No. administration services processing Source: PROFOR CyL by means of estimations by CNAE, of employees and industry ASEMFO and Regional Environment Department. works The possibilities of the sector as a source of jobs are substantial. However, in order to consolidate employment in the woodland, insecurity in the forest - related sector should disappear and a continuity in the generated jobs should be achieved.

37 38 INDUSTRY AND EMPLOYMENT F at the top of the nationalcontext. ofthe top at the andLeón placesCastile in2004; figures this over6,000workers contracted forest - related companies, extraction wecouldsay primary that -products forest the this Ifweaddto 5,300workers. employing around exploitations, inforest works In 2005 LOCATION OFTHEMAINNON -TIMBERFORESTPRODUCT INDUSTRIES ON OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, INCASTILEANDLEÓN JOBS INTHEPRIMARY FOREST-RELATED SECTORIN2004, DEPENDING ORESTRY employees , there were around around were , there 2,000 3,000 1,000 No. of No. Source: ASEMFO Source: 0 sector of works and services related to forest exploitations exploitations forest to related andservices ofworks sector esnlfrs aoe pcaie Technical staff Specialised laborer forest Personal S ERVICE 700 enterprises E in Castile and León that andLeónthat inCastile NTERPRISES Source: CESEFOR and PROFOR CyL. PROFOR and CESEFOR Source: performed performed Legend: industries Turnover leading Acorn - pastures - Acorn Cork Chestnut Resin Edible mushrooms Pine nut F Sign of life in Sign oflife O R E Castile andLeón Castile S Turnover € million 2.5 2.4 4.9 2.0 0.9 X T S osCompanies Jobs 400 210 X X X X X: No data No 132 36 6 X X X FORESTRY SERVICE ENTERPRISES / TIMBER PROCESSING ENTERPRISES

TIMBER PROCESSING ENTERPRISES In 2004, there were 2,380 industries in the timber processing sector, generating 13,650 jobs in Castile and León.

EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION DEPENDING ON INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, year 2004, number of employees.

FURNITURE 6,000 46% CELLULOSE AND PAPER CARPENTRY 700 3,700 4% 27%

PACKAGING 600 BOARDS 4% 1,100 SAWING 8% 1,550 11%

Source: INE. CNAE. Industrial Surrey to companies. Year 2005. CESEFOR

LOCATION OF THE MAIN TIMBER INDUSTRIES, DEPENDING ON INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY LEGEND: Leading Turnover Turnover in Industries € million Jobs Industries First - Processing Industries Carpentry 280 3,700 660 Territorial Concentration Carpentry Plywood and Veneer 230 1,100 30 Veneer - Board Plywood Sawmill 165 1,550 250 Territorial Concentration Sawmill Packaging and others 145 600 70

Territorial Concentration Packaging and others

TOTAL First Processing Industries 740 6,950 1,010 Second - Processing Industries Cellulose and paper 625 700 6

Furniture 580 6,000 1,100 Territorial Concentration Furniture

TOTAL Second Source: CESEFOR and PROFOR Processing Industries 1,205 6,700 1,106 39 Castile and León shows TIMBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES: a deficit in the use of timber as a raw material FIRST PROCESSING in industry. The value of The first-processing wood industries (sawing, boards, carpentry and packing) generated in 2004 a neto imports amounted to turnover of € 820 million, accounting for to 9% of the national production, with an exploitation volume € 100 million in 2006, of € 36 million, 3.6% of the Spanish total. according to CONFEMADERA: this TIMBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES: FIRST PROCESSING underlines the relevance of confer a value to the In 2005, 1,439,000 m3 of timber without bark were used as a raw material in first - processing timber industries. timber stocks in our woodlands. DISTRIBUTION IN THE INDUSTRY OF TIMBER IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in m3 without bark. INDUSTRY AND EMPLOYMENT INDUSTRY

OTHER INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 12,900 CHARCOAL 1% AND BURNING 26 BOLTS <1% 42,700 3% LOGS FOR SAWING 825,600 57%

WOOD FOR SHREDDING 558,100 39% TIMBER FOR INDUSTRY: 1,439,300 M3 WITHOUT BARK.

Source: Castile and León Environment Department, 2005

DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORTS ACCORDING TO TURNOVER DISTRIBUTION DEPENDING ON INDUSTRIAL FIRST - PROCESSING WOOD INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY: ACTIVITY FIRST - PROCESSING TIMBER INDUSTRY: € 35.5 million. € 820 million.

CARPENTRY 280 BOARDS SAWING 37% OTHER 23 0.3 PRODUCTS 66% 1% 82 4%

OTHER BOARDS PACKAGING CARPENTRY PRODUCTS 230 63 11 1.2 30% 7% 30% 3% SAWING 165 22%

Source: INE. CNAE. Industrial Surrey to companies, 2005. Source: INE. CNAE. Industrial Surrey to companies, 2005. 40 TIMBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES: FIRST-PROCESSING TIMBER FLOW IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, the year 2005. FORESTS Sign of industrial activity in STOCKS OF FOREST Castile and León Annual Growth: 7,500,000 m3 of timber WITH bark EXTRACTIONS OF FOREST 419,000 m3 of FIREWOOD 1,796,000 m3 of timber WITH bark 269,000 m3 LEFTOVER

TIMBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES: FIRST-PROCESSING 1,439,300 m3 of timber WITHOUT bark

Veneer Sawing Shredding Posts and Pit 291,300 m3 534,200 m3 588,200 m3 42,700 m3 5,000 m3 565,000 m3 485,000 m3 100 m3 IMPORTS EXPORTED 103,000 m3 27,000 m3 111,000 m3 13,500 m3

TOTAL CONSUMPTION by the timber processing INDUSTRY 2,257,068 m3 of timber WITHOUT bark

Veneer Sawing Shredding Posts and Pit 193,300 m3 1,072,100 m3 962,200 m3 29,300 m3

3 SUBPRODUCTS 1,014,000 m SUBPRODUCTS

COMMERCIALIZED PRODUCTS 1,831,200 m3

Veneer Sawing Shredding Posts and Pit

Veneer Fiber Board and Sawed 236,400 m3 Posts Board Timber and Plywood Pit Timber 735,500 m3 72,300 m3 503,000 m3 Pulp 34,000 m3 Kraft - Paper 250,000 m3

Source: CESEFOR, 2005

41 REGIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION WHO IS IN CHARGE OF FORESTRY POLICIES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN In Castile and León, the public body in charge of the promotion, coordination, implementation and execution of the forestry policy is the Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Regional Environment Department), by means of the General Direction of the Environment, according to the following competences: > Planning and programming of environmental policies. > Policies regarding forests, livestock trails and forest exploitations in these lands. > Policies regarding river and lake fishing, aquaculture, hunting and hunting farms. > Prevention, extinction and research of forest fires, considering them as those happening in forest land, and the authorization for the use of fire in lands located less than 400 meters away from them. > Prevention, follow-up and control of plagues and forest diseases. > Social use of the environment. > Management and protection of natural sites, as well as the preservation of protected species. > Assessment of the impact of plans and projects in the zones included in the Natura 2000 Network. > Planning and Management of uses of the natural heritage within their competences. ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING ADMINISTRATION > Landscape restoration, not interfering with the competences of other departments. > Prevention of erosion and soil preservation. > Implementation of necessary actions for the authorization of base materials and control of the production for commercialization, as well as those functions regarding the commercialization of reproduction forest materials. > Extension, occupational training and forestry research. > Industrial and commercial promotion of forest products, not interfering with the competences of other departments.

