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Hong Kong's Future Is Guided by Transit Infrastructure

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Hong Kong's Future Is Guided by Transit Infrastructure Feature Urban Railways in Asia Hong Kong’s Future is Guided by Transit Infrastructure Corinne Tiry Hong Kong is a maritime metropolis with nature and effectiveness of government development opportunities, through 6.7 million inhabitants, very little land and development projects depend on their redevelopment of the 230 ha of vacated one of the highest population densities in ability to form multiple links within the airport land and through urban growth the world. The postwar cityscape can best metropolis. In Hong Kong, modernization promoted by denser use of new be described as a forest of skyscrapers of the transit network requires a interconnecting transit nodes and by the standing against mountains. Skyscrapers coordinated mastery of passenger development of additional reclaimed are the most common structure because movement, whether local, regional or land. Working together, the government they offer an excellent ratio of volume to global, especially since tourism, which and leading transit operators have surface area. depends partly on the quality of services succeeded in seizing this opportunity to With its small land area and large and transportation, is Hong Kong’s second raise Hong Kong to the status of an population, Hong Kong shows the largest income source after commerce. important 21st-century metropolis. symptoms of a metropolis whose transit By the late 1990s, Hong Kong had Construction of Chek Lap Kok Airport was network must deal with burdensome introduced a wide array of new and accompanied by several major rail and constraints. Because of the need to significant transportation infrastructure road projects aimed at establishing direct, coordinate massive passenger flows, make and equipment. These include Chek Lap rapid connections from the new scarce and expensive land profitable, and Kok Airport on Lantau Island, the Kowloon international gateway to the city centre. cope with the weight of excessive intermodal station and the Tsing Ma In addition, some lots near the new centralization of business activities, the bridge. Other major facilities and railway stations were earmarked for their Hong Kong government has continued to structures are still in the planning stage. high potential as sites for future urban promote greater accessibility for more One important development was the development adjacent to the new rail than 30 years. This goal, which is movement of the international airport corridors. The most innovative of these complex, but can create added value, is from the city centre to the outskirts, which developments, the new urban district of common and vital to every metropolis involved realigning the city’s transit Tung Chung (originally expected to wishing to maintain its status within the corridors (see JRTR 19, pp. 36–43). In the accommodate 180,000 inhabitants near community of major world cities. long term, it will likely change the the airport), has taken advantage of its new Hong Kong’s reputation and economic configuration of the urban centres too. accessibility and now represents part of weight stem from its global-trade and In addition to modernization of the transit the drive for more balanced population service sectors, the latter being responsible network, the change in the airport’s densities by moving urban development for 89% of current GDP. The creative location has offered the city new westward from the saturated central core. Table 1 Hong Kong Land Use Area (km2) Private, public, rural residential 67 Commercial/business 20 Government, institution & community facilities 20 Industrial, warehouse & storage 19 Roads, railways, airport 17.5 Open space 20 Vacant development land/construction in progress 27 Other urban or built-up land 25 Total built-up land 230 Agricultural, woodland/shrubland/grassland, wetland,barren land, water 869 Total 1100 Source: Tung Fung, Sai Leung Ng, May Mei Chi Kwan and Erin Shui Ling Yeung, Mapping the Broad Land Use Pattern of Hong Kong, Planning and Development, Vol. 17, No 2, 2001. Victoria Harbour from Hong Kong Island looking towards Kowloon (Author) 28 Japan Railway & Transport Review 35 • July 2003 Copyright © 2003 EJRCF. All rights reserved. Table 2 Daily Passenger Journeys on Main Public Transport and Operator Figure 1 Modal Shares of Public Buses Ferries Tramways Rail Subways Total rail Transport (2001) KMB, CMB HYF, SFC HKT KCR MTR 1.4% 1959 409,257 134,225 172,763 5,087 - 5,087 11.9% 1969 824,342 230,226 162,052 9,217 - 9,217 1.4% KMB, CMB, NLB 1978 1,117,370 185,396 138,655 15,385 - 15,385 1980 1,189,992 178,545 159,183 19,341 167,533 186,874 KMB, CMB, 53.8% KCR, LRT 31.6% NLB, KCRB 1989 1,698,2411) 116,953 2) 127,562 235,690 687,598 923,288 Bus Railway Frerry KMB, NLB, KCRB, CB, Taxi