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Tombs of the Roman Period in Sector 26 of the High Necropolis. Archaeological Site of Oxyrhynchus, El-Bahnasa

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Tombs of the Roman Period in Sector 26 of the High Necropolis. Archaeological Site of Oxyrhynchus, El-Bahnasa Tombs of the Roman Period in Sector 26 of the High Necropolis Archaeological Site of Oxyrhynchus, El-Bahnasa Esther PONS MELLADO The archaeological site of Oxyrhynchus (El-Bahnasa), the ancient city of Per-Medjed, is located 190 km south of Cairo. One of its most extensive and important areas is the so-called High Necropolis, where burials from the Saite Period to Christian-Byzantine times can be found. During 2008 season, the Archaeological Mission of Oxyrhynchus started working in the south-eastern section of this necropolis and found a Roman funerary complex. The tombs were built of regular limestone blocks, with vaulted ceilings, and had one or more funerary chambers decorated with paintings and reliefs on some of the walls. Inside, a large number of mummies and interesting funerary objects show the syncretism between Egyptian and Roman cultures. El yacimiento arqueológico de Oxirrinco (El-Bahnasa), la antigua ciudad de Per-Medjed, está situada a 190 km al sur de El Cairo. Una de las zonas más grandes e importantes es la denominada Necrópolis Alta, que abarca un amplio marco cronológico que va desde el Periodo Saíta hasta la etapa Cristiano-Bizantina. En 2008, se comenzó a trabajar en una nueva zona situada al S.E. de dicha necropolis, en donde se descubrieron una serie de tumbas del period Romano construidas con bloques de piedra caliza, con techo abovedado y con una o más cámaras funerarias, algunas de ellas decoradas con pinturas y relieves. En su interior, había un gran número de momias y un interesante ajuar funerario que evidencian el sincretismo entre la cultura egipcia y romana. Keywords: Oxyrhynchus, Roman tombs, mummies, reliefs, paintings, funerary objects. Palabras clave: Oxirrinco, Tumbas romanas, momias, relieves, pinturas, objetos funerarios. archaeological site of Oxyrhyn- The Archaeological Mission of the Uni- The chus (El-Bahnasa), the ancient versity of Barcelona, under the direction city of Per-Medjed, is located 190 km south of Josep Padró i Parcerisa1, has been work- of Cairo (fig. 1). It was the capital of the 19 ing on the left bank of the Bar Yusuf since nome of Upper Egypt and became a very im- 1992. One of the most extensive and im- portant centre because of its geographical sit- portant areas of the site is the so-called uation, on the banks of the Bar Yusuf and at High Necropolis, which is located upon a the crossroad leading to the oases of the West- raised sector and has burials ranging from ern Desert, especially to Bahariya, a trading the Saite Period to Christian-Byzantine centre where many caravan routes converged. times2. 1 Now Emeritus Professor of the University of Barcelona. 2 Padró et alii, 2006. TdE 7 (2016) — Páginas: 161-178 Recepción: 15/10/2016 - Admisión: 02/11/2016 Esther Pons Mellado — [email protected] Departamento de Antigüedades Egipcias y del Próximo Oriente / Museo Arqueológico Nacional / Madrid / España http://doi.org/10.25145/j.TdE.2016.07.09 161 TdE 7 (2016).indb 161 31/3/17 17:04 TdE72016 plete or totally lost. The tombs have one or more burial chambers and have yielded very interesting findings (fig. 2). On the upper layers, several rooms built with mudbricks (both baked and unbaked) were identified. Of these structures, only the walls remain, although in one of them the lower part of the vaulted ceiling was still preserved. Inside room No. 1 were several individuals in supine position, with their heads orientated towards the west and their feet to the east, the hands resting on the pu- bic bone and with some pottery fragments and several coins as funerary objects; all of them are in a very bad condition. Although the study of the rooms is not yet finished, it remains possible that they were built to protect the stone underground tombs be- low, since they were contemporaneously reused. The material culture discovered, both inside and around the rooms, has al- lowed dating them to the Christian-Byzan- Figure 1. Archaeological Site of Oxyrhynchus. tine times. Under these structures of mud- bricks, three tombs dating to the Roman One of the objectives of the 2008 season3 Period have been found (No’s 18, 19, and was to work in a new sector to the south- 20, fig. 3)5. east of this necropolis that was called Sec- During the 2009 season6, the mission de- tor 264. This new area comprises a Roman cided to expand the excavation sector to the complex that, as far as can be ascertained, north, east, and west. Here, a further tomb is composed of six tombs built of white was found in the north-eastern area, which limestone blocks (25/40 cm in length and was numbered 21. It bears similar architec- 15/25 cm in width) with vaulted ceilings, tural characteristics to the tombs explored although in some cases the latter are incom- during the previous season. 