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Shhimo of 1890 and 1934 Uniformity Or Diversity?

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Shhimo of 1890 and 1934 Uniformity Or Diversity? ENSKILDA HÖGSKOLAN STOCKHOLM EXAMENSARBETE: Programmen i Teologiska programmen Kandidat-Uppsats Vårtermin, år 2021 Eastern Christian Studies Stockholm School of Theology Sankt Ignatios College Shhimo of 1890 and 1934 Uniformity or diversity? Författare: Johan Andersson Supervisor: Michael Hjälm Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm 1 Approved: Thesis Advisor: _____________________________________________________________________ Michael Hjälm Ph.D. Eastern Christian Studies: _____________________________________________________________ Grant White Ph.D. 2 Abstract The ܐܡܝܚܫ Shhimo is the prayer book for normal weekdays of the Syrian Orthodox Church and it was officially printed for the first time in Dayro d-Kurkmo (Dayr Al-Zafaran) in 1890 with a printing press that Patriarch Ignatius Peter IV (+ 1894) had received in 1874 thanks to his visit to London and the Anglican Church. Prior to 1890 Shhimo was a diverse tradition expressed with different manuscripts in different monasteries showing a diverse use of different prayers and costumes. The second printing of Shhimo in 1913 and re-printing 1934, by the late Syrian Orthodox Patriarch Ephrem I Barsoum (+ 1957), was a reworked version of 1890 that included several important changes. This thesis will investigate what these changes were and what implications they carry for the understanding of Shhimo and for the Syrian Orthodox Church. In this paper we will also start to investigate the transmission process of the Shhimo and study some of the manuscripts prior to 1890. Keywords: ܐܡܝܚܫ Shhimo- Ephrem Barsoum- Syrian Orthodox- Dayro d-Kurkmo- Liturgy of the hours- Edessa- Tur’-abdin- Syriac/Aramaic- Syriac manuscripts )2014 ♰( ܐܝܡܕܩ ܝܟܙ ܣܘܝܛܐܢܓܝܐ ܝܪܡ ܢܪܡ ܐܒܘ̈ ܛ ܝܬܝܠܬܕ ܐܢܝܡܐ ܐܢܕܗܘܥܠ :ܐܡܝܣ ܬܘܢܢܫܕܬܡ ܣܘܠܘܦ ܝܪܡܘ ܣܘܪܛܦ ܝܪܡܕ ܐܬܕܥܕ ܐܢܗܟ ܆ܝܪܘܟܐܠ ܐܒܫ ܐܝܪܘܟ ܢܘܒܐܕ ܗܬܘܝܗܙܕ ܐܢܚܠܘܦ ܪܩܝܠܐܘ ܕܝܘܣ ܆ܝܪܘܒܫܪܘܢܒ Dedication of Thesis: In loving memory of Thrice blessed Patriarch Zakka I Iwas (+ 2014) and great appreciation of V. Rev. Chor-Episcopos Fr Chabo Elkhoury of St. Peter and St. Paul Syrian Orthodox Church in Norsborg, Sweden. Thankfulness and love to my family. 3 Table of Content Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Method .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Material and limitations...................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Previous research ................................................................................................................ 11 2. The Cathedral office in the East..................................................................................................... 13 2.1 The structure of the Cathedral office ................................................................................ 17 3. Shhimo – origin ................................................................................................................................ 22 3.1 The city of Edessa ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Manuscripts and prayer hours ................................................................................................. 25 3.3 Developments of Shhimo ........................................................................................................... 28 3.4 Version and structure of SMMJ 00079 ................................................................................... 29 3.5 Version and structure of 1890 .................................................................................................. 33 3.6 Version and structure of 1934 .................................................................................................. 40 4. 1890 vs 1934 differences .................................................................................................................. 45 4.1 Additions .................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Shifting places or changing completely ................................................................................... 46 4. 3 Psalms ........................................................................................................................................ 51 4.4 Sedro ........................................................................................................................................... 