42 FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION CHART IN THE FOREST - RELATED SECTOR: REGIONAL GOVERNMENT REGIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION President of the Castile and León Regional Government CONSEJERÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE CONSEJERÍA DE AGRICULTURA Y GANADERÍA (ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT) (FARMING AND STOCKBREEDING DEPARTMENT) CENTRAL SERVICES > Forest and agricultural training schools > General Directorate for Environmental Infrastructures > Agricultural Product Industries > Residues and polluted soils > Water quality > General Directorate for Environmental Prevention and Land Use Planning TERRITORIAL SECTIONS OR MANAGEMENT COUNTIES > Environmental impact assessment FOR FORESTRY MANAGEMENT IN CASTILE AND LEÓN > Pollution prevention and control In order to achieve a better forestry planning and organization, the Administration > Land use planning has divided the land into 31 territorial forest sections, all of them coordinated by qualified technical staff. > Environmental education > General Directorate for the Environment > Forest fire-fighting and plague control > Natural sites management > Biodiversity preservation > Planting and reforestation > Forest management > Forestry planning > Hunting and fishing management > Grant aid management PROVINCE TERRITORIAL SERVICES One for each of the 9 provinces in Castile and León. Ávila Burgos León Palencia Salamanca Soria Valladolid Zamora Source: Regional Environment Department

FORESTRY MANAGEMENT IN CASTILE AND LEÓN Currently, forestry management is carried out on the base of the Ley de Montes 43/2003 (Forest Law), of November 21th, applicable to the whole Spanish State, as well as other legislation currently in force, until the Ley de Montes de Castile and León (Castile and León Forest Law) enters in force (it is currently being passed by the Regional Parliament). The purpose of this legislation is to implement the "Forest Resources Management Plan" (PORF in Spanish) that will allow to perform a forestry planning and land management in a county scale. 43 FOREST OWNERS If we would ask around whom the forest belongs to, many people would answer that forests belong to all of us. They would be right, but there are some nuances to be made. Forests can be public (property of the administrations and, therefore, of everyone, with a series of regulations), but they can also be private (belonging to individuals or other private entities).

Forest surface is equally distributed between private and public owners in Castile and León. FOREST OWNERSHIP DISTRIBUTION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in hectares. With no specific official data, it is estimated that there are around PRIVATE PROPERTY Depending on the 5,000 public forest exploitations and 2,487,000 ownership, they are an unknown number of private 50.8% PUBLIC PROPERTY classified as: ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING ADMINISTRATION owners (somewhere between 2,410,000 400,000 and 500,000). 49.2% Public forest: Source: Estimations by PROFOR CyL Source: Castile and León Regional PLan. 1999 belongs to the State, autonomous communities, DISTRIBUTION OF THE RELATIVE PERCENTAGE OF PRIVATE REGIONAL FOREST OWNERSHIP local entities and other IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT bodies governed by public Portugal law. Spain France Private forest: Italy belongs to individuals or United Kingdom Castile and León Only surpassed by 12 EU-25 countries, legal persons governed by Germany Spain including private law (for example, Poland neighbour's societies or 0 10 30 50 70 90 traditional societies in some % Private forest surface municipalities). % PRIVATE SURF. % PUBLIC SURF. CASTILE AND LEÓN 51 % 49 % SPAIN 78 % 22 %

Source: TBFRA 2000 (UNECE/FAO). European Forestry Strategy, Castile and León Forest Plan. 1999 STATE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST OWNERSHIP IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, AND AUTONOMOUS in hectares. COMMUNITIES 96,000 2% Local entities own 47% of the forests in the region, INDIVIDUALS 2,487,000 while the Castile and León Regional Government 51% LOCAL and the Spanish State own 2%. ENTITIES 2,314,000 47%

Source: Castile and León Forest Plan. 1999 44 FOREST OWNERS TYPE OF FOREST SURFACE DEPENDING ON THE MANAGER The interventions performed on the forest, also called forestry management, can be public or private. Private actions cover over 2,900,000 hectares, around 60% of the total forest surface in Castile and León. Depending on who performs the management, forests can be: Public forests, property of the administrations, are: The Regional Environment Department manages, > Public domain: on the one hand, all the plots of land included in They provide public uses or services determined by the Administration. the Catalogue of Public Utility Forests and, on the > Patrimonial: other hand, those whose owners have signed an Managed by a public entity that owns the land governed under private law. agreement.

DISITRIBUTION OF FOREST SURFACE DEPENDING ON ITS MANAGEMENT, in 1,000 hectares.

PRIVATE MANAGEMENT 2,929 60%

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 1,968 40%

Source: Castile and León Forest Plan.

PRIVATE PROPERTY In Castile and León, forest landowners are represented in the Forestry Associations (one for each of the 9 provinces), and all of them are grouped in the Federation of Forestry Associations in Castile and León (FAFCYLE).

It represents around 6,200 partners, grouping around 40,000 individuals with a total property of 500,000 hectares. FAFCYLE representes 20% of the private forest surface in Castile and León.

Private property shows a serious smallholding problem, due to the reduced size of the plots of land. Besides, neglect in management in many plots of land and the growth of vegetation originated the loss of the original limits of these plots.

FAFCYLE C/Victor Gallego, 15 Entreplanta, 48008 ZAMORA. Phone: 980 55 77 72 Fax: 980 55 77 73 e-mail: [email protected] President: Dª Amelia Ramos Monreal. Manager: Liliana Fernández Pérez 45 CATALOGUE OF PUBLIC UTILITY FORESTS A catalogued forest is one included in the Catalogue of Public Utility Forests. In order to acquire this condition, it must be declared so by the Administration and must fulfill some requirements, such as:

> Be essential for the protection of soils against erosion processes. > Be located in the headwaters of a river basin, and thus preventing floods. > Used to protect the terrain or for the improvement and preservation of biodiversity, keeping ecosystems, flora and fauna.

The Regional Environment Department is in charge of the updating, approval and management of the forests included in this catalogue.

According to the data of this Department for 2006, there are 3,500 forests included in the Catalogue of Public Utility Forests: this represents over 1.8 million hectares of "catalogued forests", 38% of the regional forest surface. In the Spanish context it represents almost 30% of the forests included in the National Catalogue. ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING ADMINISTRATION

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURFACE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE CATALOGUED FORESTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN CATALOGUED FORESTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN

OTHER FOREST SURFACE 62%

CATALOGUED FOREST SURFACE 38%

Source: Third National Forest Inventory. IFN 3 Castile and León Environment Department, 2006 LEGEND:

Rest of wooded surfaced FOREST Public Utility Forests Sign of life in

Castile and León Source: Regional Environment Department, 2006

46 CATALOGUE FORESTS · LIVESTOCK OF PUBLIC UTILITY TRAILS

LIVESTOCK TRAILS Livestock trails are paths that were formerly used for livestock traffic and pasturage. They are public domain goods that are classified in "cañadas" (maximum width of 75 meters), "cordeles” (maximum width of 37.5 meters) and "veredas" (less than 20 meters wide).

The livestock trail network in Castile and León is the largest in Spain and represents one fifth of Spanish total trails: it covers 35,000 km and 78,000 hectares.

SURFACE COVERED BY THE LIVESTOCK TRAIL NETWORK IN CASTILE AND LEÓN TOTAL cañadas, cordeles, Resting places and Total DOMAIN veredas and coladas, ha. replacement plots, ha. Surface, ha. Classified 10,920 100 11,020 Concentrated 3,000 30 330 Classified and Concentrated 45,480 3,690 49,170 Unclassified or Concentrated 15,000 15,000 TOTAL 74,400 3,820 78,220 Source: Regional Environment Department, Castilla & Leon Forest Plan.

Source: Regional Environment Department, 2005

LEGEND: Livestock Trails in Castile and León LIVESTOCK TRAIL

47 FORESTRY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Forestry planning projects, technical plans, forestry and livestock plans and management schemes are instruments for forestry planning and are employed to develop the future resources of a forest.