3 Padró et alii, 2008: 3-16; Padró et alii, 2010: 46-58. 4 The archeological works (2008-2014) were directed by Esther Pons Mellado. Excavation’ team mem- bers: Hassan Amer (archaeologist), Marta Saura (archaeologist), José Javier Martínez (archaeolo- gist), Annie Perraud (specialist in mummies), Bernat Burgaya (restorer), Antonio López (surveyor), and Eloy Algorri (architect). 5 Padró et alii, 2008: 4-6; Pons, 2012: 289-29, fig. 2-6. 6 The archaeological work in this sector was performed by: Hassan Amer (archaeologist), Anaïs Tillier (drawer), Annie Perraud (specialist in mummies), Bernat Burgaya (restorer), Antonio López (surveyor) and Eloy Algorri (architect). 162 TdE 7 (2016).indb 162 31/3/17 17:04 Tombs of the Roman Period in Sector 26 of the High Necropolis Archaeological Site of Oxyrhynchus... Esther Pons Mellado Figure 2. Topographic Map of Sector 26. It was not until 2013 that the mission could the previous season, and in Tomb No. 36, a restart7 the archaeological works in this sector. structure discovered that year10. Unfortunately, only a few days could be de- voted to the area, which resulted in the discov- ery of some remains of a new tomb (No. 35)8. Tomb No. 18 A part of the tasks carried out in 20149 fo- cused on Sector 26, above all in Tomb No. Tomb No. 18 shows two parallel, rectan- 35, which had remained unexcavated during gular funerary chambers, internally con- 7 The so-called Arab Spring, which took place in Egypt from 25th January 2011, interrupted archaeo- logical works in the majority of the excavations in Egypt and especially in Middle Egypt. In 2012, the mission restarted work in Oxyrhynchus, but in that season the team concentrated on in the Roman necropolis in Sector 2D. 8 The excavations in this sector were undertaken between March 8th-10th, with only enough time to work in the upper layers of this tomb and the area around it. 9 The archaeological tasks were performed by Hassan Amer (archaeologist), Irene Ruidavest (archaeolo- gist), Bibiana Agustí (anthropologist), Bernat Burgaya (restorer), and Antonio López (surveyor). 10 Padró et alii, 2014: 13-17. 163 TdE 7 (2016).indb 163 31/3/17 17:04 TdE72016 Figure 3. Aerial view of Sector 26. Tombs No. 18-20. nected by a narrow passage 70 cm wide. decoration applied on a layer of plaster, al- Access to chamber 1 is from the east via a though in some places the plaster has dis- stairway consisting of five steps. Just out- appeared. side the entrance there was an Egloff type The west wall is decorated with a pair of of- amphora (from the third century AD), de- fering scenes. The right one (fig. 4), the best posited as an offering11. preserved, shows the god Osiris enthroned, Room 1 (3.35 m in length, 2.65 m in width, looking to the right and depicted mummi- and 2.30 in height) has preserved the east- form, clad in a reddish shroud as a personi- ern, western, and southern walls, as well as fication of power. He holds in his hands the part of the northern wall and the ceiling. symbols of power, the crook and the flail, The west wall has two triangular hollows and wearing a wesekh necklace. Unfortu- for some type of lighting device (for exam- nately, the head and the crown (possibly an ple, oil lamps)12, while the west wall and the atef-crown with the two feathers and horns) ceiling still preserve the remains of painted are missing13. 11 Kelley, 1976: plates 97.32, 97.34, 99.5. 12 The southern wall of this room, next to the entrance of the narrow passage, had many black stains be- cause of the use of lamps inside it. 13 The image of Osiris with this type of crown also appears in a relief in Tomb No. 2. 164 TdE 7 (2016).indb 164 31/3/17 17:04 Tombs of the Roman Period in Sector 26 of the High Necropolis Archaeological Site of Oxyrhynchus... Esther Pons Mellado Figure 4. Offering scene of room 1. Tomb No. 18. In front of Osiris there is a standing male and the goddesses Isis and Hathor to the figure, probably the owner of the tomb, left side15. dressed in an ankle-length pleated skirt and Unfortunately, the left scene is very badly wearing a wesekh necklace and a tight hel- damaged, and only the feet and part of the met. He is holding in his right hand a liba- skirt of the male figure, who is looking to tion jar; in his left hand, which rests on his the right, have been preserved; the feet and right shoulder, he has a censer in the shape the lower part of the throne of Osiris are of an arm and open palm on which sits a also visible.
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