56 4.5 Saints .......................................................................................................................................... 62 5. Patriarch Ephrem I Barsoum’s view on prayer ........................................................................... 64 6. Syrian Orthodox view on tradition during the 19th century ........................................................ 68 7. Structural analysis ........................................................................................................................... 70 8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 78 9. Appendix A Shhimo 1890 vs Shhimo 1934 .................................................................................... 81 10. Literature: .................................................................................................................................... 160 4 1. Introduction One of the main liturgical books in the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch is the Shhimo or prayer book for ordinary weekdays. It is used in the daily services in both monasteries and churches world vide and has been translated into several languages, with Swedish being one of the more recent.1 Antón Bousquet’s Between the twilights is the latest addition to several English translations.2 The interest, it seems, is not only in the book itself but also, and perhaps foremost, in the spirituality of it: The Syriac tradition represents something more than a vestige of religious history or one of the roots of Christianity. What it offers us is a pathway to the divine that was cleared more than fifteen centuries ago, one that not only represents a random heap of prayers and rituals, but rather a coherent whole, a way of life in which the holy occupied a central part.3 The first official printing of Shhimo was made in 1890 in the then patriarchal monastery of Dayro d-Kurkmo (or Dayr Al-Zafaran) in Mardin, Turkey. Dayro d-Kurkmo was the see of the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch between the years 1166 up to 1924. During this time there were also periods of great divisions and crisis within the Syrian Orthodox Church. Starting in 1292/3 the Patriarchate of Mardin and Tur’-abdin was created due to internal divisions and local Moslem leaders’ political interests. The then Patriarch of Antioch Michel the II moved to Sis, slightly north of Antioch.4 From 1364 up to Ignatius Behnam al-Hadli (1412-1445) there were even three patriarchates: one in Mardin, one in Tur’-abdin and the third in Sis. The Patriarchate in Mardin was reunited with the Patriarchate located in Sis and Dayro d-Kurkmo became the Patriarchal see once again. Tur’-abdin remained an autonomous patriarchate until 1839 when it was finally reunited with the mother Patriarchate of Antioch.5 In a patriarchal encyclical letter from Patriarch Gewargis V (1819-1836) to the faithful of Tur’-abdin he writes: 1 Johan Andersson, Shimo – Den Syrisk Ortodoxa Kyrkans veckobönebok (Södertälje: SOKU, 2016) 2 Antón Bousquets, Between the twilights (KOADIG, 2019); Other English publications are Bede Griffiths, The book of common prayer of the Syrian Church. (Piscataway NJ: Gorgias press, 2015) and HG Zachariah Mar Nicholovos and HG Alexios Mar Eusebius and Fr Baby Varghese, Shehimo book of common prayer (Ministry of Liturgical Resource Development, Diocese of South-West America, 2016) 3 Antón Bousquets, Between the twilights (KOADIG, 2019) p 11-12 4 Khalid Dinno, The Syrian Orthodox Christians in the late Ottoman Period and Beyond – crisis then revival (Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, 2017) p 23 5 Khalid Dinno, The Syrian Orthodox Christians in the late Ottoman Period and Beyond – crisis then revival (Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, 2017) p 24 5 This great schism has led to so that the shepherd no longer knows its herd and the herd does not know its shepherd. And the priest does not know who his bishop is, and the bishop does not know who his patriarch is. And the monks do not know who his abbot is…6 And encourages them: Just as we, weak, have forgotten the things that happened to us, in the same way you should forgive the things that have happened to you. Come and let us unite and be one so that also God is reconciled with all of us and He will praise this little and blessed flock.7 The reason behind the schism seems to be a misunderstanding between Patriarch Ismail in 1364 and bishop Basilius Saba of Salah. Dinno claims that it was caused by an ill-meaning third party.8 But Patriarch Ismail’s arrogance and mismanagement of the
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