Reading Technologies, Literary Innovation, and a New Fiction
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Reading Technologies, Literary Innovation, and a New Fiction David Mark Hucklesby A PhD Thesis Submitted to De Montfort University November 2016 1 Contents Page Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Note on Referencing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Chapter 1: Introduction: B.S. Johnson, Giles Gordon, and The New Fiction_____________________ 1.1 What is the ‘New Fiction’?..................................................................................................6 1.2 B.S. Johnson……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 1.3 Aren’t You Rather Young to be Writing Your Memoirs?....................................................11 1.4 Giles Gordon, and Beyond the Words: Eleven Writers in Search of a New Fiction………….22 1.5 The New Fiction: A Literary Group………………………………………………………………………………..26 1.5.1 Eva Figes…………………………………………………………………………………………………….28 1.5.2 Ann Quin……………………………………………………………………………………………………31 1.5.3 Alan Burns………………………………………………………………………………………………….34 1.5.4 Amongst Those Left……………………………………………………………………………………38 1.6 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46 Chapter 2: The New Fiction in Context__________________________________________________ 2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…48 2.2 The New Fiction and Modernism..…………………………………………………………………………………49 2.3 Being Realistic: Two Anthologies………………………………………………………………………………..…58 2.4 The Nouveau Roman………………………………….………………………………………………………………….67 2.5 Nathalie Sarraute, and The Age of Suspicion….………………………………………………………………73 2.6 Alain Robbe-Grillet, and For a New Novel………………………………………………………………………78 2.7 The Nouveau Roman in Britain………………………………………………………………………………………83 2.8 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….88 Chapter 3: B.S. Johnson and The New Fiction____________________________________________ 3.1 Introduction and Critical Overview………………………………………………………………………………..90 3.2 Albert Angelo (1964)……………………………………………………………………………………………………..95 3.3 The Unfortunates (1969)…………………………………………………………………………………………….107 3.4 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….115 2 Chapter 4: Ann Quin and The New Fiction_______________________________________________ 4.1 Introduction and Critical Overview………………………………………………………………………………116 4.2 Passages (1969)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..124 4.3 Three (1966)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..131 4.4 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….141 Chapter 5: A New Fiction in the Twenty-first Century______________________________________ 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………142 5.2 New Publications………………………………………………………………………………………………………..143 5.3 Critical Comparisons……………………………………………………………………………………………………147 5.4 Twenty-first Century Writing………………………………………………………………………………………158 5.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………166 Chapter 6: Mark Z. Danielewski and The New Fiction______________________________________ 6.1 Introduction and Critical Overview………………………………………………………………………………168 6.2 House of Leaves (2000)………………………………………………………………………………………………..179 6.3 Only Revolutions (2006)………………………………………………………………………………………………190 6.4 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….198 Chapter 7: Jonathan Safran Foer and The New Fiction______________________________________ 7.1 Introduction and Critical Overview………………………………………………………………………………200 7.2 Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (2005)…………………………………………………………………….201 7.3 Tree of Codes (2010)……………………………………………………………………………………………………210 7.4 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….217 Chapter 8: Conclusions_______________________________________________________________ 8.1 In Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………218 8.2 A Future for The New Fiction……………………………………………………………………………………….222 9.0 Appendices……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….225 10.0 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..228 3 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisory team; Dr. Alison Gibbons, whose relentless enthusiasm and encouragement has been as integral to the completion of this project as the guidance, expertise, and thoroughness of feedback which I received from both she and Prof. Gabriel Egan. Additionally, I thank Profs Andrew Thacker, whose guidance and input were pivotal to the early shaping of this project, as well as Prof. Deborah Cartmell and Prof. Joe Phelan, whose feedback and advice proved valuable throughout its undertaking. I also thank David K. Frasier, and the rest of the Lilly Library staff at Indiana University, for their assistance in conducting archival research vital to this project. I greatly appreciate the assistance of a De Montfort University Research Studentship Bursary during my period of study. Finally, I am grateful and indebted to my family and friends throughout the past four years; special thanks to my parents, Matthew and Jane, my sister Kate, and my grandmother Margaret for their unwavering support, encouragement, and patience. 4 Abstract This thesis initially uses writing by B.S. Johnson, Giles Gordon, and contributors to Gordon’s 1975 anthology Beyond the Words: Eleven Writers in Search of a New Fiction, to construct a critical framework by which this ‘New Fiction’ may be defined. As a critical approach to contemporary writing in the late twenty-first century, The New Fiction constitutes a focused critique of formal conservatism, identifying a literary mainstream failing to learn from the innovations of Modernism and adapt writing methodology to suit the cultural situation of the novel at this time. The New Fiction proposes a range of methodological solutions to this problem, encouraging writing which engages with other media, explores solipsistic and experiential subject matter, and wilfully employs formal and linguistic unorthodoxy. Additionally, The New Fiction confounds the pervasive notion of B.S. Johnson in particular as a ‘one-man avant-garde’, identifying collaborative and communicative links between he and other innovators such as Ann Quin, Alan Burns, and Eva Figes. In doing so, the thesis provides evidence for an active and coherent literary group supported by publishers Marion Boyars and John Calder, comparable to groups such as the French nouveau roman. Neither the critical nor the contextual aspects of The New Fiction as a whole is the subject of sustained critical examination, and a primary goal of this thesis is to contribute substantially to the field in both of these areas, supported by case studies of writing by Johnson and Quin. A second aim of this thesis is to employ The New Fiction’s critical framework, considering the return of several New Fiction writers to mainstream publication in the twenty-first century. New editions, and a new wave of criticism, provide an opportunity to investigate the potential application of The New Fiction as more than simply a historical case study of the avant-garde novel. The latter part of this thesis draws connections between The New Fiction and more recent criticism, examining the critical trajectories which connect Johnson, Gordon, and their collaborators to other critics concerned with literary innovation, and the novel’s relationship with new media. This examination is supported by way of direct comparison to twenty-first century American writers, making new critical readings identifying the presence of methodological and ideological similarities in the writing of Mark Z. Danielewski and Jonathan Safran Foer. Ultimately, this thesis argues that The New Fiction continues to provide a valid critique of contemporary writing alongside valuable historical context, in the reading of innovative twenty-first century works. 5 Note on Referencing Several of the works of fiction referred to throughout this thesis make use of a wide range of visual devices. Where an accurate impression of such devices is crucial to the discussion, they have been represented in the form of photo-quotations, and are intended as textual references to the specified works. Additionally, several of the selected works extend their unorthodox treatment of form to other apparatus including page and chapter numeration, titling, footnoting, and illustration. Efforts have been made to devise a method of referencing specific extracts such texts in as sympathetic a manner as possible to the author’s design. B.S. Johnson’s The Unfortunates (1969) is presented in the form of twenty-seven unbound chapters of varying lengths, each untitled, and each bearing its own separate page numeration in place of the more typical cumulative page numeration for the book as a whole. The 1999 New Directions edition of The Unfortunates assigns each individual chapter an identifying symbol. To ensure accuracy and simplicity, this use of symbols has been incorporated into this thesis’ referencing. Corresponding symbols are therefore employed in place of chapter titles, using the following format: B.S. Johnson, The Unfortunates, p. 1 (London: New Directions, 1999) Mark Z. Danielewski’s Only Revolutions (2006) contains two distinct narratives, each with a unique narrator, printed inverted and horizontally opposite one another on each page. As such, each page of the novel bears two sets of page numeration, dependant on the narrator whose text faces the reader. Again to ensure accuracy and simplicity, page references for this text are given alongside the initial of the narrator (‘S’ for Sam, and ‘H’ for Hailey) to whom each