A Preliminary Approach of New Dimension of Lineage and Clan

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17224 Chinmay Biswas et al./ Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

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Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

A preliminary approach of new dimension of lineage and clan: a hypothetical analogical application of directed line segment of vector & scalar properties Chinmay Biswas 1,* and Manas Roy 2 1Sree Chaitanya College, Habra, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. 2Department of Anthropology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The main purpose of the paper exerts the relation between lineage and directed line Received: 7 June 2013; segments of vector. This approach is an analogical analysis with directed straight line Received in revised form: vectors. Every Sib or Lineage consists with Initial and Terminal position which indicates a 14 August 2013; straight line. The straight line is characterized with its magnitude and having direction. Accepted: 20 August 2013; Length, sense and line support are important properties of vectors have not been noticed in this research. Apical ancestor and its latest generation make the straight line due to Keywords transmission of a clan and taboos on genealogy. Every lineage means maximum to minimal Directed line segment, parental stalk is carried out on a substantial number of directed line segments. These directed Lineage, line segments are proved by the triangle and parallelogram and P-system graph theory and Clan, manifested in that these several line segments propose the theory of structural continuity. P-system. Thus it has been examined that the unique direction of lineage is common from apical to latest parental stalk. This paper exercises the overview of male and female line inheritance which can be analyzed with analogical application of Directed line segments of vector and scalar quantities. © 2013 Elixir All rights reserved

Introduction Review of literature: All societies have developed specific rules of transmission. The way in which a person acquires membership of kinship Descent is the principle of governing the transmission of kinship; groups is termed as descent. The way in way he acquires rank inheritance (property transfer) and succession (transfer of and privileges is termed succession, and the way in which he function) tend to follow the principle of descent. Most societies acquires material property after the death of its former owner is have adopted a unilineal mode of transmission, namely, the termed inheritance. The acquisition of such things, whether status and membership are transmitted through either the father group membership, social status, or property, may take place or the mother. In the first case, we say that the descent is through one parent or both. When it occurs through one parent patrilineal. This mode of affiliation is common. The words only, on one side of the family, the principle is called unilateral; matrilineal and patrilineal must not confused with matrilineal and when through two parents, on both sides of the family, it is called patrilineal simply meaning “the Mother side” and “Father Side” bilateral. When the continuity of group interest and the system of unlinear descent which are closely connected to transmission of rights through a line of ancestors is concerned, descent groups. All members of the group are descended from a the terms unilineal, and bilineal are used. Where the line of common ancestor. Clans are not very effective cooperative fathers kin alone is followed, the system is patrilineal; where that groups; localized segments called lineages are significantly more of mother’s kin, it is matrilineal. The descent is commonly effective. Lineages are more adhesive and more united than unilineal, and so is succession, through they do not always follow clans. A Lineages is an inherently dynamic unit and members of the same rule. Inheritance is mainly unilineal, though it the same lineage are perfectly able to trace their connection to oftentimes has some bilineal aspects. (Firth). the common ancestors. Every married man is likely to form a Firth, is of the opinion that “A lineage , meaning primarily new one “lineage societies” having a clear tendency to fission, a line of descent , is now taken also to mean a unilineal descent that is, a tendency toward segmentation of lineages. The present group, all members of which trace their genealogical relationship study was developed on segmentation of lineage through directed back to a founding ancestor. If the lineage system is patrilineal straight line, analogically. (or agnatic), the members consist of men, their children and their Research Theme: sisters, and trace their descent through males; normally to Analogy means the similar way of thinking on different original male ancestors. If the system is matrilineal, the subjects. Let A be the same as B but A not equivalent to B. members consist of women, their children and their brothers, Segmentation of lineages sometimes followed the rules of a tracing descent through females, normally exogamous. Groups of directed straight line but they are not equivalent to each other, lineage types usually tend to form sub-groups by division; in because magnitude and line support are not clarified in this what is being called segmentation, fission, ramification, or subject. Only direction has been found. branching. In regard to this branching process, these groups have been termed Ramages.

