DOCSLIB.ORG

Developing a Competitive Market for Regional Electricity Cross Border Trading: the Case for the Southern African Power Pool

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developing a Competitive Market for Regional Electricity Cross Border Trading: the Case for the Southern African Power Pool Developing a competitive market for regional electricity cross border trading: The case for the Southern African Power Pool Dr. L. Musaba, P. Naidoo, W. Balet and A. Chikova SAPP Coordination Centre, 17th Floor Intermarket Life Tower, 77 Jason Moyo Avenue, PO Box GT897, Harare, Zimbabwe [email protected] 1. THE SAPP Figure 1. : SAPP structure The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is a regional body that was formed in 1995 through a SADC Directorate of Southern African Development Community Infrastructure & Services (SADC) treaty to optimise the use of available energy resources in the region and support one Executive Committee another during emergencies. The Co-ordination Centre for the power pool is located in Harare, Management Committee Zimbabwe. The pool comprises of twelve SADC member countries represented by their respective national power utilities, Table-1. Planning Operating Environmental Sub-committee Sub-committee Sub-committee Table-1 Co-ordination Current SAPP Members Centre Full Name of Utility Country Botswana Power Corporation Botswana 2. THE SAPP GRID Electricidade de Mocambique Mozambique Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi Malawi 2.1 Historic Development Empresa Nacional de Electricidade Angola ESKOM South Africa Interconnection and regional bilateral trading in Lesotho Electricity Corporation Lesotho Southern Africa started in the 1950s with the line NAMPOWER Namibia connecting the Democratic Republic of Congo Societe Nationale d’Electricite DRC Swaziland Electricity Board Swaziland (former Zaire) and Zambia. The line was meant to Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Tanzania supply power to the Zambian mining industry on ZESCO Limited Zambia the Copperbelt province. Interconnection of Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Zimbabwe Zambia and Zimbabwe systems started in the 1960s following the construction of Kariba Dam. In 1975 South Africa was connected to Mozambique SAPP is managed by the decision-making that via a 533 kV DC line from Cahora Bassa to occurs in the hierarchical structured committees Apollo. illustrated in Figure-1. Reporting to the Energy Ministers of SADC is the Executive Committee As a result of these interconnections, two primary that is composed of the Chief Executives of the electricity networks were created in the region. participating utilities. Reporting to the Executive The first network was the southern network based Committee is the Management Committee, which principally on thermal generation with is composed of senior managers from the transmission links interconnecting Namibia, South transmission system operations and energy Africa and Mozambique. The second network was trading divisions of each utility. based on hydropower with transmission links interconnecting the DRC, Zambia, Mozambique’s The Management Committee collates the Cahora Bassa hydro power station and Zimbabwe proceedings of the sub-committees of Operating, (Figure-2). Until the end of 1995, when the 400kV Planning and Environmental, summarizes the line from Matimba in South Africa to Insukamini in proposals and recommendations and presents bi- Zimbabwe was constructed, the two systems were annually the report to the Executive Committee. linked by 220kV and 132kV lines crossing Botswana. 1 2.3 Future Developments Dem Rep of Congo 2.3.1 Western Power Corridor Kinshasa The demand for power in SAPP is increasing. SAPP has estimated that after the year 2008, the region will run out of capacity and investment in generation should be done now to meet the future challenge that SAPP will face. A study conducted by SAPP in conjunction with Purdue University (SAPP Pool Plan, 2000) established that the Inga Zambia Mozambique hydroelectric scheme in the Democratic Republic Lusaka H H T of Congo (DRC) could generate over 39,000MW H of power for the region and part of this energy H Harare T could be exported to other regions. Hydro Station Zimbabwe T Thermal Station Inga-I and Inga-II were commissioned in 1972 and 1982 respectively. SAPP is interested in the development of Inga-III in the next ten years to T Maputo meet the projected demand. The development of Inga III is now associated with the Western Power Corridor (WESTCOR) project. Figure-2: The Northern network The WESTCOR project is intended to exploit the environmentally friendly, renewable, hydroelectric 2.2 Recent Developments energy of the Inga rapids site in the DRC. The Societé Nationale d’ Electricité (SNEL) in the In the last eight years, SAPP has commissioned Democratic Republic of Congo owns and operates the following transmission lines: the two existing power stations, Inga-I and II, with a combined output of 1,770 MW. Inga-III is the • The 400kV Matimba-Insukamini Interconnector next phase of the development of the Inga site, linking Eskom of South Africa