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'EVER DIFFERENTIATED UNION': PARTICIPATION of THIRD STATES in the COMMON SECURITY and DEFENCE POLICY ERENCAN TEZCAN Msc FREE

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'EVER DIFFERENTIATED UNION': PARTICIPATION of THIRD STATES in the COMMON SECURITY and DEFENCE POLICY ERENCAN TEZCAN Msc FREE ‘EVER DIFFERENTIATED UNION’: PARTICIPATION OF THIRD STATES IN THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY ERENCAN TEZCAN MSc FREE UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM 2019 i Bursiyer ve Programa Ait Bilgi Formu Adı-Soyadı Erencan Tezcan Sözleşme No. TR2016/DG/04/A1-01/0273 Başvuru Yaptığı Sektör Kamu (Kamu-Üniversite-Özel Sektör) Başvuru Esnasında Bağlı Bulunulan Kurum AB Başkanlığı Başvuru Esnasında Bağlı Bulunulan AB İşleri Uzmanı Kurumdaki Unvan Çalışma Alanı (AB Müktesebat Başlığı) Fasıl 31: Dış, Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası Öğrenim Görülen Ülke Hollanda Öğrenim Görülen Şehir Amsterdam Programın Öğretim Dili İngilizce Üniversite Özgür Amsterdam Üniversitesi Fakülte Sosyal Bilimler Bölüm Siyaset Bilimi Program Adı Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Ulusaşırı Yönetişim Programın Başlangıç/Bitiş Tarihleri (PDS 01/09/2018 – 01/09/2019 belgesindeki tarihler) Öğrenim Süresi (ay) 12 ay “Daha Farklılaşmış Birlik”: Üçüncü Devletlerin Ortak Tez/Araştırma Çalışmasının Başlığı Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikasına Katılımı Danışmanının Adı/Soyadı Dr. Özlem Terzi Danışmanının E-posta Adres/leri [email protected] ii Scholar and Program Information Form Name/Surname Erencan Tezcan Contract No. TR2016/DG/04/A1-01/0273 Sector as of the Application Date Public (Public Sector-University-Private Sector) Institution as of the Application Date Directorate for EU Affairs Title as of the Application Date EU Expert Field of Study (i.e. EU Acquis Chapter) Chapter 31: Foreign, Security and Defence Policy Country of Host Institution The Netherlands City of Host Institution Amsterdam Language of the Programme English Host Institution Vrije University Faculty Social Science Department Political Science International Relations and Transnational Name of the Programme Governance Start/End Dates of the Programme (as in the 01/09/2018 – 01/09/2019 PDS) Duration of the Programme (months) 12 months ‘Ever Differentiated Union’: Participation of Title of the Dissertation/ Research Study Third States in the Common Security and Defence Policy Name of the Advisor Dr. Özlem Terzi E-mail/s of the Advisor [email protected] iii THESIS/RESEARCH REPORT APPROVAL PAGE I have examined the dissertation/research report entitled [‘Ever Differentiated Union’: Participation of Third States in the Common Security and Defence Policy] presented by [Erencan TEZCAN] and hereby certify that it is worthy of acceptance. ../../20.. [Dr. Özlem TERZİ] [Signature] [VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT] iv Table of Contents Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................1 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................2 Özet ..............................................................................................................................3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................5 1. A Part of European Security, But not a Part of CSDP? ...........................................9 1.1. A Brief History of Third States’ in European Security and Legal Possibilities .....9 1.2. Same Question, Different Answers .................................................................... 11 2. Tools in the Box: Differentiation, Externalization and the CSDP ............................. 16 2.1. Historical Evolution and Recent Discussions about Differentiated Integration ... 17 2.2. Differentiated Integration as a Theoretical Frame .............................................. 18 3. Concepts, Method and Sources ................................................................................ 22 3.1. Key Concepts and Operationalizations into Variables........................................ 22 3.2. Process Tracing ................................................................................................. 24 3.3. Data Sources and Case Selection ....................................................................... 26 4. Participation of Non-EU European States in the CSDP ........................................... 28 4.1. Norway and the CSDP ...................................................................................... 28 4.2. Iceland and the CSDP ....................................................................................... 35 4.3. Turkey and the CSDP........................................................................................ 40 4.4. Comparative Analysis of the Cases ................................................................... 