In Castile and León, 455,000 hectares of forest surface counted in 2006 with some of the existing planning instruments. Thanks to the new documents being currently prepared, it is planned that, in the next four years, there will be more than 800,000 hectares. SURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORESTRY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTS, IN 2006.

MANAGEMENT Images prior to and PROJECTS after reforestation process (3 years) 73% TECHNICAL PLANS 1% Surface TOTAL:

ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING ADMINISTRATION SILVOPASTORAL PLANS 455,000 hectares 3%

MANAGEMENT SCHEME 23% Source: Regional Environment Department, 2006

Castile and León is a pioneer in the drafting of Forest Resources Management Plans (PORF): these kinds of projects are being implemented in 1.6 million hectares in county planning, affecting 597,000 forest hectares.

PORF serve to perform an adequate planning of forestry uses and actions in county forests.

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FORESTRY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, PERIOD 1881 - 2010, in hectares. 800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000 Source: 200,000 Regional Environment 100,000 Department, Surface 2006 in hectares 0 1891/1900 1911/1920 1931/1940 1951/1960 1971/1980 1991/2000 2007/2010 1881/1890 1901/1910 1921/1930 1941/1950 1961/1970 1981/1990 2001/2006 48 SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION FORESTRY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY 49 MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION The forestry certification is a voluntary process that aims to improve forestry management and the market access of its products. The fact that a forest is certified means that it has obtained and accreditation by an independent entity, showing that it fulfils some criteria of sustainable forestry management.

sustainable forestry s f management In February 2007, there werem 450,000 hectares Castile and León is of forests certified by the PEFC system in Castile and León, among which 10,600 were also certified FOREST by the FSC system: this constitutes 45% of the land at a national level. Castile and León was granted the Sustainable Regional Forestry management Certificate in May 2007. 90% of the certified surface belongs to public managed forests and affects 780 landowners.

REGIONAL FORESTRY CERTIFICATION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN The Sustainable Regional Certification, based on the PEFC system, has been implemented in Castile and León according to the following criteria:

1. Keeping and improving forest resources. 2. Keeping and improving the vitality of forest ecosystems. 3. Keeping and promoting the productive functions of the forests. 4. Keeping and improving biodiversity in forest ecosystems. 5. Keeping and promoting the protective functions of the forests. 6. Keeping and promoting the social and economical functions of the forests. LEGEND: Certified surface Remaining forest surface Source: CESEFOR

49 FORESTRY INVESTMENT AND PLANNING REGIONAL FORESTRY INVESTMENT € 135.1 million were invested in the forestry sector in Castile and León in 2004, one third of which went to subsidies. This meant a 30% increase when compared to 2000, according to ASEMFO. DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORESTRY INVESTMENT IN DISTRIBUTION OF THE REGIONAL FORESTRY INVESTMENT IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN 2004, 2004 ACCORDING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM, in € million. in € million.

SUBSIDIES 32% 30% 44.7 34% COMPETITIVE 17% BIDDINGS 13% 40.1 BY ADMINISTRATION 7% 29% 12.8 1% 9%

ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING ADMINISTRATION FOREST ENVIRONMENT HUNTING MANAGEMENT PROTECTION AND FISHING 43.0 VEGETATION 22.9 NATURAL 9.6 OTHER DIRECT AWARDING RECOVERY SITES 1.3 TO PUBLIC SECTOR 40.1 18.2 COMPANIES 37.5 Source: IV Forest Investment and REGIONAL FORESTRY PLANNING 28% Employment Study. ASEMFO The planned investment by the Castile and León Forestry Plan for the preservation and exploitation of forests was of € 826.7 million for the period 2001- 2007. The investment planning is distributed on the base of 11 specific vertical programs and 8 general cross-sectional programs. CASTILE AND LEÓN AND DISTRIBUTION OF INVESTMENT BUDGET EXPECTED IN THE FIELD BY THE FOREST SPECIFIC PROGRAMS OF FOREST REGIONAL PLAN, in € million.

Forest ownership V1 Vegetation coverage recovery V2 Forest preservation and improvement V3 Silvopast oral Management V4 Forest protection V5 Trail infrastructure V6 Protected natural sites V7 Leisure and social uses V8 Hunting Management V9 Fishing Management V10 Generation of and enterprenurial fabric V11 Management design and implementation T1 Planning development T2 Training T3 Research T4 Investment VERTICAL PROGRAMS : € 769.6 million. Communication and participation T5 Investment CROSS-SECTIONAL PROGRAMS: € 57.1 million. Landscape preservation and improvement T6 Biodiversity preservation and improvement T7 Employment, health and safety T8 0 20 4060 80100 120 140 160 180 Investment in € million, period 2001 - 2007. Source: Castile and León Forest Plan 50 FORESTRY INVESTMENT AND PLANNING · FORESTRY INVESTMENT

FORESTRY INVESTMENT REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST INVESTMENT ON THE BUDGET In the context of the budget of Castile and León, the investment in the forest sector amounted to 7%: this figure is way over the national average of 3.4% in 2004.

Castile and León La Castile La Mancha Total Spain 0 1 243 5 6 7 Ratio, investment / Budget of the Autonomous Community. Source: IV Forest Investment and Employment Study. Asemfo

REGIONAL INVESTMENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT, in € million. Castile and León, with € 135.1 millions, is the second autonomous community that has invested more public money in the forestry sector, achieving 19% of the total amount in Spain in 2004.

Andalusia Castile and León Surpassed only by 1 Autonomous Community Castile La Mancha Galicia Madrid Aragon Extremadura 0 50 100 150 Investment in € million Source: IV Forest Investment and Employment Study. Asemfo. 2004

REGIONAL INVESTMENT DISTRIBUTION IN € PER HECTARES OF WOODED SURFACE IN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT Castile and León invests around € 45.3 per wooded hectare: this means that there is a investment higher than the national average in 2004.

Madrid Andalusia La Rioja Galicia Castile and León Over the Spanish average Castile La Mancha Spanish Total Average 0 20 4060 80100 120 140 160 Ratio, investment in € / wooded hectare. Source: IV Forest Investment and Employment Study. Asemfo. 2004, IFN 3 - IFN 2 51 PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN THE FORESTS € 54 from the taxes of each inhabitant in Castile and León were allocated to cover the expenses of forest preservation and management: this is the highest rate in all the Autonomous Communities, way over the national average of € 16.3 in 2004. Source: IV ASEMFO Study.

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF INVESTMENT PER INHABITANT IN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT, in € / inhabitant.

Castile and León La Rioja Castile La Mancha Aragon Galicia Andalusia Extremadura Spanish total Average ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING ADMINISTRATION 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source: IV Forestry Investment and Employment Study. Asemfo 2004

In Castile and León, tax contributions from the State amounted to € 1,351 per inhabitant. It is estimated that the actions to preserve forests are financed with 4% of the taxes from each citizen.

Source: AEAT, Monthly tax collection report. Castile and León Regional Government

BUDGET DISTRIBUTION OF THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT IN 2006, in € million.

OTHER DEPARTAMENTS 249.4 60% GENERAL ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE 166.2 40% Source: Regional Treasury Department. Castile and León Regional Government

Castile and León is FOREST

52 PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN THE FORESTS DISTRIBUTION OF THE CASTILE AND LEÓN GENERAL BUDGET IN 2006 The general budget of the Castile and León Regional Government went beyond € 9,000 million in 2006. The Regional Environment Department received € 415.6 million: 5% of the available funding.

HEALTH 31%

EDUCATIÓN 21% OTHER 21% COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 10%

ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENT 6% 5% AND LIVESTOCK BREEDING Source: Regional Treasury Department. 6% Castile and León Regional Government.

