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Emergency Response Supply Chain Assessment

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Emergency Response Supply Chain Assessment August 2007 Conducted by: On behalf of: Australian Council for International Development’s Humanitarian Reference Group and Australian Government, AusAID 2 Executive Summary Experiences from recent emergencies revealed that supply chain activities in the first phase of emergency response (including procurement and transport of relief items) tend to involve a lot of activity starting outside of the affected area, in the strategic zones (out of the affected country and often in the headquarters of an agency). In the study area, Access and Transportation was found to be the most challenging area of Supply Chain Management in 15 out of 16 countries in the eastern Asia and Pacific regions. 24% of all challenges identified related to Access and Transportation. Significant challenges have also been identified in the areas of Market Capacity, People Management and Coordination and Storage and Warehousing. Recommended Supply Chain Management solutions to the challenges identified include the pre-positioning of relief items further down the supply chain, in the tactical zones (just outside the affected area but often inside the affected country or in a neighbouring country). The implementation of some or all of these recommendations will have a direct impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency response. 3 3 Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the following individuals, agencies and organizations (listed alphabetically) for their contributions of information, time and resources to this study: Philippa Beale – Caritas Australia in Timor Leste; Charles P. Bernimolin – Regional Disaster Response Advisor, UNOCHA Pacific; Simon Boe – World Vision Vanuatu; Virginie Bohl – LSU, UNOCHA Geneva; Raymond Bojczuk – A/Emergencies Manager Humanitarian and Emergencies Section, AusAID; Bernard Broughton – Director, Project Design and Management Pty Ltd; Florent Chane – Program Officer, Australian Red Cross (project Technical Working Group member); Miriam R. Chin – Palau Red Cross; Douglas Clark – IFRC; Keryn Clark – Oxfam Australia in Timor Leste (and colleagues); Tristan Clements – World Vision Australia; Charlie Damon – Programme Officer, Oxfam Australia; Junus David - Country Program Coordinator, World Vision Australia (project Technical Working Group member); Alejandra Efron – Project Researcher for this study; Silvia Fanggidae – PIKUL, Indonesia; Adriana Carvalho Friedheim – Humanitarian Affairs Officer, UNOCHA Pacific; Augustine Garae – Vanuatu Red Cross; Harry Gubala – Disaster Management Officer, Oxfam International Papua New Guinea; Fiona Hamilton – World Vision Timor Leste; Kim Hayes – Oxfam Australia; Nuran Higgins – Program Officer, International Emergencies, Australian Red Cross (project Technical Working Group member); Graham Kenna – Logistician, Oxfam Australia; Eric Legendre – French Red Cross; Neryl Lewis – Humanitarian and Emergencies Section, AusAID; Antonio Massella – Humanitarian Affairs Officer, UNOCHA Papua New Guinea; Leon Miles – Water and Sanitation Technical Advisor, Oxfam Australia; Claire Montesano – Oxfam Australia; Isabelle de Muyser-Boucher – Humanitarian Affairs Officer, ESB/LSU, UNOCHA Geneva; Jimmy Nadapdap – World Vision Indonesia; Jamie Newton - Supply Chain Manager, World Vision Australia (project Technical Working Group member); Georgina Padgham – Australian Red Cross; Jan Parry – Plan International Australia; Matthew Piening – Oxfam Australia; Gregory Platt – Australian Red Cross; Niki Rattle – Cook Islands Red Cross (and colleagues); Ranmal Samarawickrama – Caritas Australia; Carly Sheehan – Humanitarian and Emergencies Coordinator, ACFID; Jeremiah Tabua – World Vision Solomon Islands; Rex Tara – Oxfam in the Solomon Islands; Sione Taumoefolau – Tonga Red Cross; Anthea Toka – Oxfam International Vanuatu; Fadli Usman – World Vision Indonesia; Rebecca Vince – Emergency Logistics Coordinator, Oxfam Australia (project Technical Working Group member and day to day Project Manager for this study); Michael Vytilingam – Database Volunteer, Oxfam Australia; Phillip Walker – Oxfam Australia; Sizue G. Yoma – Executive Director, Micronesia Red Cross Society; Richard Young – Emergencies Unit Manager, Oxfam Australia; Saito Yukiya – International Operations Coordinator, Japanese Red Cross Society. AFAP; Australian Government, AusAID (participating agency); AustCare; Australian Council for International Development; Australian Red Cross (participating agency); CARE Australia (participating agency); Caritas Australia (participating agency); Fiji Red Cross; Habitat; Oxfam Australia (participating agency); Plan Australia (participating agency); RedR Australia; Samoa Red Cross; World Vision Australia (participating agency); World Vision in Papua New Guinea. 