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Solar Thermal Generation: a Sustainable Intervention to Improve Sapp's Diminishing Generation Surplus Capacity

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Solar Thermal Generation: a Sustainable Intervention to Improve Sapp's Diminishing Generation Surplus Capacity SOLAR THERMAL GENERATION: A SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE SAPP'S DIMINISHING GENERATION SURPLUS CAPACITY CS Kiravu1 and M Mpaesele-Motsumi2 1University of Botswana, Gaborone Botswana and 2Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria, South Africa ABSTRACT The threat of diminishing electricity generation surplus integrates electricity conservation through energy capacity within the Southern African Power Pool efficiency measures and Demand-Side Management (SAPP) is explained. The global discourse on the long- (DSM) programmes in their generation expansion term environmental impact and sustainability of portfolio. However, the choice for a suitable primary conventional energy sources is highlighted against the source of energy to generate electricity is not arbitrary. backdrop of the prospect and potential of Solar Thermal Power Generation (STG). The latter is In a carbon-constrained world, the primary energy source illustrated in terms of both a detailed discussion of for use in electricity generation is no longer dictated by various STG technologies suitable for the SAPP region economics alone. A choice of sustainable energy and an analysis of their attendant levelized costs of alternative ought to balance environmental, economic as energy (COE). Implications and conclusions are then well as technological concerns. This paper argues that drawn for the SAPP region. there is sufficient evidence in terms of proven and mature STG technology diffusion, acceptable economic indices, 1. INTRODUCTION and environmental correctness to warrant solar as the sustainable energy source of choice in circumventing The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is a consortium SAPP's diminishing generation surplus. In this paper of countries in Southern Africa represented by their electricity, a sub sector of the energy sector shall be used National Power Utility Companies, with a regional interchangeably to connote "energy" and vice versa. development goal of linking SADC member states into a single electricity grid for cost effective power and 2. SAPP GENERATION PROJECTIONS resources sharing. The organisation was formed in 1995 and the its member countries with respective Power "In 2007 the net SAPP generation capacity is expected to Utility Companies are: Angola-ENE, Botswana-BPC, reach 45GW against peak demand of well over 45GW. In DRC-SNEL, Lesotho-LEC, Malawi-ESCOM, the past 10 years, electricity generation surplus capacity Mozambique-EDM, Namibia-NamPower, South Africa- within the member utility companies has been declining. ESKOM, Swaziland-SEB, Tanzania-TANESCO, Zambia- The region has currently a combined total installed ZESCO, and Zimbabwe-ZESA [1, 2]. SAPP has in been generation of 52.743 GW but the net generation output is in operation for just over a decade1995 since its creation around 45GW. By 2010, it is projected that the combined in 1995. total SAPP member countries' demand shall reach 47.626GW [2]. It is alleged, that to operate optimally, Reference to SAPP's electricity demand projections SAPP must ensure it maintains a generation reserve level of reveals the need to boost the region's electricity 10.2 percent or higher at all times. It is projected also that generation capacity and reduce demand. It is estimated at current demand growth rates, the region could exhaust its that based on the region's present electricity consumption reserve capacity by 2007 and would not be able to meet trends, the regional demand on electricity cannot be met further increases in demand for power which will lead to beyond 2010. A country-by-country analysis within SAPP power outages with severe economic, political and social also reveals a parallel trend: Botswana for instance consequences. This has prompted member states, through imports more than 70% of its electricity mainly, from SAPP, to embark on a number of short and long-term South Africa. The contractual electricity import projects to bolster its power generation capacity by more agreement between Botswana and South Africa will need than 42GW by either constructing new power stations or to be renegotiated at the end of 2007 due to electricity enhancing the performance of existing facilities [2]. Table bottlenecks felt domestically within South Africa itself. 