FORESTS Sign of life in Castile and León 53 FORESTRY MANAGMENT WHAT IS BEING DONE TO PRESERVE AND IMPROVE FOREST MASSES One of the aims of the forestry policy is to manage forests by means of some interventions over vegetation. In the forests of Castile and León, it includes reforestations, forestry treatments (interventions to improve trees), scrub clearings, health treatments (on plagues and diseases) and the recovery of burnt wooded areas (by forest fires).

MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS IN FORESTS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN 2005, in hectares. SCRUB CLEARING HEALTH 6,700 Forestry TREATMENTS 7% 42,200 REFORESTATION Management 43% 18,400 19% means preserving MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT FORESTRY TREATMENTS FORESTS 29,600 Source: Regional Environment Department, 2005 31%

There are interventions on 3% of the total forest surface in Castile and León. In 2005, around 100,000 hectares were under forest works, as well as other consistent interventions in coppicing and forest improvement.

TIMBER VOLUME ACCORDING TO THE MANAGEMENT TYPE Timber extracted from administration - managed forests makes 74% of the total, with a clear dominance of private management in hardwood felling.

PRIVATELY MANAGED FORESTS 467,000 26%

PUBLICLY TOTAL FELLINGS: MANAGED FORESTS 1,796,000 m3 WITH BARK 1,329,000 74% Source: Castile and León Forest Plan.

Forestry management is carried out on the base of the Ley Nacional de Montes 43/2003 (National Forest Law), from November 21, as well as other current forest legislation, until the passing of the Ley de Montes de Castilla y León (Castile and León Forest Law). We must not forget that the management interventions on forests are linked to the planning of protected sites, endangered flora and fauna preservation and even to the protection of the environment. 54 FORESTRY MANAGMENT

FORESTRY The term "Forestry" makes reference to all the works carried out in the forest to improve its exploitation and quality. These works are, on the one hand, forestry treatments consisting on coppings of the forest mass, prunings, harrowing and other interventions on trees. On the other hand we have scrub clearing. These interventions, carried out in rural environments, have contributed to establish the population in these zones, where 1,500 direct jobs · have been generated every year. FORESTRY

FORESTRY TREATMENTS In 2005, 29,600 hectares underwent forestry treatments, 83% of which were in public - managed forests. DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURFACE UNDER FORESTRY TREATMENTS IN 2005, in hectares.

SUBSIDIES TO PRIVATELY OWNED FORESTS 5,000 17% PUBLICLY MANAGED FORESTS 24,600 83%

Source: Regional Environment Department, 2005

SCRUB CLEARING In the case of scrub clearing, it affected 6,800 hectares of woodland in 2005, 70% of which for livestock exploitation.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SCRUB - CLEARED SURFACE IN 2005, in hectares.

FIRE PREVENTION IN PRIVATE PROPERTIES 200 SUBSIDIRES TO 3% LIVESTOCK BREEDING EXPLOITATIONS 4,700 PUBLICLY 70% MANAGED FORESTS 700 10% SUBSIDIES TO PRIVATELY OWNED FORESTS 1,200 Source: Regional Environment Department, 2005 17%

55 REFORESTATIONS The term "reforestation" makes reference to the planting of trees carried out in forests with the aim of recovering the vegetation surface, with species that can adapt to the natural environment. From 1991 until 2005, around 300,000 hectares were reforestated in Castile and León. This constitutes a reforestated surface of almost 21,000 ha/year, being 18,400 in the case of the year 2005.

Reforestations in Castile and León implied the creation and development of more than 50 forest companies and nurseries in rural regions, providing 90,000 direct day's pays.

DISTRIBUTION OF REFORESTATIONS MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT REFORESTATION BY SUBSIDIES In Castile and León, reforestations by means of subsidies by individual TO INDIVIDUALS IN FARMING LANDS initiatives in farming lands meant 63% of the total amount in the 7,713 ha/year 63% REFORESTATION 1991 - 2005 period. BY SUBSIDIES TO INDIVIDUALS DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURFACE REPOPULATE ANNUALLY IN IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE PERIOD 2000 - 2005, FORESTS in hectares. 488 ha/year 4% 25,000

20,000 REFORESTATION BY 15,000 INVESTMENT IN 10,000 MANAGEMENT 4,050 ha/year 5,000 33%

0 Source: Regional Environment Department, 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1991-2005 period Source: Regional Environment Department

There are different types of reforestation: > For timber acquisition. > Protective. PRODUCTIVE > In bleak uplands, hillsides, mountains or others. REFORESTATIONS > For forestry of pasturage purposes, in order to create meadows for pasturage 7% or even farming. > Mixed. PROTECTIVE In 2005, 93% of the reforestations carried out in the region were for protective REFORESTATIONS 93% purposes. According to the IFN3, 2% of the total forest surface (95,300 hectares) underwent productive reforestations to obtain timber in a few years (10 to Source: Regional Environment Department 15), usually with Monterey pine () and Black poplar (Populus sp.). 56 REFORESTATIONS REFORESTATIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The Kyoto Protocol establishes that, in relation to CO2 fixation, all surfaces reforestated from 1990 onwards can be accounted.

Therefore, by means of calculations applied to the wooded surface, we obtain approximately 1.6 tones of CO2, whichs represents almost 13% of the annual carbon fixations by the forests in the Community.

The main beneficial effects of reforestations are: > Improvement of impoverished soils, mitigating erosion and fostering the water cycle regulation. > Landscape improvement, allowing the change in the use of soil, diminishing farming surpluses and increasing the environmental value of the terrain. > Biodiversity increase with over 60 tree species in the plantations.

PLANTS AND SEEDS FOR REFORESTATION Castile and León has 55% of the seed sources and selected stands approved in the National Catalogue of Basic Materials at their disposal. (Areas located in the forests of the Community and authorised for the harvesting, where the necessary ammounts are extracted to ensure the availability of quality forest reproductive materials, because of their origin and variability).

> There are around 641,000 hectares of Identified Basic Material, 2,000 380,000 ha of which are seed sources of the main species (Pinus 1,800 y Quercus). 1,600 > Moreover, there are 4,000 ha of Selected Basic Material, constituted by 70 Selected Stands of the Pinus. 1,400 1,200 In these zones, Castile and León harvests over 225,000 kg of fruit 1,000 every year. The seeds that are obtained are later kept in the Regional 800 Bank, currently possessing a reserve of 67,000 kg of forestry seeds, 600 catalogued in around 2,000 registers. 400 They also have the first laboratory, currently in sanctioning process, 200 for the analysis of forestry seeds. There they perform different 0 analysis on the seeds that will later be used in reforestations processes. Surface Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus in ha. silvestris pinaster pinea nigra halepensis The objectives of the improvement of Forest Reproductive Materials are: With this production, they serve the plant needs of their own > Warranty of the origin of the plant or seed. reforestation projets, as well as other programs fostered by the > Genetic warranty, using adequate plants for the purpose of the Environment Department by means of annual requests (Creation reforestation. and Regeneration of Green Zones in Local Entities, World Forest Day, > Genetic variability as warranty of the adaptation to the etc..). Other significant productions refer to specified objectives for environmental conditions. the protection and recovery of fauna (brown bear, capercaillie, etc..), > Production improvement by means of the selection of the and programs for the preservation of forest genetic resources for best plant or seed. populations or species of interest.

The Castile and León Regional Government manages 8 nurseries, where 13.5 millions of quality forest plants are produced every year. 57 FOREST FIRES Currently, the main threat to forests in the Mediterranean region is forest fires. 93% of them are deliberately started or caused by human negligence. As an average, there are 2,080 forest fires in Castile and León every year, destroying 5,750 hectares of forest. DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMOUNT OF FIRES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, 1995 - 2006 period.

AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK INTERVENTIONS 71%

PYROMANIACS 2%

HUNTING MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT 3%

BOLTS OF LIGHTNING 8% ACCIDENTS 16%

Source : Regional Environment Department

AMOUNT OF FIRES The amount of forest fires has been constant for the last 12 years: 9.6% of the fires in Spain took place in Castile and León.

EVOLUTION OF THE AMOUNT OF FOREST FIRES IN SPAIN AND CASTILE AND LEÓN, 30,000 1994 - 2006 period. 20,000 Spain Castile and León 10,000

0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 No of Fires 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

3,000

2,000

1,000 Source: Spanish Environment 0 Department 58 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 FOREST FIRES BURNT WOODED SURFACE EVOLUTION OF THE TOTAL BURNT FOREST AND WOODED SURFACE IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, 1994 - 2006 period.

70,000 Burnt surface, 60,000 in hectares 50,000 40,000 30,000

20,000 TOTAL BURNT SURFACE 10,000 BURNT WOODED SURFACE 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000 Burnt wooded surface, 10.000 in hectares

Source: Spanish Environment Department EVOLUTION OF THE INDEX OF GRAVITY OF FIRE, 1997 - 2006 period. INDEX OF GRAVITY OF FIRE IN SPAIN FOR AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES, 1997 - 2006 period. Surface Wooded Burned Severity index: x 100 Surface Wooded Total Galicia Canary Islands In recent 0.45 Andalusia Valencian Comunity years, in 0.40 Castile la Mancha Castile and 0.35 León, the index 0.30 Castile and León of severity of 0.25 Extremadura forest fires is Madrid below the 0.20 Basque Country Aragon national 0.15 Balearic Islands average. 0.10 Navarre 0.05 Spain La Rioja Castile and León 0 0 0.20 0.40 0.600.80 1.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 59 FIRE AGAINST FOREST FIRES The Forest Fire-Fighting Budget in Castile and León amounted to € 68 million in 2006; of this amount, 2 of every 3 euros are spent in preventive measures, meaning that it is spent twice as much in prevention as in extinguishing. The investment in fire - fighting has increased in the last 6 years, almost threefold for prevention and twofold for extinguishing. EVOLUTION OF THE INVESTMENT IN FIRE PREVENTION AND EXTINGUISHING, in € million. € Million 50 Prevention 45 Extinguishing 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT 5 Source: Regional Environment 0 Department 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

FOREST FIRE PREVENTION In Castile and León, indirect - prevention measures are carried out in order to reduce the damage caused by fire: forestry roads, watering places, reduction of fuel in the forests or the creation of firebreaks.

In the event of FIRE, any combustible vegetation serves as fuel.

FOREST TRACKS FIREBREAKS AUXILIARY FIRE LINES WATERING PLACES FUEL REDUCTION

There are also measures for active prevention, meaning those that focus on environmental education and measures aimed at creating a social awareness regarding the inadequate use of fire. In this section, two lines promoted by the Regional Environment Department stand out:

> Creation of the Centre for Defence against Forest Fires. It offers training and information to improve the efficiency in the fight against forest fires. > Plan 42, a strategy to increase the awareness in the rural population to use fire adequately in those areas where there is a higher amount of forest fires. 60 FOREST FIRE EXTINGUISHING FIRE AGAINST FOREST FIRES Fire - extinguishing resources come into action when there is a fire. They are part of the Civil Protection Plan For Forest - fire Emergencies, also known as INFOCAL. This plan is designed to solve, as soon as possible, emergency situations in the event of fire, both for people and forest masses.

The fire - extinction operation equipment in Castile and León (composed of watch posts, water tenders, airborne vehicles and machinery squads) is a part of INFOCAL. 4,831 people form this operations team, according to the data from 2006. They are temporarily contracted in the seasons with a higher fire risk (determined by the Regional Environment Department).

DISTRIBUTION OF THE HUMAN RESOURCES EMPLOYED IN FIRE EXTINGUISHING, year 2006. LAND SQUADS 1,623 38% CREW AND DRIVERS STAFF 146 WORKERS 3% 1,102 QUALIFIED 25% TECHNICIANS 170 4% AIRBORNE SQUADS FOREST 492 WARDENS 11% 848 19% Source: Regional Environment Department 2006

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MONITORING AND EXTINCTION SYSTEMS IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, year 2006.

Autopumps Squads Airborne Watch Roadblocks Towers Autonomous Contracted Land Airborne Plane Helicopter Machinery Community 171 87 85 150 69 7 24 28

Source: Regional Environment Department, 2006

In order to have a better organization, INFOCAL differentiates 4 level of severity in case of fire: > severity level 0: fires that can be controlled by Castile and León's extinction operations team. > severity level 1: fires that could "get worse". > severity level 2: fires that need more resources than just those of the autonomous community, > severity level 3: fires that are difficult to control and are considered of national interest. Fire extinction in Castile and León is organized at two levels: provincial level (Provincial Command Centers - CPM -), one for each province; and regional level, coordinating each 9 provincial centers (Regional Command Center - CAM -). Both depend on the Regional Environment Department. 61 HEALTH STATE OF THE FORESTS Forests also suffer from plagues and diseases. The General Directorate for Environment is in charge of its control, study and research. FOLLOW - UP AND CONTROL OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY FOREST PLAGUES AND DISEASES There are 4 reasons that justify interventions in the event of a forest plague: > Protective motives, when there is a threat to the survival or a hindrance in the formation and preservation of wooded masses. > Beauty and healthiness, when the plague or disease hampers or disrupts its landscape and leisure exploitation. > Economic motives, because of the loss or decrease of incomes in the production or hindrance to the extraction of products. > Forestry motives, because of problems in the execution of planned tasks for an adequate forestry management. How can we known the health state of a wooded mass? The answer is: by means of a follow - up network of plots of land, also called "grids", where sample points are taken.

These plots of land are chosen in a way that makes it possible to know better the global plant health state of the forests in Castile and León, as well as other forest ecosystems.

MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT DAMAGE FOLLOW-UP NETWORKS IN THE FORESTS OF CASTILE AND LEÓN, location of control stations, level I network (Red de Rango I). There are two types of network:

LEVEL I NETWORK: Damage follow-up network in the Distribution by species forests of Castile and León: Pinus sp. LEVEL I NETWORK (RED J. thurifera RANGO I). This is a 8x8 km. grid Quercus sp. with 112 control stations. Populus sp. Damage follow-up network in the I. aquifolium forests of the Natural Sites F. sylvatica C. sativa Network: LEVEL II NETWORK (RED RANGO II). This is a 4x4 km. grid with 169 control stations.

This measurement allows the control of the forest coverage situation and the existence or absence of plagues and diseases, by means of the indicators and parameters established in the UNE Norm. Source: Regional Environment Department, Castile and León Regional Government HEALTH STATE OF THE FOREST MASSSES According to the European Level I Network, a European grid that measures the health state of forest surfaces, in 2006, in Castile and León the total average defoliation was in a low damage level (20%), of Class 1 "light defoliation", observing a higher damage in hardwood trees. 62 TREATMENT FOR DAMAGES BY PLAGUES AND HEALTH STATE OF THE FORESTS IN 2006, € 1.2 MILLION WERE INVESTED AS FOLLOWS, FOREST DISEASES in €. In 2006, 39,125 hectares underwent treatment tasks with LAND an average investment of € 27.6 per hectare. TREATMENTS 471,900 39%

ACQUISITION FOREST SURFACE UNDER HEALTH TREATMENT IN 2006, ACQUISITION OF PHEROMONE in hectares. OF PRODUCTS TRAPS FOR PLANT HEALTH 7,10 0 440,500 1% 36%

OTHER AIRBORNE MEANS LAND 50,600 37,300 TREATMENTS 1,800 4% 95% FUNDING 5% FOR RESEACH AIRBORNE ON PLAGUES MEANS 73,800 168,100 6% 14% Source: Regional Environment Department Source: Regional Environment Department, 2006

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURFACE AND TREATED PLAGUES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, in hectares, for the period 2004 - 2006. The processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), is still the most fought plague in the region, with 25,300 hectares treated in 2006, 65% of the total surface. The processionary catterpilar hides under those white "bags" that we see in certain moments of the year in pine trees. They contain that, in their search for food, eat leaves, weaken them and facilitate the attack of other agents.

