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TAXON:Trifolium Arvense L. SCORE:13.5 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Trifolium Arvense L. SCORE:13.5 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Trifolium arvense L. SCORE: 13.5 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Trifolium arvense L. Family: Fabaceae Common Name(s): hare-foot clover Synonym(s): hare-foot trefoil rabbit-foot clover stone clover Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 22 Feb 2016 WRA Score: 13.5 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Herb, Temperate, Weedy, Fodder, N-Fixing Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Low tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 22 Feb 2016 (Trifolium arvense L.) Page 1 of 17 TAXON: Trifolium arvense L. SCORE: 13.5 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 22 Feb 2016 (Trifolium arvense L.) Page 2 of 17 TAXON: Trifolium arvense L. SCORE: 13.5 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [No evidence] "Our plants are referred to var. arvense, characterized the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University by a robust habit." of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Low tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: Africa Macaronesia: Portugal - Madeira Islands; Spain - Canary Islands Northeast Tropical Africa: Djibouti; Ethiopia; Sudan Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia Asia-Temperate Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Dagestan; Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia - Ciscaucasia Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Siberia: Russian Federation-Western Siberia - Western Siberia 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Western Asia: Cyprus; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Europe [Accessed 17 Feb 2016] East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation-European part - European part; Ukraine Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland Northern Europe: Denmark; Finland; Ireland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Greece; Italy; Romania Southwestern Europe: France; Portugal; Spain" Creation Date: 22 Feb 2016 (Trifolium arvense L.) Page 3 of 17 TAXON: Trifolium arvense L. SCORE: 13.5 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed ] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Ehrman & Cocks (1990) showed that the distributions of cluster, Boswell, C.C., Lucas, R.J., Lonati, M., Fletcher, A. and haresfoot and subterranean clovers in Syria were governed by Moot, D.J. 2003. The ecology of four annual clovers differences in environments. They found haresfoot clover better adventives. In: Legumes for dryland pastures. New adapted to lower rainfall (400-520 mm yr-1) and extreme Zealand Grasslands Research and Practice Series No. 11: temperature environments (cold inland mountains and hot plains) 175-184 compared with cluster and subterranean clover." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of versatility] "in Hawai'i naturalized in disturbed, arid to wet areas the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University such as along roadsides, on lava, and in open meadows, 850-2,740 of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. m, on Maui and Hawai'i." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes [Naturalized in mid to upper elevation areas of tropical/subtropical Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of islands] "Native to Europe and the Middle East; in Hawai'i the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University naturalized in disturbed, arid to wet areas such as along roadsides, of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. on lava, and in open meadows, 850-2,740 m, on Maui and Hawai'i." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes [Widely introduced and naturalized] "Naturalized: Africa: USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores; Australasia: Australia: Australia, New 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Zealand: New Zealand; Northern America: United States - Pacific: Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. North-Central Pacific: United States - Hawaii" [Accessed 18 Feb 2016] 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Native to Europe and the Middle East; in Hawai'i naturalized in Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of disturbed, arid to wet areas such as along roadsides, on lava, and in the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University open meadows, 850-2,740 m, on Maui and Hawai'i. First collected of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. on Hawai'i in 1932 (Ewart III160, BISH)" Creation Date: 22 Feb 2016 (Trifolium arvense L.) Page 4 of 17 TAXON: Trifolium arvense L. SCORE: 13.5 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Naturalized: Africa Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores Australasia USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Australia: Australia 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online New Zealand: New Zealand Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Northern America [Accessed 17 Feb 2016] : United States Pacific North-Central Pacific: United States - Hawaii" 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Source(s) Notes National Park Service. 2012. Invasive Plants of Haleakala National Park. "Park Location: Crater, primarily in disturbed areas and trails." http://www.nps.gov/hale/naturescience/upload/Invasive [Disturbance adapted weed] Plants.pdf. [Accessed 22 Feb 2016] Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [Invades disturbed areas] "in Hawai'i naturalized in disturbed, arid to the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University wet areas such as along roadsides, on lava, and in open meadows, of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 850-2,740 m, on Maui and Hawai'i." 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [No evidence in Hawaiian Islands] "in Hawai'i naturalized in the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University disturbed, arid to wet areas such as along roadsides, on lava, and in of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.
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