[2011]

A study of ’s strategy of using 3 airports and the inter-relationship between them.

[SAMPLE AIRPORT ANALYSIS DONE BY AIRSERVE FZCO] SAVIO JOSEPH N

AIRSERVE FZCO | [] CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary………………………………...………….……………3

2. Consequences of the physical design and capacity limitations for Vnukovo airport…..……...……………….………..4

3. Strategy of the different airports in Moscow city……………………………………...…………….………..11

4. Strategy of Moscow (City of 3 airports)……………………………………………………….....18

5. Conclusion…………………………………………...…..…………………22

6. References……………………………………………...…..…...………….23

7. Appendix………………….……………………………...……...…………25

LIST OF FIGURES / DIAGRAMS

Figure 1 : Aeriel view of Vnukovo International Airport….....……………….4

Figure 2 : Vnukovo International Airport…..…...…………………...... 6

Figure 3 : Planned design of Terminal A……………………………………...7

Figure 4 : Strategic location of Moscow’s airports…………………………..11

Figure 5 : Performance comparison of Moscow’s 3 airports……………...…12

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Moscow is the most populous city and the most populous federal subject of . Moscow also happens to be the seventh largest city proper in the world. The population of Moscow is in excess of 10.5 Million. To cater to such a large population, Moscow has three airports: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Domodedovo International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport. These three airports operate both domestic as well as international flights to different areas of Moscow as well as to the different parts of the world.

This Document has 3 aims which are:-

1. To assess the consequences of the physical design and capacity limitations of Moscow-Vnukovo airport.

2. To assess the strategy of the three airports : Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo and Domodedovo in Moscow and to understand how these airports capitalize on their personal strengths.

3. To confirm the Moscow’s strategy in operating three airports by critically analyzing the strengths and weakness of operating multiple airports in a single city.

The personal analysis conducted in the document is supported by facts from a variety of sources which can be cross-verified.

3 CONSEQUENCES OF THE PHYSICAL DESIGN AND CAPACITY LIMITATIONS FOR VNUKOVO AIRPORT

Vnukovo International airport has been operating for the past 60 years and is located 28 km southwest from the centre of Moscow, Russia. Despite the close proximity to Moscow city, the airport has no noise limitations (sovereign publications, 2010). This airport was built to replace the older Khodynka airport and it also served as a military airbase during the Great Patriotic War (Vnukovo International Airport, wikipedia.org, 2010). The airport has a number of characteristics which places a barrier on the number of passengers that it can handle.

Airfields and Runways:-

The airport has 2 intersecting runways. Runway 1 is of 3000m x 60m and Runway 2 is 3060m x 60m both of which are allowed to accept aircraft weighing up to 400 tonnes. In total there are 60 stands on an apron for all types of aircraft. An aerial view of the runways is as shown below.

Figure 1: Aerial view of Vnukovo International Airport (decodecarhire.com, 2010)

4 The airport has a total Apron area of 55ha. The airport’s apron and ramp areas can accommodate up to 100 aircraft at a time with the serviceable AC type gamut running from light executive jets to the Boeing 747 (Vnukovo.ru, 2010).

Consequences:- The runways have a joint capacity of only 60 takeoffs/landings per hour. The runways cannot accommodate larger aircraft such as the . Since the runways are intersecting runways, simultaneous aircraft landings/takeoffs are not possible as in Domodedovo International airport. Intersecting runways utilize space more efficiently however they do not permit simultaneous aircraft operations.

Improvement Measures Taken:- The expansion plans for vnukovo airport include lengthening the runways to 3800 m. The instrument landing system will be upgraded from CAT II to CAT III. New taxiways will also be built along with a new control tower (Vnukovo International Airport, wikipedia.org, 2010). The increase in length of the runways will allow for larger aircrafts to land. The benefits for the airport from the larger passenger aircrafts is that they carry a higher number of passengers without increasing the number of slots used at the airport. This means that more passengers can be processed at the airport with the same number of runways.

Terminals:-

There are 4 terminals at Vnukovo International Airport. The airport has two passenger terminals (International Terminal B and Domestic terminal 2), one general aviation terminal (for charter business flights) and one cargo terminal (Vnukovo International Airport, wikipedia.org, 2010). In 2009 the airport catered to around 10.24 million passengers. This represents a 28.1% increase over the year 2008 (Airport traffic report, December 2009). Terminal B has a floor space of 18,000sqm allowing for an annual passenger throughput capacity of 4 Million passengers. The terminals in Vnukovo airport follow the Pier Terminal design as shown in the following diagram.