Private vehicles LWB, NWF 1999 1,675,3793) 57,2484) 87,864 390,960 789,705 1,180,665 For 1959 and 1969: Passenger journeys represent the number of tickets sold or fares collected for single journeys and estimates of journeys made by holders of season tickets. that now supplements the pre-existing, 1) Public light buses included heavily used passenger network, 2) Minor ferries included 3) Red minibuses included alleviating the high congestion to some 4) Licensed ferry services included KMB = Kowloon Motor Bus; CMB = China Motor Bus; NLB = New Lantau Bus; KCRB = Kowloon–Canton extent. In 1978, some 6.3 million Railway Bus; CB = Citybus; LWB = Long Win Bus; NWFB = New World First Bus HYF = Hong Kong and Yaumati Ferry; SF = Star Ferry passenger journeys were being made HKT = Hong Kong Tramway every day over a network of buses, ferries, KCR = Kowloon–Canton Railway (East Rail); LRT = KCR Light Rail Transit; MTR = Mass Transit Railway Source: Hong Kong Report of the Year, Hong Kong Government Press, 1970, 1979, 1983, 1992; Transport trains, trams and taxis. By 2001, this figure in Hong Kong 2002. had nearly doubled to 11 million daily journeys over the entire network. Development of Rapid Until the late 1970s, two companies The network was expanded with the Urban Transport operated 34 and 16 km of railways, addition of five Mass Transit Railway respectively, but they found themselves (MTR) subway lines over 20 years. Curiously, for such a densely populated marginalized within a transport market Although buses remain the dominant metropolis, the rapid transit network was dominated by many cheap private ferry transport mode in Hong Kong (Fig. 1), developed later than in other metropolises, and bus companies (Table 2). The today more than 2.2 million passengers such as Tokyo, Paris and New York. It is Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation travel daily over the MTR network, which true that Hong Kong developed later than (KCRC, today also known as KCR East has 87.7 km of lines and 49 stations those cities, and its area and topography Rail) was opened in 1910, and electrified (Fig. 2). However, this impressive pose greater challenges—its land area is at the beginning of the 1980s. It runs from growth in ridership over the last 20 years only 1100 km2, and 70% of this is so the densely populated Kowloon peninsula can also be explained by a sustained mountainous that little has been built there to the old border in the north. It passes increase in population—1 million (Table 1). In fact, Hong Kong’s most through the eastern New Territories, which additional inhabitants in each recent economic activities are rarely located helped promote development of many decade—and by the persistently low rate outside a circle with a radius of about new urban areas along the rail corridor of automobile use among Hong Kong 7.5 km centred on Victoria Harbour. after WWII. However, this line remained households (142,000 registered private However, the centralization of its economic the only interurban railway in the territory automobiles in 1978 and 382,000 in functions and the wider distribution of for more than half a century. Likewise, 2001). This clearly illustrates the population within the main three inhabited the only tramway line serving the north overwhelming dominance of mass transit zones—Hong Kong Island (19.1%), coast of Hong Kong Island, where the in Hong Kong. Kowloon (29.9%), and the New Territories central business district is located, has In 1973, the Hong Kong government (51.0%)—indicate the importance of transit never been extended since it opened in decided to construct a rapid transit system links, especially because parts of the 1904. Hong Kong residents had to wait in order to reduce congestion in the metropolis are separated by water. until 1979 for a new, rapid transit system existing network. Two years later, the Copyright © 2003 EJRCF. All rights reserved. Japan Railway & Transport Review 35 • July 2003 29 Urban Railways in Asia Figure 2 Hong Kong Rail Network Tseun Wan Line (opened in 1982)Cheung Kwun Tong Line (opened in 1979) Tai Wo Hau Kwai Fong Lai King Lai Chi Kok Sha Wan Kowloon Tong Wong Tai Sin Choi Hung Tsuen Wan Kwai Hing Mei Foo Lok Fu Diamond Hill Kowloon Bay Sham Shui Po Shek Kip Mei Prince Edward Ngau Tau Kok Po Lam TTsingsing YYii Airport Airport Express Olympic Mong Kok Kowloon Kwun Tong Hang Hau (opened in 1998) Yau Ma Tei Lam Tin Tseung Kwan O Tung Chung Kowloon Yau Tong Jordan Lantau Island Tiu Keng Leng Tsim Sha Tsui TTungung CChunghung Tseung Kwan O Line LineLine (opened(opened (opened in 1989 inin 1998)1998) and 2002) Hong Kong Admiralty Causeway Fortress Quarry Bay Bay Hill Tai Koo Shau Kei Wan Sheung Central Wan Chai Tin Hau North Point Sai Wan Ho Wan Island Line (opened in 1985 and 1986) Heng Fa Chuen Hong Kong Island Chai Wan Source: MTRC/Marketing, Graphic Design Section, January 2003.
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