A lineage is a corporate descent group composed of Genealogical method: consanguinal kin who trace descent genealogically through People wish to know about their family histories by tracing known links back to a common ancestor. The term is usually genealogies. Kottak delineated that the genealogical method is a employed where some form of unilineal descent is the rule, but solid well established ethnographic technique. W. H. R. Rivers, there are similar ambilineal groups. In the course of time, who has been called 'the founder of the modern study of social successive generations and new members are born into the organization', exerted an immense influence on his lineage, its membership may become too large to be manageable contemporaries and successors. This volume reprints three of his or too much for the lineages’ resources to support. When this lectures, delivered in 1913 and first published in 1914, which happens, fission will take place that is; the lineage will split up provide a short and brilliant exposition of his theoretical into new, smaller lineages. When fission occurs, it is usual for approach, and are exemplary of his handling of ethnographic the members of the new lineages to continue to recognize their evidence. His theme is the relationship between kinship ultimate relationship to one another. The result of this process is terminologies and social organization, more particularly forms of the appearance of a second kind of descent group, the Clan. The marriage, a subject still of lively theoretical interest. Also term Clan, and its close relative, the term Sib, have different included is the same author's The Genealogical Method of anthropologists, and certain amount of confusion exists as to Anthropological Enquiry, first published in 1910, a classic of their meaning. (Havilland) anthropological methodology, and Professor Raymond Firth of According to Deliege, clans often have fairly large groups the London School of Economics and Professor David Schneider are scattered over a large geographic area. In a society organized of the University of Chicago provide commentaries estimating on this principle, each individual belongs to a clan; he said the past and present importance of Rivers in British and lineages are much more effective. Members of the same lineages American Anthropology respectively. are all part of the same clan but, unlike members of the same Study Area: clan, members of the same lineage are perfectly able to trace The present study is carried out on Sardar Para, a hamlet of their connection to a common ancestor. Lineage is clearly more Village Dhalani, under the block Bagdha, 3 No Konira-1 adhesive and more united than clans. In a society so divided, the Panchayet in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. The hamlet of the number of clans remains more or less constant while lineage is observing village is allegedly composed of homogonous people, an inherently dynamic unit as; every married man is likely to belonging to the tribe Oraon. Basically, agriculture is the main form a new one. He is of the opinion that lineage societies have a occupation. Needless to say, they have to work as agricultural clear tendency to fission, that is to say, a tendency toward labourers or day labourers. Though agriculture related work is segmentation of lineages. their primary occupation, this type of occupation does not satisfy A lineage is a set of kin whose members trace descent from their necessities. For this reason they have to accept different a common ancestor through known links. There may be secondary occupations, as and when available in their society. patrilineages or matrilineages, depending on whether the links They have been living together since more than a hundred years. are traced through males only or through females only. Clans There are 134 Oraon families who live here. All families are (also members sometimes called a Sib) is a set of kin whose selected for the investigation. Dhalani is the midsized village members believe themselves to be descended from a common located in the district of North 24 Parganas in the state of West ancestor, but the links back that ancestor are not satisfied (Ember Bengal in India. &Ember). It has a population of about 2799 persons living in around Descent is the tracing of kinship relationship through 578 families . At present there are 69 families studied. The total parentage. It is based on the fact that everybody is born from population is 282, out of them, 158 female and 124 male. someone else. Descent creates a line of people from whom Family Size: someone is descended, starching through history. But not all This investigation notes that the Small family is seen cultures reckon descent in the same way. Unilineal descent is the 81.15%. The middle size family or medium family has placed basis of kinship in about 60 percent of the world’s cultures, after the Small family with 15.95 % and lastly 2.9 % i.e. large making it the most common form of descent. Unilineal descent family. The following table has shown the detailed picture. has two major forms. One is patrilineal descent, in which kinship Table-1 (Family Size) is traced through the male line. The other is matrilineal, in which Nature of the Family Number % kinship is traced through the female line. (Millar) Small (1-4) 56 81.15 Technique to be used Medium (+4-7) 11 15.95 According to Millar the goal of fieldwork is to collect Large (7 02 2.9 information, or data, about the research topics. In cultural Total 69 100 Anthropology, variations exist about what kind of data to Table-1 (Family Size of the Studied People) emphasize and the best ways to collect data. (P-68, Ed-6th ) In the Generally a Small family holds one to a maximum of 4 opinion of Millar, a research method which is regulated with a members i.e. 81.15%. The Medium family is recognized as more research question or hypothesis, gathering data for constructing than four & less than 7 members. It is found in 15.95% of cases. the question, and then assessing the findings in relation to the More than 7 member families are considered a Large family. original hypothesis. In this way when a research approach that is The percentage of each family in the table mentioned here is not limited by the hypothesis, it involves gathering data through calculated in the respect to the total number of families. unstructured data, informal observation, conversation and other Clan Distribution: methods. The present theoretical research can be satisfied by Several types of clan have found in this Hamlet or Sardar several techniques. Para. These are namely Tirki, Toppo, Panna, Kerketa, Dhanua, Miz, Khalko etc. The following table shows the clan distribution in respect of the presently studied families.