5

Figure 2 : Vnukovo International Airport (ucuyorum.com, 2010)

Consequences:- The airport has the capacity to cater to a maximum of 3000 passengers per hour. A pier approach for the terminals means that it is difficult for the airport to expand however the pier approach ensures that the airport can collect a good amount of Non-Aeronautical revenues. The airport will also have a centralization of most of the functions.

Improvement Measures Taken:- Vnukovo’s infrastructure development programme to 2015 forecasts a further capacity increase to 20-22 million passengers annually. A new terminal A is planned which will provide 250,000 sqm of floor space and spacious arrivals and departures concourse with 25 jetway-equipped gates. The terminal will have 5 main levels including an underground level where high speed trains will serve the capital. A planned design is as shown on the following page (airportbusiness.com).

6

Figure 3 : Planned design of terminal A (airportbusiness.com, 2009)

Access:-

Vnukovo Airport is the airport located closest to Moscow city centre, merely 11 km distant from the Moscow Ring Road and with just 27 km separating the field from the heart of Moscow. An extensive multimodal mass transit infrastructure connecting the airport with the city is available. There are three highways: The Kievskoye (6 lanes), Borovskoye and Minskoye, a traffic exchange system with a system of tunnels connecting the airport drive to the Kievskoye highway and ensuring smooth traffic throughout. There are also a number of route buses, route taxi vans and conventional cabs plying between the airport and town at all times. There is also a speed rail link between Kievsky train station in downtown Moscow and the airport’s passenger terminal. (Vnukovo.ru, 2010).

Consequences:- Vnukovo International Airport has a reputation of being easy to travel to. Vnukovo’s passengers rarely miss their flight’s unlike the passengers traveling from Sheremetyevo airport. Since Vnukovo has such a good transport infrastructure, will find it very attractive to fly to and from Vnukovo International Airport.

7 Improvement Measures Taken:- The Vnukovo Aeroexpress will soon exit directly into the Terminal A of Vnukovo airport.

Airlines:-

There are a total of 29 airlines operating to and from Vnukovo International airport (Vnukovo.ru, 2010). Out of this Atlaz-soyuz Airlines and U-Tair Aviation operates the maximum number of airlines from the airport. U- Tair operates to 36 destinations from Vnukovo airport (Vnukovo International Airport, Wikipedia.org, 2010). The table shown in the appendix section shows the all airlines operating to Vnukovo International Airport and the destinations that they serve. Vnukovo’s route network comprises of around 450 scheduled and charter destinations all over Russia. General aviation serves around 500 destinations. The destination list is constantly growing with new ones in Western , North America, Africa and being added continuously.

Consequences:- Because of the increasing number of destinations that Vnukovo is flying to, Vnukovo is increasingly becoming an hub. By becoming a Hub Vnukovo International Airport will see an increase in the number of transit passengers. This would mean an increase in the revenue for the airport.

Improvement Measures Taken:- Vnukovo International Airport has embarked on an active and ambitious growth phase in its development. An all encompassing capital reconstruction and renovation plan is currently underway here with the backing of the Moscow city government. It is aimed at transforming Vnukovo International Airport into a highly competitive international air transportation hub and a leading transit hub between Europe and Asia (Vnukovo’s airport competitive advantages, 2010).

8 Airside Facilities & Other Attractive Features:-

Vnukovo airport offers two multilevel car parks with a space for 350 cars as well as an outdoor parking space for another 200 cars in the lots adjoining the car parks (Public parking options, 2010). Vnukovo International Airport is located at a height of about 204 m above sea level. This gives Vnukovo International Airport an undisputable edge while operating in inclement weather and under limited visibility conditions such as dense fogs, heavy showers, blizzards etc. The flight time to Vnukovo International on an average service inbound from the west or south west is cut short by 10 to 20 minutes compared with other Moscow Airports thus ensuring considerable time and fuel savings for the airlines operating on these routes (Airport competitive advantages, 2010). There is a VIP passenger lounge with a separate driveway and entrance with dedicated parking options.