1 shows the SAPP's electricity demand projections. Remedial measures by SAPP have in pragmatic terms been directed primarily to efforts geared towards increased generation levels. Only a few individual countries' utility companies, notably ESKOM in South Africa, have embarked on a two-prong solution that MW. The company's six hydropower stations with a total output of 561 MW, now yield a paltry 50 MW, which has necessitated the day-long power shedding. The long term plan is to use thermal, natural gas and coal to generate 500 MW that would completely end power outages." In Zimbabwe, "The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) has failed to attract investors for the construction of the giant US$1.5 billion Batoka hydroelectric power station, a joint project between Zimbabwe and Zambia. Sources within the ZRA said a number of enquiries from potential investors have been coming in but not a single one of them had materialised "for unspecified reasons". The timely implementation of the project was critical in light of the projected regional power deficit in 2007. The Herald, 25th December 2006". In this snapshot headline news on energy matters, only Kenya is different in that the "Great Wall Drilling Company" has clinched a deal to drill geothermal wells for KenGen. The firm's work early next year will begin Ten years after its inception, SAPP identified in 2005 with the construction of a new 70 MW power plant, priority projects aimed at reversing the diminishing Olkaria IV, in Naivasha. The drilling would accelerate generation surplus capacity [2]. These projects involve geothermal development, which is expected to reduce rehabilitation of the existing infrastructure, short-term dependence on hydropower generation. The Government generation projects, and transmission projects to has identified geothermal power generation as the interconnect non-operating members of the SAPP such as cheapest option for the next 20 years. Research shows the Mozambique-Malawi, Zambia-Tanzania-Kenya there is potential of more than 2GW of geothermal energy interconnections and the Western Power Corridor in the Rift Valley. Kenya has an effective capacity of 130 (Westcor). The initiative also includes plans to relieve MW making it the leading geothermal power producing congestion on the SAPP grid and to evacuate power to the country in Africa. The Standard, 20th December 2006" load centres." Hence in SAPP's agenda on corrective interventions, as SAPP may be accused of being seemingly oblivious to the do individual government's intentions, both measures current discourse on the electricity sustainability agenda meant to ameliorate diminishing electricity generation mainly due to its apparent lack of assertiveness in capacity are still dominated by an over-reliance on coal. prioritising renewable energy projects. Instead SAPP Given the huge hydro-potential within some SAPP seems to pronounce solutions that default to the member states, the development of hydro power electricity-business-as-usual scenario where coal is generation could suffice to avert the diminishing surplus assumed to be the primary source to bolster generation capacity. However there may be justifiable disquiet on capacity. Using SAPP's operational statistics and planning entrusting the region's electricity security of supply to data from 1996 up to 2014 [2], 24 of the 45 power water-endowed countries whose political stability may not stations that have been or are yet to be built are thermal be guaranteed. SAPP's silence on the potential of power stations with the remaining 21 being either hydro renewable electricity generation options needs redressing pumped storage power stations. None is envisaged to be by creating awareness for the viability of the solar thermal solar. Individual government interventions aimed also at power generation potential in the region. curbing their generation deficits seem to corroborate the perceived electricity-business-as-usual scenario [3]. 3. THE SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE SOLAR THERMAL GENERATION The New Vision, 12th December 2006 reports that "Israeli investors yesterday met President Yoweri Museveni and In a carbon-constrained world of our times, a long-term proposed provision of 100 MW of fuel oil generated energy vision for SAPP would be expected to be pragmatic electricity", whereas the Solar equipment suppliers in on sustainable electricity supply. Using Bruntland's Kampala appeal to the government to "boost the capacity definition of sustainable development and recasting it to of solar power providers to provide power to apply to sustainable electricity development, "Sustainable communities" African News Dimension, 26th December Electricity Development is electricity development that 2006. meets the electricity needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet In Tanzania, "The Tanzania Electricity Supply Company their own electricity needs" [4]. (TANESCO) guarantees only 347 MW of electricity generation against a country maximum demand of 550 SAPP's projected $8Billion investments on transmission estimated increases in temperature is expected to infrastructure and the erection of new coal-fired power lie between 1.4oC and 5.8oC by 2100". stations does not include arguments on sustainable electricity development: The IPCC [11],
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