17226 Chinmay Biswas et al./ Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

Table-2 (Clan Wise Family Distribution) Vector Algebra: The operations of addition and multiplication SL No Clan No of Family % familiar in the algebra of numbers are with suitable definition, 01 Tiriki 33 47.14 capable of; the following definitions are the fundamentals: 1) 02 Toppo 29 41.42 Two vectors A and B are equal if they have the same magnitude 03 Panna 01 1.43 and direction regardless of the position of their initial points. 04 Kerketa 01 1.43 Thus A=B fig: 2. 05 Dhanua 01 1.43 2) A vector having direction opposite to that of vector A but 06 Miz 03 4.29 having the same magnitude is denoted by A. Fig. 3: 07 Khalko 01 1.43 08 Lakra 01 1.43 Total 70 100 Population wise Clans distribution: It has found that 132, 115, 12, 04,03,04,05, & 07 persons belonged to Clans Tirki, Toppo, Miz, Khalko, Panna, Kerketa, Dhanua & Lakra respectively. The next table describes in detail the account on gender-wise clan distribution. Table-03 (Clan and sex wise population) Fig 2: vector Sl No Clan Name Male Female Total 01 Tirki 78 54 132 02 Toppo 63 52 115 03 Miz 06 06 12 04 Khalko - 04 04 05 Panna 01 02 03 06 Kerketa 02 02 04 07 Dhanua 04 01 05 08 Lakrar 04 03 07 Total 08 158 124 282 Table-03 (Clan and Gender-Wise Population) Theory (Types of Unilineal Descent) Anthropologists recognize different types of kinship groups A, B, are examples of lineage system as to the male line or that are based on the unilineal principle. Categorized according female line to increasing level of inclusiveness, the four major types of Concept of Directed Line Segment. descent groups are lineage, clan, phratries and moieties. Kinship Let ‘L’ be a straight line of indefinite length. Take two refers to the relationship - found in all societies – that are based points A and B on L. Then a portion of L, which is bounded by on blood or marriage. Those people whose are related through A and B is called a line segment AB or BA. Now let us direct birth or blood is called consanguinal relatives and those are this line by calling A, the initial point, and B, the terminal point. related through marriage is signified bt the term affinal kin. Then the segment becomes directed line segment (written as Preliminary concept of vector AB). Directed from A to B but if we take B as the initial point A vector is a physical quantity which has both magnitude and A , the terminal point, in them the line segment is directed and direction. There are many examples of such quantities, from B to A, written BA, see that AB or BA is an undirected line including velocity, force, and electric field. A scalar is a physical segment , but AB is a directed line from A to B having direction. quantity which has magnitude only. Examples of scalar include mass, temperature and pressure. Vector can be represented diagrammatically by a line with an arrow at the end. The length Fig4: Vector AB, a Directed Line Segment of the line shows the magnitude of the vector and the arrow In this study first a straight line is to be drawn from indicates its direction. Generation-I to Generation–VII. Hence, generation-I, member no Quantities which can be specified by giving just numbers 1 is an apical ancestor or ancestral point, i.e. initial point and (positive, negative or zero) are called scalar. Scalars can be generation VII-1(member) is denoted as terminal Point drawn compared only if they have the same physical dimensions. Two here. such scalars measured in the same system of units are said to be equal if they have same magnitude (absolute value) and sign. Fig: 5. Lineage straight line with a direction A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction, This straight line is drawn on the basis of kinship genealogy. such as displacement, velocity, force and association, the It may be considered to say that the line has a unique direction magnitude of the vector being indicated by the length of the from ancient time to present and future. Now a lucid explanation arrow. The tail end ‘0’ of the arrow is called “the initial point” of of the following genealogy is discussed. Thus, it is important to the vector, and the head ‘P’ is called “terminal point” mention that the properties of vectors are not completely supportive for the concept. Experiment-01 Fig: 1, vector Let, the following genealogy is shown here, which is taken from Analogically a vector is represented by a letter with an arrow the study. The clan of the following lineage is Tirki of Oraon Tribe. over it, as A in fig.1: and its Magnitude or A. Lineage-01(Clan- Tirki) A scalar is a quantity having magnitude but no direction e.g. Mass, length, time, temperature etc. 17227 Chinmay Biswas et al./ Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