Consequences:- The airport previously had an unmatched advantage in Moscow during times of rough whether because of its high location. Since Moscow has a northerly position in the globe, it is continuously prone to cold and rough whether. This means that during rough times, Vnukovo International Airport can also cater to flights arriving from other destinations. This means an increase in Airport revenues. However present day advances in Instrument Landing Systems permits aircrafts to land on some runways even under rough weather. The parking spaces in Vnukovo airport are however much less than that offered by Domodedovo International Airport. This will present a problem when developing the airport because while increasing the number of flights to the airport, the number of passengers traveling will also increase. The shortage of parking spaces will become an issue in the later periods.

Improvement Measures Taken:- The airport frequently advertises itself as an airport that has a distinct advantage when it comes to flying in rough whether.

9 Population:- .

The airport’s catchment area is the area around the metropolis of Moscow. Its resident population is around 12 million and another 6,700,000 residing in the Moscow area. There are also around 700,000 transit passengers (Airports competitive advantages, 2010).

Consequences:- Because of Vnukovo’s close proximity to Moscow city centre, Passengers have to travel less to arrive at the airport.

10 STRATEGY OF THE DIFFERENT AIRPORTS IN MOSCOW CITY

Moscow’s 3 International airports: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Domodedovo International airport and Vnukovo International Airport compete within themselves for the passengers traveling to Moscow and for the interconnecting passengers traveling to the rest of Russia. Moscow’s airports are strategically located at different corners of Moscow (as shown in the following map) in order to be easily accessible to the different parts of Moscow’s Population and for a variety of other reasons.

Figure 4 : Strategic location of Moscow’s airports (Transport of Moscow, 2009)

11 Moscow’s three airports have had a varying level of performance over the past few years. The chart shown below shows the comparative performance of Moscow’s airports from 2002-2007.

Figure 5 : Performance comparison of Moscow’s three airports (anna.aero, 2007)

Moscow’s airports follow different strategies in order to attract customers. Each airport has its own strengths and weaknesses. The airports capitalize on their strengths in order to attract airlines and passengers. The different strategies followed by the different airports are as described below.

Strategy of Sheremetyevo International Airport:-

Sheremetyevo international Airport is one of Russia’s biggest airports in terms of international traffic (Airlines and its destinations can be viewed in the appendix section). However the performance of Sheremetyevo International Airport has not shown a drastic increase as compared to Domodedovo International Airport (Sheremetyevo, 2010). To compete with Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo airport has taken a few measures. The strategy of sheremetyevo airport is as shown below.

12 1. By capitalizing on the location:- Sheremetyevo International Airport is located 29 km northwest of central Moscow (Sheremetyevo International Airport, Wikipedia.org, 2010). Sheremetyevo International airport has no neighboring airport unlike Domodedovo International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport which are closely spaced. Sheremetyevo is the only airport in Northern Moscow which means that the catchment area of Sheremetyevo is predominantly the northern areas of Moscow. The population in the northern areas of Moscow would find it relatively easier to travel by Sheremetyevo International Airport than by any other airport in Moscow.

2. By Improving the access to the airport:- Sheremetyevo airport is connected to Moscow central via the Leningradskoe highway. This highway frequently gets clogged during the rush hours. Mostly because of this reason many notable airlines like , , Airlines , and a few other airlines left Sheremetyevo airport for the more comfortable Domodedovo airport (Wikipedia.org, 2010). To keep the major airlines from moving away to Domodedovo airport, Sheremeteyevo International Airport has launched massive re-construction schemes. The leningradskoe highway is also under re- construction. This new stoplight free road will ensure that the time of travel from the Red Square of Moscow to Sheremetyevo Airport will be 30 minutes. A new high speed paid highway from Moscow to St Petersburg will have a special exit to Sheremetyevo International Airport. The airport has also launched a direct railroad connection between Moscow and Sheremetyevo. The Aeroexpress leaves Belorussky railway station and reaches the airport from Moscow city centre in just 35 minutes (Sheremetyevo International Airport, 2010).

3. By upgrading the existing runway and building a new runway:- The old runway at Sheremetyevo airport was upgraded to 3700 m length. This would allow aircrafts such as the A 380 to land and take off. A third runway is in the plans up to the year 2030 (Sheremetyevo International Airport, 2010).

