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92159 Vertebrates Website Mammals (last update March 2014) Catherine Kemper of native rodents, not including those known only from subfossils, have become extinct. To our knowledge, Senior Researcher and only one species (4%) of bat is extinct in South Australia. Curator of Mammals* There are no known extinctions among the monotremes, marsupial moles, cetaceans and pinnipeds. David Stemmer The introduction of native mammal species (i.e. those Collection Manager, Mammals* not previously recorded in an area) and reintroduction of species (i.e. those known to have existed in an area) Terry Reardon have been attempted in many parts of South Australia Technical Officer since the 1920s, more intensively since the 1980s. To our knowledge, this has involved 15 species, including Evolutionary Biology Unit* six that had become extinct in the State prior to their Graham Medlin reintroduction. If records are available, annotations regarding these introductions and reintroductions are Honorary Researcher, Subfossils* made in the taxonomic list. Peter Shaughnessy The scientific names for species and their higher-level classification (i.e. Subclass, Order, Suborder, Family) used Honorary Researcher, Mammals* in this account follow the world list of mammals (Wilson *South Australian Museum and Reeder 2005) with some amendments detailed below. Subfamilies, genera and species are arranged Helen Owens, alphabetically and are included only when it is necessary to divide South Australian representatives of a Scientific Officer – Biological Family into meaningful subgroups. Recent synonyms for Data, Department of Environment, scientific names can be found in Watts and Aslin (1981), Walton (1988), and Rice (1998), Wilson and Reeder Water and Natural Resources (2005), and Van Dyck and Strahan (2008). Common This account lists all the species of mammals that have names follow Mead and Brownell (2005), Wozencraft been reliably recorded in South Australia and provides (2005) and Van Dyck and Strahan (2008) except for maps showing their distribution based on confirmed recently described species. records. The evidence for species occurrence comes from museum specimens (i.e. whole or part animals, Monotremes pick-up skeletons and skulls and subfossils), observational Living monotremes are grouped into two Families records that have been verified by a mammalogist (e.g. that differ greatly and future studies may assign them photographs, descriptions, captures, sound recordings) to higher order classification than Family. Several and information from publications. Mammal species that subspecies of Tachyglossus aculeatus have been have become extinct in South Australia since European described (e.g. T. a. aculeatus on mainland South settlement or have been introduced are annotated in Australia and T. a. multiaculeatus on Kangaroo the list. Island) but the current view is that genetically and Australia has been home to about 370 native mammal morphologically these cannot be clearly separated. species. This number fluctuates as new species are Marsupials described and others synonymised. Of the 190 species known to have occurred in South Australia (including 11 In Australia, marsupials are divided into three major recorded only by subfossil remains), 173 are indigenous groups that are aligned by their diet and morphology: to Australia and 17 introduced by Europeans (Table 1) insectivorous/carnivorous (Dasyuromorphia 2.1). There is debate as to whether the Dingo should be and Notoryctes), 2) insectivorous/omnivorous considered an introduced species, since it was brought (Peramelomorphia) and 3) primarily herbivorous to Australia 4000–5000 years ago by peoples unknown. (Diprotodontia). There is mixed opinion as to which group evolved first, the bandicoots or the dasyuroids, South Australia has the highest number of mammal and the evolutionary position of Notoryctes is not known. species extinctions of any State or Territory. Twenty The taxonomic affinities of Lagostrophus fasciatus are seven species (16%) have disappeared since European uncertain, with one view placing it in the Subfamily settlement. Some groups have suffered more than Stenurinae, a group of fossil kangaroos. Syndactyly, others; for example, seven out of eight species (88%) of the joining of two toes in the foot, is found in the bandicoots and bilbies and three of 19 species (16%) bandicoots, macropods and potoroids and was for a Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 2 MAMMALS Page 1 long time thought to be of evolutionary significance. At the time of the previous version of the census It is now considered a convergent trait. Some of the (Robinson et al. 2000), Pteropus poliocephalus was Diprotodontia have an opposable hallux (big toe considered an occasional visitor to South Australia. A