end Gen-VII , Only One Individual no.1. The actual lineage of the study is completely focused and members are noted in Table- 4. Only living male members and spouses with their son-wife and unmarried daughters are controlled by the same lineage rules. The transmission of several socio-cultural properties have always been observed in living members and in case of patrilineal lineage, it is found in the male line and in the matrilineal female line. Thus actual lineage is a portrait of transmission legacy. Here it has been focused, that the actual lineage resembles a directed line segment, at a particular time. Gen. I II III IV V VI No & M F M F M F M F M F M F livin g mem bers Indiv ------5 - 1,3, 2,4, 2,3,9, 4,11,16 idual - 5,7, 6,8, 10,17, ,18,21, No 9 10 19, 20 TOT 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 05 05 07 05 Chart-1 (Oraon genealogy of the studied area) AL Mem Genealogy Inhabits. bers 1. No of Total Generation = 07 Table 4: living members; 2. No of Total Individuals = 54 Experiment-2 3. No of Total Female = 26 Now, at the beginning the Structural Model in 4. No of Total Male = 28 Anthropology, Hage defined “ Anthropology is fundamentally 5. No of Married Couple = 22 the study of sets of social and cultural relations whose diversity 6. No unmarried Male = 06 and pervasiveness is illustrated by such terms as “exchange”, 7. No of Unmarried female =04 “hierarchy”, “classification”, “order”, “opposition”, “mediation” 8. No of Individuals achieved Titki Clan = 42 “inversion” and “transformation”. (p-1). Parental relationships 9. No of Individuals who lefts Titki Clan = 12 (arcs) have been studied by Harary and White in their P-System. Chart-2 (description of genealogy) This system helps somewhat in the present study, so we listed The genealogy remarks the theoretical impression of Law of below the opinion of Harary & White to support the study at Clan purity i.e. hand. 1. Females must change their Clan after marriage. Through P-System Analysis: 2. Same clan marriage is prohibited. A-P System is neither a graph nor a digraph, as it may have 3. The clan is transmitted through the male line. The social or three types of nodes representing a single female, 0, a single cultural traits like property, functions etc. are all subjects also male-1, or a reproducing couple, 01. It has however, only type of inherited by the male in generation wise arc, as in ore’s genetic digraph. Furthermore P-system has two Analogical Explanation: levels of nodes. Each node at level -1 in a p-system contains a We endeavor to discuss the study with respect to the opinion graph at level-2. (Haray & White) of Brown on lineage or Agnate in Social Anthropology consisting of a man and all his descendents through the males to determine the members of the generations. Thus, a minimal lineage includes three generations and we can have lineages four or five or N generations. He said further that “A linage group consists of all members of a lineage who are alive, at a particular time.” Now Clan “as such the term by Brown”, is a group which

though not actually or demonstrably (by genealogies) a lineage , As such they illustrated 16 parental relationships. If we is regarded as being in some ways similar to lineage. It actually consider that on a lineage system, we find, generation-wise code consists of a number of actual lineages. 10(One and Zero) or code 01(Zero and One). In case of Lineage both patrilineal and matrilineal, exist implicitly in patrilineal it is 10 and in matrilineal 01. any kinship system, but it is only in some systems that the Fig -7 Consists, by the use of P-system of structural kinship solidarity of the lineage group is an important feature in the (Harary & White), VII, same code as 10. That is male line, so it social structure. Therefore, the actual lineage of prescribed is assumed that the code of relationship made the line support genealogy, Chart-1, has the following members, listed below. analogically in lineage and which is found a directed straight line Analysis: from initial to terminal position. The following are logical The lineage starts from Gen-I,1,2 to Gen-VII, 1(chart-2) . The relationships found in a lineage. members of the lineage are; a)Gen-I, individual no.1 and 2, b) A) 10 --- 1 = Male-Female Married Couple to Unmarried Son Gen-II , individual no. 1,2,3,4&5, c) Gen-III , individual No. B) 10 --- 0 = Male-Female Married Couple to Unmarried 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 d) Gen-IV , individual no.1,2,3,4,5,&6, e) Gen- Daughter. V, individual No.,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9&10, f)Gen.. VI , individual C) 10 —10 = Male Female Married Couple to Married Son-Wife no.,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21 and 17228 Chinmay Biswas et al./ Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