13 4. By embarking on massive reconstruction schemes:- To cater to the growing number of passengers Sheremetyevo International Airport continually increases its throughput capacity. The new terminal C is capable to accommodate 5 Million passengers annually. An international Terminal D rated for 9 million passengers is in the commissioning stage. There is also a massive reconstruction of the Terminal F rated for 9 Million passengers annually is underway. In 2009 the sterile area of the integrated airport facilities expanded by 4000 sqm which enables passengers to move around freely. The new terminal E completed in 2009 will welcomed its first passengers in March 2010. In 2010 the newly renovated terminal F will be integrated with Terminal E and Terminal D into a single Southern Integrated Airport Facility (IAF) with a total throughput capacity of 25 million passengers per year and it would allow even distribution of passenger flow between the three terminals. The Sheremetyevo-1 IAF shall soon undergo modernization to become a part of the Northern Terminal Section which will join together Terminal A, Terminal B and Terminal C. Construction of a multimodal freight terminal of 10,000 sqm is scheduled for 2010 in the zone of the Northern IAF (Sheremetyevo International Airport, 2010).

5. By Improving the Baggage Handling System:- In 2009 Sheremetyevo International Airport introduced a state of the art Baggage handling system. This new system will help integrate baggage flows and make connecting flights easier in scope of an integrated security system (Sheremetyevo International Airport, 2010).

6. By Introducing a number of facilities for the airlines:- The airport is certified by ICAO and has a lllA category, a document allowing operation of the airport under metrological constraints. Today Sheremetyevo can operate flights to almost any place in the world under any weather conditions. There is a provision of a handstanding area for an aircraft at the aerodrome within 3 hours after landing for passenger aircrafts and 6 hours for cargo aircraft and it can be increased if necessary (Fly to us, 2010).

14 Strategy of Domodedovo International Airport:-

The strategic goal of Domodedovo International Airport is to develop on the base on the airport complex a multimodal traffic center of transfer passenger and cargo carriage which will integrate air flight flows between Eurasian and Asia pacific regions (Domodedovo.ru , about us, 2010). Some of the ways how it does so is outlined below.

1. By capitalizing on its existing Infrastructure and Brand name:- Domodedovo is already the largest airport in Russia in terms of passenger traffic. In 2009 the total number of passengers exceeded 18 Million. This represented around 45.5% of the total number of passengers traveling to Moscow. Domodedovo also secured a position among the top three airports in according to the rating of the British Skytrax agency. (Domodedovo Airport about us, 2010). Airlines fly to Domodedovo because it has been tremendously successful in handling such a large number of customers. This outlook of Domodedovo International Airport helps it in attracting new potential airlines.

2. By capitalizing on its runways:- Domodedovo has 3 runways 2 of which exceed 3400m in length. The runways are parallel runways and this allows for independent operations even in bad whether. Domodedovo is the only airport in Russia capable of handling the A380 aircraft. It received the approval for the New Large Aircraft operations in 2009. This approval means that the operations areas comply with the size and strength requirements of ICAO category F. Such a capability for Domodedovo International Airport was very essential since and many other large airlines use the Airbus A380 (Domodedovo, wikipedia.org, 2010).

3. By capitalizing on the weaknesses of other airports:- The strategy of Domodedovo International Airport is to capitalize on the weaknesses of the other Airports in Moscow. Sheremetyevo International

15 Airport has a very poor transport infrastructure which results in passengers missing their flights. Domodedovo on the other hand has a very good transport infrastructure to and from the airport. A fast highway links Moscow central and Domodedovo International Airport. This allows passengers to reach the airport by Public Transport, taxi or car, fast and in time. Because of such a developed transport infrastructure, airlines like Emirates, Lufthansa, , etc started leaving Sheremetyevo International Airport and started flying to Domodedovo International Airport (Wikipedia, 2010).

4. By exploiting the large area available near the airport:- Domodedovo has a large reserved area of around 136 sqkm in its immediate vicinity. This large area allows for a further development of 7 runways and allows for the construction of new terminals. Such facilities allow the airlines to expand in the same airport. A number of construction schemes are also underway at Domodedovo. The Terminal 1 is set to increase in size by 27,000sqm and it is designated as T2. Phase 2 of T2 will increase the overall passenger terminal by 225,000sqm and it scheduled for completion by 2012. By 2012 the new domestic T3 will also be completed increasing Domodedovo’s capacity to 24-28 million passengers. Once T4 is built the capacity will be around 30 to 35 million passengers.