T.p. 25.300 64% O.b. E.d. 300 600 1% 2%

L.s. OTHER 1.100 1.800 3% 5% Mn - Ld 8.000 R.b. 20% 1.900 5%

LEGEND: (T.p.) - Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) (R.b.) - Pine Shoot (Rhyacionia buoliana) (L.s.) - White Satin Moth (Leucoma salicis) (O.b.) - Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) (M.n.) - Lackey Moth ( neustria) (L.d.) - Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) (E. d.) Mottled Umber - (Erannis defoliaria) 63 PROTECTED NATURAL SITES There are almost 2.5 million hectares in Castile and León of forest under some type of enviromental protection program, amounting to 26% of the land. NATURAL SITES NETWORK IN CASTILE AND LEÓN (REN) The Red de Espacios Naturales (Natural Sites Network) in Castile and León, also called REN, embraces those places having specific characteristics and some determined environmental values. By means of this network, the preservation and protections of these sites is fostered. The sites are classified as follows:

PROTECTED NATURAL SITES NATURAL AREA OF PARTICULAR INTEREST

PUBLIC UTILITY FORESTS REGIONAL PARK HABITAT OF SPECIAL PROTECTION NATURAL PARK LIVESTOCK TRAIL OF RECREATIONAL INTEREST NATURAL RESERVE NATURAL AREA NATURAL MONUMENT CATALOGUED RIVER BANK

MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT PROTECTED NATURAL LANDSCAPE CATALOGUED

With more than 1.2 million hectares, REN occupies almost 13% of the regional surface. It has 36 catalogued sites, 20 of which, with a surface of 541,800 hectares, are declared as protected sites.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL SITES NATURAL IN CASTILE AND LEÓN MONUMENT NATURAL 22,900 RESERVE 5% 17,100 REGIONAL 3% PARK 207,000 NATURAL 41% PARK 257,600 51%

Source: Regional Environment Department, 2005

LEGEND: National Park Natural monument National Park and Regional Park Regional Park Nature Reserve Approved PRON Natural Sites Plan

Source: Regional Environment Department, 2005 64 PROTECTED NATURAL SITES NATURA 2000 NETWORK Natura 2000 is the European network of Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). Its objective is the preservation of biodiversity in Europe by means of the classification and protection of certain areas; those having the most representative of priority habitats and species to be preserved. The creation of the Natura 2000 Network went under a complex process: The EU Member States drafted a proposal with Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and Special Protection Areas (SPA) that will be analyzed by the European Commission before its declaration as SAC.

Natura 2000 Network Surface of SPA Surface of SCI TOTAL Surface of SPA/SCI FOREST Castile and León (hectares) (hectares) (hectares) More than 26% Surface 1,890,597 1,997,971 2,461,708 of the surface in % TOTAL Surface 20% 21% 26% Castile and León Source: Spanish Environment Department, 2005 is included * According to the Council Directive 92/43/EU-25 on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. in SCI or SPA. ** According to the Council Directive 79/409/EU-25 of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds. SPA DISTRIBUTION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE CONTEXT OF EU-25 COUNTRIES, in hectares. Spain Poland Germany Sweden Source: Finland Spanish Environment Department, Natura 2000 network. Special Italy Data from June 20th 2005 Protection Area Castile and León Only surpassed CASTILE AND LEÓN 2 M. hectares 5.2 % France by 6 EU-25 countries, including Spain SPAIN 8.6 M. hectares 22.4 % United Kingdom EUROPE (EU-25) 38.6 M. hectares 100 % Portugal

0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 SCI surface, in hectares. Castile and León is the Autonomous Community with more SPA surface, having 23% of the national total amount. SCI DISTRIBUTION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN IN THE CONTEXT OF EU-25 COUNTRIES, in hectares. Spain Sweden Germany Finland Source: Italy Spanish Environment Department, France Natura 2000 network. Site of Data from June 20th 2005 Community Greece Importance CASTILE AND LEÓN 1.9 M. hectares 3.5 % United Kingdom Castile and León Only surpassed SPAIN 11.9 M. hectares 21.8 % Poland by 8 EU-25 countries, EUROPE (EU-25) 54.6 M. hectares 100 % including Spain 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 SCI surface in hectares. In the case of SCI, it is the second Autonomous Community, with 16% of the national SCI, behind Andalusia that has 21% (if maritime terrains are included). 65 FLORA AND FAUNA PRESERVATION Those activities performed in a forest are planned in such a way that they preserve the most fragile natural ecosystems and the flora and fauna species to be found in it. The Administration establishes some basic criteria for this purpose. FLORA Regarding flora, forest species that must be preserved in the region In Castilla & Leon are found in the Castile and León's Regional Catalogue of Endangered there are specific regulations for the Flora, where the concept of "Flora microreserves" is created and protection of the the drafting of documents aimed at an adequate management and European Holly preservation of our flora is fostered. (Ilex aquifolium) allowing its FAUNA controlled The recovery plannings for critically endangered species serve to commercialization. perform interventions aimed at the preservation and recovery of the Decree 341/1991, most endangered species. Castile and León has approved the of November 28th recovery plannings for the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti), Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), black stork (Ciconia nigra) and

MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT Brown bear (Ursus arctos). Other recovery plannings are being drafted, such as one for the Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogallo) and the European mink (Mustela lutreola). Besides, the plans for the preservation of endangered species, as well as the recovery plans for critically endangered species, consider interventions to: There are three Wild Life Recovery Centres > Forest habitat improvement for each species. (CRAS in Spanish) in the Community, the objective > Agreements with landowners to develop measures that improve biodiversity. of which is the recovery and incorporation of > Environmental awareness and education. rehabilitated specimens to the enviroment, as > Specialised training and follow-up of colonies. well as researching and developing programs for rearing certain species in captivity. AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS Castile and León STEPPES PRESERVATION has elaborated > The program for cereal steppes in Castile and Leon is developed since 1993 the Preservation with the objective of keeping and reintroducing agricultural production systems Planning for the that are compatible with the preservation of the fauna associated to cereal Iberian grey wolf farming. This program incorporates subsides to the farmings that develop this (Canis lupus) that agricultural practices, helping steppe birds in regions with a cereal - farming will help its coexistence with tradition, especially in those with presence of bustards. rural > There is a similar program for the maintenance of alfalfa farmings. populations. SILVOPASTORAL INTERVENTIONS > Its objective is to fit out for pasturage terrains which are underused by livestock due to the scrub invasion. There are planned interventions, among which stand out scrub clearing, as well as manuring and the construction of infrastructure for Among the colony follow - up interventions stand out livestock (paths, hedges, watering halts, etc…). the studies on: PRESERVATION OF WATER ECOSYSTEMS > Ardeidae and the Western Harrier (Circus > Maintenance, restoration and management of catalogued , with a aeruginosus). great interest in the preservation of waterfowls linked to these habitats, as in the > Hen Harriers (Circus cyaneus) and other steppe birds. case of the lakes in La Nava, Villafáfila, Tamariz de Campos and Cantalejo. > Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). > Restoration of widely degradated river banks in different stretches of the > Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius) and Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius). 66 Duero river, as in the case of the natural site in Castronuño. FLORA AND FAUNA PRESERVATION · NATURAL ENVIRONMENT SURVEILLANCE

ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE Forest surveillance and control tasks are performed since more than 125 years by forest wardens. These agents work for the Regional Forest Administration.