In the discipline of P-System the Patilineal lineage inhabits the following possible character or arcs. These arcs might have supported the concept of directed line segment. 1. Father to son-(1-1) 2. Father to unmarried daughter (1-0), no longer 3. Father to married son with wife (1-10) 4. Mother to son (0-1) 5. Mother to married son with wife (0-10) Fig. 6: Node and generation 6. Mother to unmarried daughter (0-0) Actual lineage : 7. father-mother to son (10-1) The actual lineage had been started from the Gen-IV, 8. Mother –father to son (01-1) individual No 5 to Gen-VII, individual No.01, because all 9. Father-Mother to married son with wife (10-10) members of these generations are presently living here. This is 10. Father-mother to unmarried daughter (10-0) no longer termed a minimal lineage. No minimal lineage is formed without 11. Mother–father to unmarried daughter (01-0) no longer. maximum lineage. It is said that married couples and all male Now the following chart shows the maximum and minimum members and unmarried females belong to same lineage. Lineage of the study.Gen-1 to Gen-VII is the maximum lineage P- System: and from Generation–IV to Generation-VII, minimum Lineage. According to Harry & White, in a p-system there are three Let, Gen-1 represents Initial position and Gen-VII represent the types of nodes: females (coded - 0) males (coded - 1), and terminal position. These positions are fixed but persons are couples (coded 01 for female-male pair or 10 for a male-female changed (the structural continuity) pair, being convenient to simplify the diagram, or coded 2 = {0, 1} = {1, 0}, if the order of the pair makes no difference). Conventionally, couples will be married; a relation of parentage may exist between any pair of nodes regardless of type, giving sixteen possible combinations of node joined by arcs. The following analogical P-system graph is drawn. On the basis P-system an analogical figure is drawn against following above mentioned genealogy Fig 8: Staright line wise maximum and minmum lineage Let it can be drawn as -

Fig. 9: Analogical representation of directed straight line Fig7: Node, arc and Graph with lineage Now the following analogical graph shows the pattern of Let ‘L’ be a straight line of indefinite lengths. Take two clan heritance from Gen-I to Gen-VII with member Gen-I, 1 to points P and Q on L. Then portion of L, which is bounded by P, Gen-VII, 1. Hence, every successive generation consists of a and Q is called a line segment PQ or QP. Now let us direct this number of apical ancestors which have been remarked as line by calling P, the initial point , and Q, the terminal point. parental stalk. Then the segment becomes directed line segment (written as PQ). The parental stalk are marked with No. of Directed from P to Q but if we take Q as the initial point and P, 1,1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 and14 (fig. - 7). Through the parental the terminal point, then the line segment is directed from Q to P, stalks and by the male members, the clan system is transmitted. written QP, we see that PQ or QP is undirected line segment , but Here it is seen that an initial point and a terminal point are AB is a directed line from P to Q. With PQ directed line segment exclusively present and having a direction. Thus Gen-1 is PQ line attributes ‘three’ characteristics. common ancestor which is represented as Initial Point and Gen- Let, like fig. 8, we get from the analogical P- graph, N-numbers VII, 01 is terminal point in a particular time and space. of directed line segments, Example1). Gen-I, 1 to Gen-II, 2 3) Gen-III, 3 to Gen-IV, 4 17229 Chinmay Biswas et al./ Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

2) Gen-II, 2 to Gen-III, 3 Free and Localized Vector: 4) Gen-IV, 4 to Gen-V, 5,6,7,8,9,10 The term vector is closely associated with the term And so on...... displacement. Vector is the carrier which carries a point from one Now, it’s drawn as; position A to another position B. A vector depicted from the point P (initial point) to the point Q ( Terminal point) is denoted by

PQ, it has length (or magnitude) PQ or and the direction from P to Q as identical arrow.

Fig . 10: Code and a huge no of directed straight lines of lineage. Fig; 12 Vector pq, a directed Line segment, Addition of two or more vectors: Triangle Law and Those oraons who are living here practiced eight successive Parallelogram clans. The clans are sib or lineage pattern in nature. The clans are also exogamy. Analogically they represent the similar line support. No marriage is found in the same clan. Therefore, each segment of lineage is parallel in nature and generation to generation. At the same time, the member of the two different sib or clan or lineage can choose their spouses. The following diagrams show the fact. On this occasion (Clan Rules), every lineage makes parallel lines.