5. By becoming a passenger Hub:- Currently 80 airlines offer regular flights to Domodedovo, including 35 foreign, 30 Russian and 15 air carriers from CIS countries (Additional data can be viewed in the appendix section). Flights from Domodedovo airport cover 228 national and international routes. 91 of them are unique for Moscow region – only from Domodedovo one can take these flights (Domodedovo, about us, 2010). Domodedovo caters to a number of flights to many destinations which enables Domodedovo to act as an . The vast unused area next to the airport also helps because the airport can increase in size. The increase in interconnecting passengers helps to increase the non aeronautical revenue of the airport.

16 Strategy of Vnukovo International Airport:-

Vnukovo International Airport is undergoing massive reconstruction schemes with the aim of becoming a highly competitive air transportation hub and a leading transit hub between Europe and Asia. Vnukovo International Airport is a much smaller airport than both Sheremetyevo International airport and Domodedovo International Airport. However it has a few characteristics that enable it to compete with these other 2 large airports (Vnukovo.ru, 2010).

1. Geographic Location:- Vnukovo International airport is the airport located closest to Moscow’s city centre merely 11km distant from the ring road and just 27 km southwest of the city of Moscow. Such a small distance ensures a very small commute time compared to the other airports of Moscow (Vnukovo.ru, 2010).

2. Operational Advantages because of Elevation:- The airport is located at height of about 204m above sea level. This means that in case of a fog it serves as an alternate airport for aircrafts flying to Sheremetyevo and Domodedovo. The geographical position of Vnukovo International airport also means that aircrafts flying from Western countries burn less fuel. The time benefit for the airlines is around 10 to 20 minutes compared to Moscow’s other airports (Vnukovo.ru, 2010).

3. Excellent Transport Infrastructure:- There is an extensive multimodal mass transit infrastructure connecting the airport and the city. There are three highways the Kievskoye, The Borovskoye and the Minskoye and this ensures smooth traffic around the clock. There is also a speed rail link between Kievsky train station and the airports passenger terminals. Because of such a good transport infrastructure Vnukovo Airport does not have a reputation of passengers missing their flights unlike Sheremetyevo International Airport (Vnukovo.ru, 2010).

17 STRATEGY OF MOSCOW (CITY OF 3 AIRPORTS)

Moscow is a city with a population of around 10 million people. It is one of the largest city economies in Europe and it comprises of approximately 24% of Russia’s GDP. As of 2008 Moscow’s economy reached $340 Billion. Moscow is the undisputed financial centre of Russia and is home to the country’s largest banks and many of its largest companies such as . Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales and for 13% of all construction activities in Russia. Moscow has also recently developed a business centre known as Moscow International Business Centre (MIBC). Moscow has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the world of just 1% and an average monthly wage of 41,600 roubles (Moscow, wikipedia.org, 2010).

Because of such a huge financially strong population and so many businesses, Moscow has a number of air travelers. In addition to the airline passengers from Moscow city, Moscow also serves as a passenger hub for the different parts of Russia. To cater to such a large number of passengers Moscow has 3 international airports as well as 2 very small airports. The three International airports are Sheremetyevo International Airport, Domodedovo International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport. All of Moscow’s airports are connected to the main rail service system of Moscow. By 2015 all the three airports will be interconnected via a central rail terminal. This means that it is possible for passengers from one airport to connect via another airport. This helps Moscow to further increase the number of connecting passengers traveling to Moscow. Having three airports in one city has both strengths as well as weaknesses as shown below.

Strengths of having 3 airports in 1 city:-

1. As a solution for the transport problems:- If Moscow had a single airport then all the passengers would have to travel from Moscow city along the same highway to get to the airport. If this was the case then there would be transportation nightmare because of the large

18 amounts of traffic involved. The traffic would most likely get clogged and it would result in many passengers missing their flights. However since Moscow has placed its airports at different locations in Moscow, there are different highways serving the different airports. This helps to prevent any traffic problems. Moscow will also not have the burden of developing a single big highway. The same is true for the railways and the other modes of transportation.