orientates at almost right angles to the foot) to aid in small colony (close to 1400 at the time of this Census) is climbing. In this Census, the Subfamily Planigalinae is now naturally established in Adelaide and in 2011 and treated as a separate group but it is sometimes included 2012, young were born. The species is likely to become a with the Subfamily Sminthopsinae (Wilson and Reeder permanent resident of the State. In 2013, a P. alecto was 2005). Since some marsupials (e.g. bandicoots) have a recorded in Adelaide, the first record for South Australia. rudimentary placenta, the term ‘placental mammal’ is not appropriate for what are more correctly referred to Pinnipeds as eutherians. It is retained here as an alternative There are two main groups of pinnipeds that occur to eutherian. in South Australia, the eared seals (Family Otariidae) and the ‘true’ seals (Family Phocidae). Recent Bats worldwide reviews of the otariids (Brunner 2004, Berta Traditional classification divides the Order Chiroptera and Churchill 2012) have advocated changes that, into two suborders, the Megachiroptera (flying-foxes if adopted, would affect the naming of Australian and their allies) and Microchiroptera (all echolocating species. Berta and Churchill (2012) recommended that families). Recent genetic studies directed towards all Arctocephalus, except A. pusillus, be transferred to resolving the evolutionary relationships among bats the genus Arctophoca. This Census has opted not to have radically challenged this traditional view. make this change until there is clear demonstration of its The overwhelming evidence now shows that some acceptance worldwide. echolocating bat families are more closely related to Three of the five otariids that have been recorded in flying-foxes than they are to other echolocating bat South Australia also breed there but A. tropicalis and A. families (Yu et al. 2012). While there is now consensus gazella do not and are therefore considered occasional that still only two new suborders are needed to account visitors. There is clear evidence of hybridization between for the new groups of bat families, there are two species of Arctocephalus at Macquarie Island and this competing proposals for naming these suborders and may have implications for those that are recorded on for which bat families comprise them (see summary in the Australian mainland. Hutcheon and Kirsch (2006)). At this point there is no world agreement on which names to use. In this Census Phocid seals breed in the Antarctic and Subantarctic we have dispensed with allocating bats to a suborder. and are therefore sometimes referred to as Antarctic seals. Except for the Elephant Seal, these species do not Genetic studies have led to the creation of a new breed in continental Australia and are occasional visitors family, Miniopteridae, for the genus Miniopterus. It was to South Australia (Shaughnessy et al. 2012). formerly included in the Family Vespertilionidae (Miller- Butterworth et al. 2007). Cetaceans The genus Austronomus now replaces Tadarida Both major groups of cetaceans, the baleen and (Churchill 2008, Ammerman et al. 2012). toothed whales, have been recorded in South Australia. Since the last Census (Robinson et al. 2000), several There is recent evidence (Fordyce and Marx 2012) that species-level taxonomic changes have been made that Neobalaenidae (Caperea marginata) is the last survivor affect South Australian bats. Nyctophilus timoriensis has of a fossil family of baleen whales, the Cetotheridae, but been divided into N. corbeni and N. major (Parnaby in this Census we have chosen not to adopt this family 2009), and a new Australian species of free-tailed bat, name until it is accepted by the scientific community. Mormopterus eleryi, has been described (Reardon et al. The families Neobalaenidae and Physeteridae contain 2008). Other changes to the genus Mormopterus will be only one species. All other families found off South published in the near future. Australia either have multiple species occurring here The taxonomy and nomenclature of Miniopterus or relatives elsewhere in the world. Some taxonomic schreibersii bassanii remain problematic. There is treatments (e.g. Wilson and Reeder 2005) include agreement that the species Miniopterus schreibersii Kogiidae with Physeteridae but this Census does not. does not occur in Australia (Tian et al. 2004; Appleton Mead and Brownell (2005) listed Physeter catodon for et al. 2004) but to which species the subspecies M. s. the Sperm Whale but worldwide opinion favours the bassanii belongs is not resolved. However, there is a retention of P. macrocephalus. strong likelihood that this subspecies will be recognised Two species, Balaenoptera borealis and as a full species in the near future. In this Census
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