47 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 49 Reference List ............................................................................................................. 53 1 Abbreviations CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy EDA European Defence Agency EDF European Defence Fund EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Area ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EU European Union FPA Framework Participation Agreement ICRU Icelandic Crisis Response Unit NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization PADR Preparatory Action on Defence Research PfP Partnership for Peace PESCO Permanent Structured Cooperation PSC Political and Security Committee UK United Kingdom UNSC United Nations Security Council USA United States of America WEU Western European Union 2 Özet Avrupa Birliği, iç ve dış boyutlarıyla birçok alan ve sektörde “farklılaşmış” bir siyasal varlık olarak kurumsallaşmıştır. Avrupa Birliği’nde yakın dönemde yaşanan siyasal gelişmeler, farklılaşmanın hızını da arttırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası, iç ve dış farklılaşmanın iyi bir örneğidir. Zira bir üye devlet olan Danimarka politikaya dahil olmamayı tercih ederken, üye olmayan bazı ülkeler güvenlik ve savunma alanındaki bütünleşmenin bazı veçhelerine katılım sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, temel amaç, üçüncü ülkelerin güvenlik ve savunma alanlarındaki bütünleşme sürecine katılımlarını kolaylaştıran ya da engelleyen faktör ve koşulları anlamak ve açıklamaktır. Bu amaçla, farklılaştırılmış bütünleşme kuramının temel varsayımları araştırma sorunsalını çözebilmek için kullanılacaktır. Ayrıca, Norveç, İzlanda ve Türkiye analizi gerçekleştirmek için örnek olarak seçilmiştir. Genel olarak, bu tezde karşılıklı bağımlılık ve siyasallaşmanın, üçüncü ülkelerin güvenlik ve savunma bütünleşmesine katılım düzeylerinin belirlenmesindeki önemlerinin altını çizmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupa Birliği, Farklılaştırılmış Bütünleşme, Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası, Üçüncü Ülkeler, Norveç, İzlanda, Türkiye 3 Abstract Contemporary European integration has been institutionalized as a differentiated political entity with internal and external dimensions. Recent political developments in the European Union have accelerated the pace of differentiation. In this context, the Common Security and Defence Policy is a solid example of external and internal differentiation. For instance, while Denmark as a member opted out from the policy, there are some non- member states which aim to participate in the different aspects of the security and defence integration. In this study, the main aim is to understand and explain the factors and conditions facilitating or impeding third states’ participation in integration in the security and defence field. To this end, the main assumptions of the differentiated integration theory is used to solve the research puzzle. Moreover, Norway, Iceland and Turkey are selected as case studies to conduct the analysis. Overall, this thesis aims to underline the importance of the interplay between interdependence and politicization on defining the level of third states’ participation in the security and defence integration. Keywords: European Union, Differentiated Integration, Common Security and Defence Policy, Third States, Norway, Iceland, Turkey 4 Introduction The European Union (EU) has successfully institutionalized in plenty of fields and sectors, however it is not free from differentiation. On the contrary, today, it is possible to mention multiple varieties of integration. For instance, there are 19 member states which share the common currency, while 9 member states are not in the eurozone. Similarly, most of the member states have agreed for integration in the security and defence field, yet, Denmark decided to remain outside of the integration in this field. Moreover, along with the internal differentiation of integration, there is also an external dimension. Some non-EU states like Norway tend to be part of the integration while not becoming member state. More concretely, Norway implements the 75% of the acquis communautaire without being a member of the Union (Leruth & Lord, 2015, p. 756). Thus, it is fair to admit that contemporary European integration is institutionalized as a highly differentiated political entity with internal and external dimensions. Recent developments in the European integration further increase the degree of differentiation both internally and externally. The most important factor accelerating the trend of differentiation is the Eurozone crisis and the measures taken in order to confront it (Leruth & Lord, 2015, p. 756). The member states sharing the same currency further integrated their fiscal, economic and monetary policies (Leruth & Lord, 2015, p. 756). Moreover, another notable development in this context is the inception of the Permanent
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