2. From a military point of view:- Moscow was formerly the capital of the . The Soviet Union was actively engaged in the cold war with the U.S. From a military point of view, a single airport would be very easy to destroy in case of a preemptive strike by a warring nation. The airfields are crucial in any conflict as a centre for the movement of resources. If an airfield is destroyed then it would deal a crippling blow to the nation. By spreading the airports, Moscow has a good amount of redundancy. This is because if one airport is destroyed then the city can be served by the other airport. This fact is easily proven because all the airports were opened within a time frame of 10 years. Sheremeteyevo was opened in 1956, Vnukovo in 1959 and Domodedovo in 1964. All these airports were opened during the period of the Cold War with U.S.

3. As an alternate airport in different whether conditions:- Moscow is located near the North Pole. As a result of such a location it is subjected at times to extreme whether conditions. In some cases when there are dense fogs, heavy showers, blizzards etc visibility is an issue. In these times especially a few years back, it is not possible for aircrafts to land and take off. Moscow’s Vnukovo airport serves as an alternate airport during these periods because of the altitude of its location.

4. Less confusion among passengers:- If there was only a single airport for a given city then all the airlines would have to fly to that same airport. This means that the airport would have to be extremely big. To navigate in a big airport is extreme difficult and it may result in the passenger loosing his/her flight. Dubai Airport is a classic

19 example of a big airport where it is difficult to get lost. For this reason when airport are sufficiently spaced, there will be less confusion among the passengers and this will result in greater customer satisfaction.

5. Better for airport expansion:- A sudden expansion of an airport is not good because it will put a strain on the transport infrastructure. For this reason it is better to develop an airport at a steady pace. This point is valid especially if the city has a huge population. Since Moscow has a population of 10 million people it would definitely fall in this category. If there was a single airport in Moscow then the airport might develop faster than the transport infrastructure. Now since there are a number of airports the transport infrastructure can also develop while the airport is being developed. While the airports become bigger the roads and the trains also get bigger.

6. Easier for the development of Business centers:- If there are many airports then business centers can be developed next to the airports. This can result in different business centers with an ease of access to the airport. The Moscow International Business Centre has been developed right next to Sheremetyevo International Airport (Moscow, wikipedia.org, 2010). This allows for Business executives to travel by air relatively easily.

Weaknesses of having 3 airports in 1 city:-

1. Passenger difficulty in connecting flights:- If there is a single large airport, it is possible to have many interconnecting flights. This helps to increase the airports revenue because it acts like a hub. In the case of Moscow all the three airports are located in different areas of Moscow. In some cases one airport of Moscow may not serve a destination that the other airport serves. So in this case it is very difficult for the passenger to make a connection flight.

20 2. Transport Infrastructure will have to be developed:- Moscow’s three airports are located at different corners of Moscow. Hence it was necessary to develop the transport infrastructure to these three airports. If all the airports were located at the same location then it would only be necessary to develop a single transport infrastructure. The cost of developing this extra infrastructure falls on the government.

3. Very high intercompetition:- If there was only one airport in Moscow then the airport authorities can charge exorbitant rates to the airlines flying there. However since there are three airports, if one airport charges a high amount then the airline might shift to the other airport. Therefore in order to attract airlines most of the airports will not charge high airport charges. This results in a lot of revenue loss.

21 CONCLUSION

Moscow is a developing city and its population will rise in the coming decades. The three airports Vnukovo International Airport, Sheremetyevo International Airport and Domodedovo International Airport are also developing with respect to the rising demand. Domodedovo airport has the highest potential to develop among these three airports and it has already overtaken Sheremetyevo international airport. Once the transportation infrastructure of Sheremetyevo International Airport is developed, Domodedovo will once again start facing a huge amount of competition. If all the three airports are interconnected as planned, Moscow will become the unmatched hub in Europe for airlines flying to the different areas of the world.

22 REFERENCES

1. Sovereign publications (2010) The international Moscow Vnukovo Airport [online] available from [3rd November 2010].

2. Decodecarhire (2010) Images [online] available from [3rd November 2010].

3. Wikipedia (2010) Vnukovo International Airport [online] available from [3rd November 2010].

4. Vnukovo Airport (2010) Airfield’s technical and Metrological specifications [online] available from [3rd November 2010].