and ZESA of with an estimated rated output of 3,500 MW. The Zimbabwe in 1995. BPC Phokoje substation final phase is Grand Inga has a potential rated was tapped into the Matimba line to allow for output of 39,000 MW. Botswana’s tapping into the SAPP grid at 400kV in 1998. The WESTCOR Steering Committee was formed under the auspices of the SAPP to initiate studies • The 400kV Interconnector between determining the technical and economic viability of Mozambique and Zimbabwe was the Western Power Corridor with source at Inga- commissioned in 1997 and is being operated III. The WESTCOR Joint Venture Company was at 330kV. registered in Botswana to fund the engineering and financial studies, and to build, own, and • The restoration of the 533kV DC lines between operate the infrastructure should the project prove Cahora Bassa in Mozambique and Apollo to be viable. substation in South Africa was completed in 1998. Five utilities are participating in the project. Each utility is represented on the Steering Committee • The 400kV line between Aggeneis in South and will own 20% of the share capital of the Africa and Kookerboom in Namibia was proposed new joint venture company WESTCOR. commissioned in 2001. The utilities are: • The 400kV line between Arnot in South Africa • NamPower, power utility company of Namibia and Maputo in Mozambique was • Eskom, power utility company of South Africa commissioned in 2001. • Empresa Nacional De Electricidade (ENE), power utility company of Angola • • The 400kV line between Camden in South Societé Nationale d’ Electricité Democratic Africa via Edwaleni in Swaziland to Maputo in Republic of Congo (SNEL), Mozambique in was completed in 2000. • Botswana Power Corporation, (BPC), power utility company of Botswana 2 Dem. Rep. Of Congo Kinshasa 400 kV HVAC System to supply Kinshasa ENE Hydro Kuanza 6000 MW ANGOLA NAMIBIA Botswana Gaborone Auas South Pegasus Africa Omega Figure-3: Projected WESTCOR transmission lines 2.3.2 Other Priority SAPP Interconnectors Mozambique to Malawi at an estimated cost of USD46 million. The maximum power is estimated The SAPP Planning Sub-Committee has identified at 300MW. This interconnection may be the several transmission projects, which have been beginning phase of a transmission corridor to East classified as priority projects. These include Africa. several interconnectors that would improve system reliability and enable the exchange of iii.) DRC-Zambia Reinforcement - A team of energy to improve system economy. These representatives from Botswana, the DRC, projects are at different stages of development. Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa is pursuing this project. The project is i.) Zambia -Tanzania Interconnector - A associated with the refurbishment of Inga-I Ministerial Committee and a high level and Inga-II in the DRC so that additional technical committee were set up to accelerate energy from Inga can be accessed by the project in view of the imminent shortage of Countries south of the DRC. The initial phase power in Tanzania and persistent shortage of of the project would include the power in Kenya. The eventual Tanzania-Kenya refurbishment of Inga-I and Inga-II and the Interconnector makes the project more viable. construction of a 220kV line from the DRC to The whole project is expected to be Zambia at a total cost of USD94 million. The constructed at 330kV and would move up to combined new and existing interconnection is 300 MW of power from Southern Africa. The expected to deliver about 500MW firm total cost of the project has been projected to capacity. be around USD160 million for the Zambia- Tanzania interconnector. At the end of the interconnection projects the new grid would be as shown in Figure-4. ii.) Mozambique-Malawi Interconnector - The Power Purchase Agreement negotiations are still in progress. Malawi requires the project for system security and reliability, particularly if there were a drought. It will also permit the exchange of economy energy. The project involves the construction of a 220kV line from 3 H Kenya Gabon Congo Dem Rep of Nairobi Rw anda Congo Burundi Brazzaville Kinshasa H Tanzania H H Dar es Salaam H Luanda H Angola Malawi Zambia H Mozambique H Lilongwe H Lusaka H H H H T H H H H H Harare T H Namibia H Zimbabwe Botswana T H Windhoek E Gaborone E E H E E T Pretoria E E E E E Maputo Johannesburg E E Mbabane T Swaziland P H Lesotho H Hydro station South H Africa P Pumped storage scheme N T Thermal Station E Cape Town P Hydro station Eskom thermal station Figure-4: SAPP current and future grid 4 3. ELECTRICITY TRADING IN THE SAPP a very small percentage of the total electricity generated. 3.1 Bilateral Trading In 2002, the bilateral energy traded in SAPP is Based on intergovernmental agreements, the shown in Figure-5. general trading arrangement in SAPP is for the national utilities to engage into long term bilateral 1,521 contracts for the sourcing and consumption of Eskom-ZESA 150 3,375 electrical energy. The intergovernmental HCB-ZESA 400 agreements and the bilateral contracts form the 2,500 HCB-Eskom 1,370 foundation for cross border electrical energy 230 trading.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Regional Integration in Southern Africa: a Platform for Electricity