There are currently 850 Environment wardens working for the Regional Forestry Administration in CASTILE AND LEÓN

Forest wardens are known in Castile and León as "environment agents", DISTRIBUTION OF THE COUNTY OFFICES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN being their main functions the following:

> Preservation and improvement of the enviroment by means of interventions for custody, protection of the forest wealth and wild fauna and flora.

> Information, inspection and control of classified activities, waste materials and pollution.

> Information, inspection and control on water quality and the evaluation of environmental impact.

> Any other environmental funtion being a competence of the Regional Environment Department, according LEGEND: to its capacitation and professional County offices qualification. Source: Regional Environment Department, 2007 67 FORESTRY RESEARCH CENTRES IN CASTILE AND LEÓN MANAGED BY FORESTRY RESEARCH THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT > Valonsadero Forestry Experiencies Centre Castile and León has at least 4 public centres > Calabanazos Forest Health Centre focused specifically on forestry research. > Fire Defence Centre > Centre for Forestry Services and Industrial Promotion (CESEFOR)

Main R&D projects in which the Regional Environment Since March 2005, in Spain, the Technological Platform of the Forestry Sector and Department takes part: Derived Industries gathers the different companies and entities that develop their activity in the forest sector, with the objective of fostering competiveness and to develop joint VALONSADERO FORESTRY EXPERIENCIES CENTRE activities of research and development in an organized way. > Forestry research on autochthonous hardwood plantations that produce quality timber in Castile and León. > Management of hardwood plantations for the production At the same time, Universities develop R&D projects with the Regional of quality timber. Administration, cooperate with INIA (Institute of Agricultural Research) and > Diagnosis and implementation of preservation measures other departments in the State Administration in national forest R&D programs. in Myrica gale colonies. > Micodata Project: exploitation and sustainable management of edible wild mushrooms. > Production of mycorrhized bushes with Boletus edulis

RESEARCH, TRAINING AND FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS AND FORESTRY TRAINING RESEARCH, mushrooms.

> Economic viability of the change of soil use as a CO2 sink. > Functional and demographical analysis of the regeneration of holm oaks and Mediterranean oak.

CALABAZANOS FORESTRY HEALTH CENTER > Biological treatment of the sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). > Biological treatment and control of (Ips sedentatus) and (Ips acuminatus).

FIRE DEFENCE CENTRE > Integral study of forest fuels from black pine (Pinus pinaster).

CENTRE FOR FORESTRY SERVICES AND INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION IN CASTILE AND LEÓN, CESEFOR > Soria and Burgos Pine Quality Stamp: Guarantee the quality and timber resistance of Pinus sylvestris. > Quercus pyrenaica for oenological purposes: Use of timber from Quercus pyrenaica for oenological purposes depending on the required product: Hogshead and splinters.

> CO2 assessment in the forests and timber products. > Forestry model platform: Development of all the computer tools to support forestry management. > Improvement in the poplar production in the Duero valley.

68 FORESTRY RESEARCH

FORESTRY TRAINING > 6 centres with certified training offering vocational In Castile and León there are: training modules on forestry training. Technical education: > 4 University Centres with Forestry Studies. Forestry works and environment preservation

Advanced education: · 3 year degree: Technical Forestry Engineer (Ingeniero Técnico Forestal) FORESTRY TRAINING 5 year degree: Forestry Engineer (Ingeniero de Montes) Management and organization of landscape and natural resources

Source: CESEFOR.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL FORESTRY TRAINING CENTRES:

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL FORESTRY In Castile and León there are approximately: TRAINING CENTRES: > 220 students enrolled in post-secondary vocational forestry training studies. > 120 students enrolled in advanced vocational forestry training studies. In Castile and León there are approximately: > 310 students enrolled in the Bachelor's Degree of > Almazcara Agricultural Training School. León Forestry Engineering. > Forestry Studies Module in Santa Espina, Valladolid. > 1,160 students enrolled in the studies for the obtention > Lorenzo Milani Specific Professional Training Centre. Salamanca. of the Diploma in Technical Forestry Engineering. > Almazan Forestry Training School. Soria > Coca Forestry Foremen School. Segovia > Agricultural Engineering Technical and Superior School. > Segovia Forestry Training School. University of León. Ponferrada Campus. > Agricultural Engineering Technical and Superior School. There are 7 crafts school - workshops in Castile and León for vocational training in University of Valladolid. Palencia Campus. forestry interventions (1 year long) and 12 employment workshops (2 year long) > Agricultural Engineering University School. University of with 350 enrolled students in 2006, as well as vocational schools. There are currenly Valladolid. Soria Campus. 18 professional certificates for forestry - related issues applicable in Spain. > Science College of the Catholic University of Ávila. 69 ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS There is a great amount and diversity of organizations and entities that represent the different agents involved in the forestry sector, considering all those who represent products and services related to the forestry production, in different fields:

INDIVIDUAL FOREST LANDOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS There is a regional federation (FAFCYLE) www.fafcyle.org*, integrated by 9 provincial associations.

PROFESSIONAL FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS Professional associations: There is a regional delegation of the official Forestry Engineers Associations, www.ingenierosdemontes.org Technical forestry engineers, www.forestales.net and biologists, www.cob.es Environment and Forest Warden's Association (FEAMCyL): it is formed by local associations. www.agentesforestales.es Spanish Forestry Association (PROFOR CyL), www.profor.org Association of Environmental Journalists (APIA), www.apiaweb.org*

COMPANY ASSOCIATIONS Formed by representatives of the different company intervention fields, forestry services and consulting: Forestry Company (ASEMFO), www.asemfo.org Timber companies (CEMCAL), www.confemadera.es/cemcal/ Board manufacturers (ANFTA), www.anfta.es

RESEARCH, TRAINING AND FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS AND FORESTRY TRAINING RESEARCH, Corrugated-board manufacturers (AFCO), www.afco.es Energy producers (APPA), www.appa.es Biomass energetic assessment (AVEBIOM), www.avebiom.org Engineering and Consulting Companies (ACALINCO), www.acalinco.es Spanish Federation of Timber Industries (FEIM), www.feim.org Spanish Association of Pulp, Paper and Cardboard Manufacturers (ASPAPEL), www.aspapel.es*

FORESTRY SERVICES ASSOCIATIONS Entities acknowleged for the sustainable forestry certification PEFC, www.pefc.es and FSC, www.fsc-spain.org Pine nut produces (ACEPI), www.acepi.org Federation of regional mycological associations (FAMCAL), www.famcal.org* and provincial and local delegations. Local associations of different specific forestry products.

