Open Content - Bestandsaufnahme Und Versuch Einer Definition

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Open Content - Bestandsaufnahme Und Versuch Einer Definition Open Content - Bestandsaufnahme und Versuch einer Definition Diplomarbeit im Fach Informatik Vorgelegt von Andreas John Waldeyerstr. 12, 10247 Berlin Matrikelnummer: 181939 Angefertigt am Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik und Quantitative Methoden der Technischen Universität Berlin, Fakultät IV (Informatik) Prof. Dr. iur. Bernd Lutterbeck Betreuer: Matthias Bärwolf Abgabe der Arbeit: 14.02.2006 Open Content - Seite 2 I. Zusammenfassung Unter dem Schlagwort Open Content soll der Erfolg von Open-Source-Software auf andere Werkgattungen übertragen werden. Aufwind erhält die Idee des Open Content durch die zunehmende Ausweitung und Befestigung des geistigen Eigentums durch Recht und Architektur, die sich konträr zu den Möglichkeiten digitaler Technologien und weltweiten Networkings verhält. Um Autoren und Künstlern eine klar erkennbare Alternative zu diesen Entwicklungen zu bieten, soll diese Arbeit helfen, den immer noch verschwommenen Begriff Open Content zu schärfen. Anhand einer strukturierten Beobachtung potenzieller Open-Content- Phänomene und eines Vergleiches mit Open-Source-Software wird gezeigt: Hauptthese: Die Prinzipien von Open-Source-Software lassen sich nur dann sinnvoll auf andere Werkgattungen übertragen, wenn die Eigenschaften von OSS nicht formal übernommen, sondern in den Kontext der anderen Werkgattungen übersetzt werden. Auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wird ein Definitionsentwurf im Sinne einer Übersetzung zur Diskussion gestellt. Konsequenz dieser Übersetzung ist u.a., dass Modifizierbarkeit und kommerzielle Nutzung und Verwertung keine konstituierenden Eigenschaften von Open Content sind. Der Definitionsentwurf lautet im Volltext: Definitionsentwurf: Open Content sind schöpferische Werke, wie z.B. Bilder, Musik oder Artikel, mit Ausnahme von Software, die derart veröffentlicht wurden, dass sie ohne die Erlaubnis eines anderen oder durch eine neutral erteilte Erlaubnis an jedermann konsumiert, zitiert und mindestens nichtkommerziell kopiert und verbreitet werden können. Folgende weitere Nutzungsarten sind optional mit Open Content verbunden: die eingeschränkte oder uneingeschränkte Modifizierung, die kommerzielle Nutzung und Verwertung sowie weitere werkabhängige Nutzungsarten, wie z.B. Ausstellung, Darbietung und Sendung. Die Nutzungsrechte können den neutral auferlegten Pflichten der Nennung der Urheber des Werkes, der Veröffentlichung modifizierter Werke unter denselben Bedingungen und der Dokumentation der Veränderungen modifizierter Werke unterliegen. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Verweis auf die noch offenen Fragen und einem Ausblick auf die Herausforderungen und Chancen von Open Content. II. Schlagworte Open Content, Open-Source-Software, Beobachtung, Vergleich, Definitions- entwurf, Urheberrecht, Lizenzen, Public Domain, Commons Open Content - Seite 3 III. Inhalt I. Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................2 II. Schlagworte.........................................................................................................2 III. Inhalt...................................................................................................................3 IV. Tabellen und Übersichten..................................................................................6 V. Abbildungen........................................................................................................6 VI. Abkürzungen......................................................................................................6 1 Standortbestimmung..........................................................................................8 1.1 Forschungsstand...........................................................................................9 1.2 Problemlage und Relevanz der Fragestellung............................................10 1.3 Methodisches Vorgehen.............................................................................11 2 Begriffsklärung und Beobachtungskriterien................................................14 2.1 Die Eigenschaftskategorie Produkt............................................................15 2.1.1 Werkgattung........................................................................................16 2.1.2 Rechtsgrundlage..................................................................................17 2.1.2.1 Uneingeschränktes Urheberrecht................................................17 2.1.2.2 Public Domain.............................................................................20 2.1.2.3 Lizenz..........................................................................................21 2.1.3 Qualität...............................................................................................22 2.2 Die Eigenschaftskategorie Community......................................................24 2.2.1 Demographie.......................................................................................26 2.2.2 Eintrittsbarrieren.................................................................................29 2.2.3 Regeln und Autorität...........................................................................31 2.2.3.1 Sanktionen...................................................................................33 2.2.3.2 Autorität......................................................................................34 2.2.3.3 Verlassen der Community...........................................................37 2.2.4 Motivationen.......................................................................................38 2.2.4.1 Relevante Motive........................................................................40 2.2.4.2 Indikatoren für die Betonung von Motiven.................................42 2.3 Die Eigenschaftskategorie Prozesse...........................................................43 2.3.1 Zusammenarbeit..................................................................................46 2.3.1.1 Modularisierung und häufige Releases.......................................46 2.3.1.2 Delegierung und Rollenverteilung..............................................47 2.3.1.3 Hilfsmittel der Zusammenarbeit.................................................49 2.3.2 Kommunikation..................................................................................51 2.3.2.1 Hilfsmittel der Kommunikation..................................................52 2.3.2.2 Das Sprachprotokoll....................................................................54 2.3.3 Rekrutierung.......................................................................................55 2.3.4 Nutzung und Verwertung....................................................................56 2.3.5 Finanzierung.......................................................................................57 Open Content - Seite 4 2.4 Zusammengefasste Fragestellungen der Beobachtung...............................58 2.5 Die Auswahl der zu untersuchenden Phänomene.......................................59 3 Ergebnisse und Auswertung der Beobachtung.............................................61 3.1 Untersuchte Phänomene.............................................................................61 3.1.1 Open Access.......................................................................................61 3.1.1.1 Public Library of Science (PLoS)...............................................63 3.1.1.2 arXiv.org.....................................................................................63 3.1.1.3 CiteSeer.......................................................................................63 3.1.2 Weblogs..............................................................................................63 3.1.2.1 Slashdot.......................................................................................65 3.1.2.2 Google Blog................................................................................65 3.1.2.3 Richard Giles blog......................................................................65 3.1.3 Open-Source-Journalism....................................................................65 3.1.3.1 Wikinews....................................................................................66 3.1.3.2 Indymedia....................................................................................66 3.1.4 Open Law............................................................................................67 3.1.5 Open Gaming......................................................................................68 3.1.5.1 FUDGE.......................................................................................69 3.1.5.2 Circe............................................................................................69 3.1.6 Open Music / Free Music....................................................................70 3.1.6.1 CC Mixter...................................................................................71 3.1.6.2 Mutopia.......................................................................................71 3.1.6.3 GarageBand.com.........................................................................72 3.1.7 Open Books, Open Textbooks, Open Documentation........................72 3.1.7.1 Andamooka.................................................................................74 3.1.7.2 O'Reilly Open Books Project......................................................74 3.1.7.3 Wikipedia....................................................................................75
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