    Regional Integration in Southern Africa: A Platform for Electricity Sustainability Gaylor Montmasson-Clair1 ([email protected]) and Bhavna Deonarain2 ([email protected]) Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) Draft version submitted to the 3rd Annual Competition & Economic Regulation (ACER) Conference Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 14-15 July 2017 RESEARCH CONDUCTED FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) NOT FOR CITATION OR CIRCULATION 1 Gaylor Montmasson-Clair is a Senior Economist at Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS), leading the institution’s work on Sustainable Growth. He holds a Master’s degree in International Affairs from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Sciences Po) of Grenoble, France as well as a Master’s degree in Energy and Environment Economics from the Grenoble Faculty of Economics, France. 2 Bhavna Deonarain is a Researcher in the Sustainable Growth team at Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS). She holds a Master’s degree in Development and Governance from the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany. Abstract The energy landscape in Southern Africa has been rapidly evolving over the last decades. An economy-wide transition to sustainability is underway, with energy at its core. In addition, a progressive movement of regional integration with numerous energy-related initiatives is taking place, principally through the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). At the same time, electricity supply industries in the region are restructuring, with the emergence of independent power producers and increased individualism. These dynamics call for a renewed approach to regional electricity integration in support of sustainable energy development and a critical analysis of regional electricity dynamics with the aim of improving regional sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Power Infrastructure
    DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure Africa’s Power Infrastructure Investment, Integration, Efficiency Anton Eberhard Orvika Rosnes Maria Shkaratan Haakon Vennemo Africa’s Power Infrastructure Africa’s Power Infrastructure Investment, Integration, Efficiency Anton Eberhard Orvika Rosnes Maria Shkaratan Haakon Vennemo Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Series Editors © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inga Hydropower Projects and Related Electrification of African Households
    The Inga Hydropower Projects and related Electrification of African Households Baruti B. Amisi School of Built Environment and Development Studies University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 3 March 2015 – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Main Argument • Inga 1 and 2, and by extension IPHs, have the potential to improve the standard of living of Congolese households if managed professionally. However, in their current forms, they further impoverish and under-develop the same people that they were initially intended to assist in theory. This misappropriation of benefits reinforces the differences between the actual winners (local socio-economic and political elites and their allies) and the actual losers (the affected clans, ordinary Congolese citizens and SMMEs). 2 Outline of the presentation • Historical background of the Inga Hydropower Projects (IHPs) • Lessons from Inga 1 and 2 • Interpretations of IHPs from various stakeholders • Grand Inga and the development of Africa • Implications of Inga 1 and 2 experiences for the Power Africa Initiative 3 I. Historical background Geographic locations of IHPs 4 I. Historical background • Initial justification of IHPs – Supplying hydroelectricity to local households – Creating direct and indirect employment – Supporting local SMMEs and industrialisation – Development the DRC • IHPs – Inga 1 and 2 – Further developments of the Inga Falls as Grand Inga or Inga 4 through different phases • SICAI (Société Italo-Congolaise de Développement Industriel) recommendations suggest that: – Inga 1 and 2 should prioritise local market to industrialise the DRC; and thereafter explore the export market. 5 I. Historical background In practice, Inga 1 and 2 supply electricity to the SADC region and Mining in Katanga without transparency around the revenues.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Thermal Generation: a Sustainable Intervention to Improve Sapp's Diminishing Generation Surplus Capacity