Fig11: Code and Apical ancestors or cap Motivation: A rectilinear displacement or translation from A to B can be represented by a vector AB, if particle is given two successive displacements –one from A to B and a second from B to C the result is the same as if the particle were given a single displacement from A to C. The suggests the relation AB+BC= AC Let , shall take this equation as the definition of two vectors Fig 13: a schematic picture of community and directed line segments Conclusion: The present study is a hypothetical analogical perception of lineage. Thus, it has been studied under the full consideration of analogical experience. The lineage pattern has been found to consist of two types, i.e. Patrilineal and Matrilineal. These are the linear pattern of inheritance. The actual lineage is consisting of

Parallelogram; Given two vectors a and b. Place the vector living members, in a particular time and space. Genealogy a. Draw b from the terminal point of a. then the vector directed represents a complete structure of lineage-space and a directed initial point of a to the terminal point b is the sum tota line segments in a particular indigenous community. The present a+b study re-examined that every lineage or segment or clan is Completing the parallelogram ….. transmitted through married couple to the next. The couple or ABCD with AB and AB and BC as sides , wrote: family of procreation is denoted as parental stalk and as well as AB= BC= b (;. AD and BC) an apical ancestor. While males and unmarried females belonged Collinear, their length and senses are same. Hence , AC= a+b = to same lineage from their parental stalk, that is termed as AB + BC (Triangle law) Patrilineal and the opposite as Matrilineal. During investigation it = AB + AD ; the sum of two co-initial vectors AB and AD is has been found a huge number of parental stalks are present in given by AC is the diagonal through A of the parallelogram every lineage. In fig.: that Gen-I, 01, Gen-II, 1 if it is traced from ABCD having AB and AD as adjacent sides. early to present situation in genealogy, where a straight line may Similarities with the Characterization of a vector : be originated which consists of an initial position and a terminal To every directed line like PQ, the following are associated position, having a direction. At same time on this straight line with P and Q. where, “generation-wise parental stalk,” means apical ancestors i) Length: Length of the directed line segment PQ is the have also been observed. And if we connect every parental stalk, distance between P and Q. we get, N-numbers of segmented straight lines which have same ii) Support: The line of unlimited length of which a direction. So every fragmented but linking part of a lineage’s directed line segment is a part is called the support. straight lines equipped the similar characterization of directed iii) Sense: The sense of the directed line segment is form its line. Through this pathway, the present paper resembles that the initial point to its terminal lineage or Sib is evolved as under the discipline of a directed straight line. In response to social system, the lineage is analogically reviewed as directed straight line resembles with 17230 Chinmay Biswas et al./ Elixir Appl. Math. 61C (2013) 17224-17231

same sense and direction. Here “sense” means unidirectional and Radcliffe-Brown (1958);. Method in Social Anthropology. “support” is clan practicing The paper endeavors to show that Chicago: University of Chicago Press. analogical perception of directed line segment of the vector and Spencer, Herbert(1897); The Principles of Sociology. 2 vols. scalar quantities quite resembles the lineage system, although the New York: D. Appleton. Oxford, England : Translated by Louis magnitude and other characteristics are not studied here. Wirth and EdwardShils. New York: Harcourt, Brace &World, Research significance : Inc. The study focuses on that characteristic where the lineage Sharma,R.N (2007), Social and Cultural Anthropology, Surjeet system sometimes shows quite similar character with the directed Publications, Delhi, line segment. Although directed line segment is a major part of Coser, Lewis (1968). “Knowledge, Sociologyof,” in The Vector & Scalar properties, the segment of lineage only International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , edited by D. possesses the direction from that discipline. So we have signified L. Sills. that every lineage might be analyzed as a directed line segment Spencer, Robert F.(1965) ;The Nature and Value of with its nature of direction. Here in this study, it has not been Functionalism in Anthropology. In Functionalism in the observed in terms of the magnitude, sense & support , but References and Further Readings hypothetically it is assumed that “sense” & “ support” may Bonvillain, Nancy, (2003): Language, Culture, and resemble the rules of unidirectional and clan practicing under the Communication: The Meaning of Messages, (4th edn.Ed.). Upper cultural system in human society. Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 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