ASSOCIATIONS INVOLVED IN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT Hunting and Fishing associations: Regional hunting federation composed of 9 provincial associations. Associations of hunters and fishers (AVACAP), www.avacap.org** Certified fishing and hunting associations included in the regional register (415 entities in 2004) Rural development associations: Local intervention groups: 17 Groups of the European LEADER+ program and 27 of the PRODER program. Spanish Rural Development Network Conservationist associations and groups: Ecologistas en Acción, www.ecologistasenaccion.org Adena WWF, www.wwf.es Seo Birdlife, www.seo.org Other ecologista associations Extensive cattlebreeding associations: Federation of extensive cattlebreeding producers (FEVEX), www.fevex.com Association of Iberian pig producers (ASACRIBER), www.iberico.com Source: Forestry Guide. Foundations for the interest of the field and the general public. Drafted by PROFOR CyL. 2006 70 ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS FOREST LANDOWNERS FORESTRY REPRESENTATIVE ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONTACT > Federation of Forestry Associations in Castile and León (FAFCYLE). > National Association of Forestry Companies (ASEMFO). C/Victor Gallego, 15 entreplanta. 49009 Zamora, Paseo de la Castellana nº 166, escalera 3, 10 A. 28046 Madrid, Phone: 980 55 77 72 Fax: 980 51 05 80 Phone: 91 35 00 170 web: www.asemfo.org INFORMATION e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] REGIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS > Confederation of Timber Producers in Castile and León (CEMCAL). > Forestry Engineers Professional Association C/ Plaza Fuente Dorada, 1, 1º. 47004 Valladolid, Phone: 983 35 79 81 > CIDA, Environment Information and C/ Cristobal Bordiú, 19 - 21, 28003 Madrid, Documentation Centre. Phone: 91 534 60 05 fax: 91 534 61 04 e-mail: [email protected] C/ Rigoberto Cortejoso, nº14. 47014 Valladolid, web: www.ingenierosdemontes.org > Forestry Professionals' Association (PROFOR CyL). Phone: 983 41 91 00 > Technical Forestry Engineers Professional Associations C/ Mieses, 14 - 8º A. 47009 Valladolid, Pza. Fuente Dorada, nº 4, 1º, 28001 Valladolid, e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 983 33 42 94 web: www.forestales.net Phone: 983 36 28 47 web: www.profor.org e-mail: [email protected] FORESTRY RESEARCH CENTRES > Federation of Forest and Environment Wardes in Castile and León CENTRAL SERVICES: (FEAMCYL). > Valonsadero Forestry Experiencies Centre. · CONTACT INFORMATION > Regional Environment Department. Ctra. Nacional 234, km. 356. 42005 Soria, Apartado de correos 2083. 09003 Burgos, Phone: 975 22 81 90 e-mail: [email protected] C/ Rigoberto Cortejoso, nº14. 47014 Valladolid, Phone: 630 37 17 63 web: www.cuidabosques.org > Calabanazos Forest Health Centre. Phone: 983 41 99 79 fax: 983 41 99 77 P. I. de Villamuriel. 34190 (Villamuriel de Cerrato) Palencia, e-mail: [email protected] web: www.jcyl.es Phone: 979 77 04 03 e-mail: [email protected] > Regional Hunting Federation in Castile and León. > Fire Defence Center. Avda. de Gijón, nº 13. 47009 Valladolid, > General Directorate for the Environment. Avda. de Roma nº 3, 1º. 24001 León, Phone: 983 33 34 88 C/ Rigoberto Cortejoso, nº14. 47014 Valladolid, Phone: 987 22 09 46 e-mail: [email protected] > Federation of Mycological Associations in Castile and León Phone: 983 41 99 35 - 34 fax: 983 41 99 33 > Center for Forestry Services and Industrial Promotion e-mail: [email protected] (CESEFOR). (FAMCAL). P. I. de las Casas. C/ C, parcela 4. 42005 Soria, Apartado de correos nº 394. 49080 Zamora, Phone: 975 21 24 73 web: www.cesefor.com Phone: 980 51 46 47 TERRITORIAL SERVICES: > Institute of Natural Resources and Agricultural Biology e-mail: [email protected] in Salamanca (CSIC). > Environment Jounralists Associations (APIA). > Territorial Service in ÁVILA. C/ Cordel de Merinas nº 40. 37008 Salamanca, Pasaje del Císter, nº1. 05001 Ávila, Phone: 923 21 96 06 e-mail: [email protected] Apartado de correos nº 10308. 28080 Madrid, Phone: 920 35 50 00 fax: 920 35 50 67 Phone: 91 763 21 06 e-mail: [email protected] FORESTRY TRAINING CENTRES e-mail: [email protected] Forestry vocational training: > Spanish Rural Development Network. > Territorial Service in BURGOS > Almázcara Agricultural Training School. C/ Constancia 38, local. 28002 Madrid, C/ Juan de Padilla s/n. 09006 Burgos, Finca la s/n. 24398 Almázcara León, Phone: 91 413 27 76 Phone: 947 28 15 00 fax: 947 23 79 59 Phone: 987 46 73 77 fax: 987 46 73 77 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] > Lorenzo Milani Specific Professional Training Centre. > Foundation for Biodiversity. Aldehuela de Guzmanes s/n. 37195 Cabrerizos Salamanca, > Territorial Service in LEÓN. Phone: 923 18 08 31 Plaza Alonso Martínez, nº 3. 4ª planta. 28004 Madrid, Avda. Peregrinos s/n. e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 91 121 09 20 Phone: 987 29 61 00 fax: 987 29 61 25 > Almazán Forestry Training School. e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] C/ La Dehesa s/n. Aptdo. 25. 42200 Almazán Soria, > Oxygen Foundation. Phone: 975 30 11 11 fax: 975 30 01 54 C/ Santa Águeda, nº 2, 4º A. 09003 Burgos, > Territorial Service in PALENCIA. e-mail: [email protected] C/ Casado del Alisal, nº27. 34001 Palencia, > Coca Forestry Foremen School. Phone: 947 25 67 52 Phone: 979 71 55 15 fax: 979 71 55 73 C/ El s/n. 40480 Coca Segovia, e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 921 58 60 62 fax: 921 58 62 31 > Natural Heritage Foundation in Castile and León. > Territorial Service in SALAMANCA. > Segovia Forestry Training School. C/Juan II de Castilla Nº 6- Bajo. 47014 Valladolid, Ctra. de Arévalo, km. 52. 40071 Segovia, C/ Villar y Macías, nº1. 37002 Salamanca, Phone: 983 34 58 50 web: www.patrimonionatural.org Phone: 923 29 60 26 fax: 923 29 60 41 Phone: 921 44 42 66 fax: 921 44 54 57 > Forestry Studies Module in Santa Espina, Valladolid > Castilian Association of Pine Nut Producers (ACEPI). > Territorial Service in SEGOVIA. La Santa Espina. 47641 Castromonte Valladolid, Carretera de Olmedo, 67. 47430 Pedrajas de San Esteban Valladolid, Pza. Reina Doña Juana, nº5. 40001 Segovia, Phone: 983 56 50 64 - 11 fax: 983 56 52 71 Phone: 659 921 675 / 628 062 610 Phone: 921 41 73 84 fax: 921 41 72 00 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] University forestry training: > Spanish Association of Corrugated Cardboard Manufacturers > Agricultural Engineering Technical and Superior School. (AFCO). > Territorial Service in SORIA. University of León. Ponferrada Campus. C/ Capitán Haya, 56, 3º D. 28020 Madrid, C/ Mariano Granados, nº1, plantas 6 y 8 Avda. Astorga, s/n. 24400 Ponferrada León, Phone: 91 571 17 02 web: www.afco.es Phone: 975 23 66 90 fax: 975 23 13 12 Phone: 987 44 20 00 e-mail: [email protected] > Agricultural Engineering Technical and Superior School. > Spanish Association of Board Manufacturers (ANFTA). University of Valladolid. Palencia Campus. C/ nº 20, 1º F. 28002 Madrid, > Territorial Service in VALLADOLID. Avda. de Madrid, 57. 34071 Palencia, Phone: 91 564 78 01 C/ Duque de la Victoria, nº5. 47001 Valladolid, Phone: 979 10 83 94 e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 983 41 10 60 fax: 983 41 10 90 > Agricultural Engineering University School. > Intersectorial Committee of Timber Producers in Castile and León. University of Valladolid. Soria Campus. e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 983 34 36 03 C/ Ronda Eloy Sanz, nº 5, 42003 Soria, > Territorial Service in ZAMORA. Phone: 921 23 39 32 e-mail: [email protected] C/ Leopoldo Alas Clarín, nº4 > Science College of the Catholic University of Avila. > Forestry Technological Platform. Phone: 980 55 96 00 fax: 980 52 69 91 C/ Canteros s/n. 05005 Ávila, Phone: 91 576 30 03 e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 920 25 10 20 web: www.ucavila.es e-mail: [email protected] 71 72