    SOLAR THERMAL GENERATION: A SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE SAPP'S DIMINISHING GENERATION SURPLUS CAPACITY CS Kiravu1 and M Mpaesele-Motsumi2 1University of Botswana, Gaborone Botswana and 2Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria, South Africa ABSTRACT The threat of diminishing electricity generation surplus integrates electricity conservation through energy capacity within the Southern African Power Pool efficiency measures and Demand-Side Management (SAPP) is explained. The global discourse on the long- (DSM) programmes in their generation expansion term environmental impact and sustainability of portfolio. However, the choice for a suitable primary conventional energy sources is highlighted against the source of energy to generate electricity is not arbitrary. backdrop of the prospect and potential of Solar Thermal Power Generation (STG). The latter is In a carbon-constrained world, the primary energy source illustrated in terms of both a detailed discussion of for use in electricity generation is no longer dictated by various STG technologies suitable for the SAPP region economics alone. A choice of sustainable energy and an analysis of their attendant levelized costs of alternative ought to balance environmental, economic as energy (COE). Implications and conclusions are then well as technological concerns. This paper argues that drawn for the SAPP region. there is sufficient evidence in terms of proven and mature STG technology diffusion, acceptable economic indices, 1. INTRODUCTION and environmental correctness to warrant solar as the sustainable energy source of choice in circumventing The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is a consortium SAPP's diminishing generation surplus. In this paper of countries in Southern Africa represented by their electricity, a sub sector of the energy sector shall be used National Power Utility Companies, with a regional interchangeably to connote "energy" and vice versa.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Security Master Plan : Electricity, 2007-2025
    ENERGY SECURITY MASTER PLAN - ELECTRICITY 2007- 2025 Department Of Minerals And Energy Energy Security Master Plan - Electricity Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SYNOPSIS .........................................................................................................3 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................6 2. GOVERNMENT POLICY AND OBJECTIVES..................................................................................6 3. HISTORICAL CONTEXT..................................................................................................................7 4. GOALS OF THE ELECTRICITY MASTERPLAN .............................................................................8 5. UNCERTAINTY AND THE VALUE OF FLEXIBILITY ......................................................................8 6. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................................9 7. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SITUATION .........................................................................................13 7.1 ECONOMIC OUTLOOK........................................................................................................................ 13 7.2 GENERATION OUTLOOK.................................................................................................................... 14 7.3 TRANSMISSION OUTLOOK...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Keith Gottschalk Is a Decisions and Choices
    THE JOURNAL OF THE HELEN SUZMAN FOUNDATION | ISSUE 77 | NOVEMBER 2015 The Case for Non- nuclear Power Options Intelligent persons, such as liberals supporting the Helen Suzman Foundation, often hold a range of views on complex issues, especially where more than one criterion is involved, and where some criteria may not be easily quantified. Newspaper editorials have criticized the Government’s abuse of secrecy – what democracy classifies its future electricity plans as secret? – as it proceeds with its programme to build six to nine extra atomic power reactors totalling 9600 MW of electricity. The reason for secrecy is defensive: these plans cannot stand up to scrutiny for economic rationality. This is one requirement for the constitutionality of state Keith Gottschalk is a decisions and choices. political scientist at the University of the Western Joseph Schumpeter’s famous phrase about capitalism and entrepreneurship acting as Cape. “perennial gales of creative destruction” reminds us that the cost-effective blend of power generation varies during each decade. From the 1990s, imported hydropower would have been South Africa’s cheapest electricity source. From the 2000s, imported gas could vie with imported hydropower. During the 2010s, solar power, both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power with storage, could start to be added to the cost-optimal mix. The tell-tale give-away of economic irrationality in the Government’s grim determination to rebuild PW Botha’s atomic industry is that it is utterly price inelastic: 9600 MW regardless of the supply-side revolution noted above. Gaps and Silences Public debate on security of electricity shows extraordinary gaps and silences.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations Into the Upgrading of Transmission Lines from Hvac to Hvdc
    INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE UPGRADING OF TRANSMISSION LINES FROM HVAC TO HVDC by Pathmanathan Naidoo (BEng Electrical, MBA, PrEng SMIEEE, SMSAIEE, MIET) Student Registration Number: 861864146 A thesis submitted in fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering in the School ofElectrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering Faculty ofEngineering University ofKwaZulu-Natal South Africa Date ofSubmission: September 2007 Supervisors Professor N. M. Ijumba (PhD, PrEng, CEng) Or. D. Muftic (PrEng) The University of Kwa Zulu-Natal Abstract Emanating from the proceedings of CIGRE 2004, a new idea for higher power transmission by recycling and up rating high voltage alternating current transmission lines for high voltage direct current application was presented at the HYDC working group session. To date, there is no known application ofthe idea. Globally, transmission congestion, power transfer bottlenecks with restricted and limited power transfers and unobtainable servitudes challenge electric power utilities. The literature review shows that since the early sixties, several authors have studied this proposal. However, no applications were done. Admittedly, early HYDC technology was troubled by problems with multi-terminal designs, external insulation breakdown in the presence of DC stress and mercury valve rectifiers struggled with arc backs. To date, power electronic and external insulation technology has grown and matured for confident application both in point to point and multi-terminal application. The economic costs of introducing the DC technology are also more affordable given reducing prices due to higher volume of purchases. With promising developments in insulation and power electronic technology and driven by South Africa's surging growth in the consumption of electrical energy; the subject of upgrading HYAC transmission for HYDC application is revisited.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Clean Energy Corridor: Analysis of Infrastructure for Renewable Power in Eastern and Southern Africa
    Analysis of Infrastructure for Renewable Power in Eastern and Southern Africa 1 Copyright © IRENA 2015 Unless otherwise indicated, material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, so long as IRENA is acknowledged as the source. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgement This study was financed and supervised by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The support and active participation of stakeholders in the region is gratefully acknowledged, especially the secretariats of the Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP) and the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) as well as the EAPP Independent Regulatory Board (IRB) and the Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA). These organisations, along with government and utility officials in eastern and southern Africa, provided the bulk of the statistical information. For the review of this report, we would like to acknowledge Lawrence Musaba from the Southern African Power Pool, Crescent Mushwana from ESKOM South Africa, Sergio Moreno from CNELEC Mozambique, Lucky Nhlanhla Ngidi from National Energy Regulator of South Africa, Rojas Manyame and Foibe L. Namene from the Electricity Control Board of Namibia.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure Investment Opportunities in Angola American Council of Engineering Companies Annual Conference
    Infrastructure Investment Opportunities in Angola American Council of Engineering Companies Annual Conference By: Hamilton Costa ANIP USA Resident Representative Washington DC - USA April 30th 2014 2 ANIP - Angolan National Private Investment Agency • ANIP is the only government entity responsible for the execution of the national policy on private investment, its promotion, coordination, evaluation, approval and supervision. • Founded in 2003 by Decree No. 44/03 of 4 July 2003. 3 Angola Geographical location data : West Coast of Southern Africa Area: 1,246,700 km² Maritime Frontier: 1,650 km (Atlantic Ocean) Land Frontier: 4,837 km (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and Namibia) Climate: Tropical Average Temperature : 30ºC (max) 17ºC (min) Inhabitants: 20,900,000 (projection) Capital: Luanda (more than 5,000,000 inhabitants) Administrative Division: 18 Provinces Main Ports: Lobito, Luanda and Namibe 4 Angolan Economy: GDP Growth Rates • Between 2000-2010 GDP grew at an average of 11.25%. • Since 1994, per capita GDP has risen by 7x from US$ 591 to US$ 4,422 in 2010. 5 Macroeconomic Indicators 2010 2011 2012 2013 Premises of the Economic Policy: ° Annual oil production (million/bbl.) 696 605.9 657.3 673.5 ° Oil Price (USD/bbl.) 77.9 110.1 103.8 96 Goals of the Situation: ° General rate of growth of GDP % 3.4 3.9 8.1 5.6 ° Non- Petroleum GVA growth rate % 7.8 9.7 9.1 6.6 ° Petroleum GVA growth rate % -3 5.6 4.3 7.3% ° Annual inflation rate % 15.3 11.4 9.02 9% Fiscal (Percentage of GDP): ° Revenue 43.7 42.2 43.3 38.2 ° Expenditure 36.5
    [Show full text]
  • The Fantasy of the Grand Inga Hydroelectric Project on the River Congo