4 Table of Contents PAGE NUMBER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 5 ACRONYMS 6 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 8 7 RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY 9 8 INTRODUCING THE STUDY AREA 12 9 RESULTS: COUNTRY PROFILES 13 10 ANALYSIS 51 11 RECOMMENDATIONS 57 12 REFERENCES 63 13 ANNEXES 69 5 5 List of Acronyms ACFID Australian Council for International Development ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AmCross American Red Cross AUD Australian Dollar AusAID Australian Agency for International Development A satellite based mobile telecommunications service based in Indonesia BYRU with a range up to Papua New Guinea in this study area C-130 Lockhead Hercules four engine turbo prop cargo aircraft DFAT Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DM Disaster Management FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FSM Federated States of Micronesia GPS Global Positioning System HF High Frequency [radio communication] HLS Humanitarian Logistics Software HRG Humanitarian Reference Group IASC Inter Agency Standing Committee IDP Internally Displaced Persons IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies INGO International Non Governmental Organisation IOM International Organisation of Migration IUSN Internet Users Society of Niue Joint International Non-Governmental Organisations Network (for Radio JINGO Communications) KL Kuala Lumpur Medevac Medical Evacuation MoU Memorandum of Understanding MTRC Mumps Technology Resource Centre NDMO National Disaster Management Office NDPAC National Disaster Preparedness and Awareness Committee NFC National Fisheries Corporation NFI Non-Food Item NGO Non Governmental Organisation NZAID New Zealand International Aid and Development Agency NZD New Zealand Dollar NZ New Zealand OAus Oxfam Australia OCHA (UN) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs PDM Project Design & Management Pty Ltd PPVC Plasticised Polyvinyl Choride PNG Papua New Guinea RAMSI Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands RLU Regional Logistics Unit SAR Search and Rescue SDV SDV International Logistics SIA cargo Singapore Airlines Cargo SI/Telekom Solomon Islands Telecom SSF Shared Storage Facility TWG Technical working group UN United Nations UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination 6 UNDMT United Nations Disaster Management Team UN DMT IASC UN Disaster Management Team Inter Agency Standing Committee UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHRD United Nations Humanitarian Relief Depot UNICEF United Nations Children Fund UNOTIL United Nations Office in Timor Leste USAID United states Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar VHF Very High Frequency [radio communication] WatSan Water and Sanitation WFP World Food Programme WV World Vision 7 6 Glossary of Terms Coverage Area - the geographical area in which a humanitarian actor is implementing and / or supporting programs. Critical Zone (of an emergency) - the locality where the emergency occurred (sometimes referred to as the affected area / zone). Emergency Response - this term is used in a number of different ways within the humanitarian sector but, for the purposes of this study, emergency response refers to an international humanitarian intervention in response to both natural and human-made disasters, ranging from earthquakes and cyclones through to civil unrest. Medium In Country Storage Facility (MIC SF) – A store containing (non food, non medical) relief items sufficient to support the most urgent needs of 10,000 beneficiaries. Pre-positioning - the purchasing and storage of supplies in advance of a specific program- generated supply request. Phase One (of Emergency Response) – the first two week period following the onset of an emergency Regional – referring to countries in geographical (logistical) proximity to the country in question. Regional Storage Facility – A store containing (non food, non medical) relief items sufficient to support the most urgent needs of 50,000 beneficiaries, with the added potential to serve / support countries other than that in which it is sited. Small In Country Storage Facility – A store containing (non food, non medical) relief items sufficient to support the most urgent needs of 5,000 beneficiaries. Supply Chain - for the purpose of this study the term supply chain starts from the point at which supplies are initiated in an emergency response and continues to the point at which these supplies reach their response destination. The supply chain includes all processes from initial procurement to end point delivery at implementation site and has both temporal and geographical dimensions. Strategic Zone (of an emergency) - representing the larger sphere of influence, the strategic zone can be best described as the decision making zone and that in which
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