    water Article The Fantasy of the Grand Inga Hydroelectric Project on the River Congo Jeroen Warner *, Sarunas Jomantas, Eliot Jones, Md. Sazzad Ansari and Lotje de Vries Sociology of Development and Change, Social Sciences Group, Wageningen University, 6706KN Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] (S.J.); [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (M.S.A.); [email protected] (L.d.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 5 May 2018; Accepted: 3 January 2019; Published: 26 February 2019 Abstract: The Congo River is the deepest in the world and second-longest in Africa. Harnessing its full hydropower potential has been an ongoing development dream of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and its more powerful regional allies. If completed, the Grand Inga complex near Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC, will be the largest dam project in the world. Its eight separate dams (Inga 1–8) are envisioned to be “lighting up and powering Africa”. Opponents claim, however, that the rewards will be outsourced to corporate mining interests rather than meeting the needs of the local population, and that the project is flawed economically, socially and environmentally. The planned construction of the Inga dams and associated infrastructure has been stuck in limbo since it was mooted in the 1960s; a fantasy rather than a reality. This article attempts to analyse the rivalry underlying the Grand Inga scheme beyond the “pro” and “contra” reports. Embracing Lacanian psychoanalysis and triangulating multiple sources, we seek to unmask Grand Inga as a potent fantasy. Whilst exhibiting its purpose to serve as a screen to protect both proponents of and opponents to the dam from encountering their own self-deception, we conclude the scheme to be at its most powerful whilst the dream remains unfulfilled.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of the Philippines
    Department of Energy and Water The Republic of Angola FINAL REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY SURVEY ON RURAL ELECTRIFICAITON DEVELOPMENT WORKS IN THE REPUBLIC OF ANGOLA December 2011 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NEWJEC Inc. A F D CR (3) 11-013 Final Report CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The Preparatory Survey on Rural Electrification Development Works in the Republic of Angola Conclusion and Recommendation Final Report CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This preparatory survey is planned from August 2010 to January 2012. This preparatory survey is The Preparatory Survey on Rural Electrification Development Works including Feasibility Study (FS) of Cutato HPS (Hydro Power Station). As the result of survey, Cutato HPS can be feasible to be executed from viewpoints of technology, economy and environment. Conclusion and Recommendation are shown below. Conclusion 1. Necessity and Expected Result of the Project (1) Necessity of the Project Maximum electricity supply has been increased more than 10% after termination of the civil war in 2002. In the year of 2008, installed capacity was 1,258 MW and maximum electricity supply was 4,050 GWh. The yearly electricity production, in 2008 has been rapidly increased by 23% from 2007. The average yearly electricity production from 2010 to 2016 is estimated 13%/year. Electric supply in Angola is almost restricted to urban areas. Rural electrification rate of villages is very low, 30.4% and more rural electrification is to be expanded. However, besides governmental electricity company of Angola (ENE: National Electricity Company), consumers have generation facilities by themselves around 900 MW to 1,200 MW and all of them are diesel generation facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Dual Plenary Session I Electricity Access in Emerging and Developing Countries
    Dual Plenary Session I Electricity Access in Emerging and Developing Countries The case of Mozambique Monday, June 19th 11:15 a.m. - 12:30 p.m ELECTRICIDADE DE MOÇAMBIQUE, E.P. 1 com energia construimos futuro Rationale for Universal Access Mozambique has accepted the challenge to reach Universal Access in 2030 EDM has incorporated this challenge as one Key Strategic Objective No development can occur without electricity! Access was defined as “having electricity service of any kind” “The future is electric” ELECTRICIDADE DE MOÇAMBIQUE, E.P. 2 com energia construimos futuro Contents of the Presentation • Introducing Mozambique and EDM • Statistics of access • Challenges and Opportunities Question: can EDM, as an utility, meet the goal of sustainable access to all by 2030? ELECTRICIDADE DE MOÇAMBIQUE, E.P. 3 com energia construimos futuro Universal Access by 2030 Electrification of Districts finished in 2015 15 Districts Electrified 1977 2005 2007 2009 2010 2015 2012 154 district capitals, of which 147 connected Residential access in 2016: 26% 147 Districts Electrified To achieve universal access by 2030, EDM will need to connect between 300 and 400 thousand households per year, at a cost of approximately 500 USD per connection. EDM is targeting to reach 3.7 million new connections on-grid and 1 million new connections off-grid, through mobilization of development funding and through partnerships with the private sector for innovative supply solutions. ELECTRICIDADE DE MOÇAMBIQUE, E.P. 4 com energia construimos futuro Power Corridors link
    [Show full text]