5. Airports Council International (December, 2009) Airport traffic report [online] available from [3rd November 2010].

6. Image Vnukovo International Airport [online] available from [3rd November 2010].

7. Image Terminal A Vnukovo International Airport (March, 2009) airport Business [online] available from [5th November 2010].

8. Vnukovo International Airport (2010) airport’s competitive advantages [online] available from [5th November 2010].

23

9. Vukovo International Airport (2010) Public Parking Options [online] available from [5th November, 2010].

10. Image, Anna.aero (12/7/2007) Airline network news and analysis [online] available from [6th November 2010].

11. Figure 3 (2009) Transport of Moscow [online] available from [6th November 2010].

12. Sheremetyevo International Airport (2010) wikipedia [online] available from [6th November 2010].

13. Sheremetyevo International Airport (2010) About Us [online] available from [6th November 2010].

14. Sheremetyevo International Airport (2010) Fly to us [online] available from [7th November 2010].

15. Domodedovo International Airport (2010) About Us [online] available from [7th November 2010].

16. Domodedovo International Airport (2010) Wikipedia [online] available from [7th November 2010].

17. Moscow (2010) wikipedia [online] available from [7th November 2010].

24 APPENDIX

Airlines traveling from Vnukovo International Airport (Vnukovo, wikipedia.org) :-

Airlines Destinations Terminal AeroBratsk Bratsk D Alrosa Mirny Air Mirny, Polyarny D Enterprise B Athens, Brno, , , Fergana, Ganja, Atlant-Soyuz , , -Atatürk, , B Airlines Samarkand, , , , Minsk B Air Seasonal: , Varna B Dagestan Airlines D Sevastopol B Rostov-on-Don, Vladikavkaz D Nukus B , Beloyarsk, , Novy , St Gazpromavia Petersburg, , Sochi, Sovetsky, - D Baratayevka, -Uktus Germanwings -Schönefeld, Cologne/Bonn, Hanover, Stuttgart B I-Fly D Ilyich-Avia Mariupol B , Sharm el-Sheikh B , Mineralyne Vody, Novokuznetsk, Simferopol, Kavminvodyavia D Sochi, , , D Motor Sich Zaporozhye B Airlines Orsk D Red Wings Istanbul-Atatürk B Airlines Red Wings Sochi D Airlines Rossiya St Petersburg D , Beloyarskiy, Cheboksary, , , RusLine Magnitogorsk, Nazran, Nyagan, Orsk, St Petersburg, D Sochi, Taraz, Uray, Usinsk Severstal Air Cherepovets D

25 Company , , Murmansk, Rostov-on-Don, St D Petersburg, Sochi, , Yekaterinburg Syrian Air B Donetsk, Ganja, Lvov, Nakhichevan, , Simferopol, Aviation B Anapa, Belgorod, Cheboksary, Gelendzhik, Kazan, Kaliningrad, Khanty-Mansiysk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, , Magnitogorsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nizhniy UTair Aviation D Novgorod, , Nyagan, , Perm, Rostov-on- Don, St Petersburg, Samara, Sochi, Sovetsky, Surgut, Syktyvkar, Tyumen, Usinsk, Ufa, Ukhta UTair- Kharkov, Luhansk, Nikolaev, Zaporizhia B Abakan, Blagoveshchensk, Kemerovo, , Air Krasnodar, Komsomolsk-na-Amur, Petropavlovsk- D Kamchatsky, Sochi, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg Volga-Dnepr Ulyanovsk D Airlines Vologda Aviation Vologda D Enterprise Rimini B Blagoveshchensk, Bratsk, Krasnodar, Petropavlovsk- Yakutia Airlines D Kamchatsky, Sochi, Ulan-Ude, Magadan,

Airlines traveling from Sheremetyevo International

Airport(Shremetyevo, wikipedia.org):-

Airlines Destinations Terminal Ljubljana F Antalya, , Athens, , Barcelona, Barnaul, Berlin-Schonefeld, Brussels, Cairo, Dresden, Dubai, Düsseldorf, Eilat-Ovda, , Gelendzhik, Geneva, Hamburg, Hanoi, Hanover, Havana, , , Istanbul-Ataturk, Kaliningrad, Kazan, Kemerovo, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Larnaca, London- Heathrow, Madrid, Malaga, Milan-Malpensa, , D Nizhnevartovsk, Norilsk, , Omsk, - Gardermoen, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Perm, Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky, Riga, Rome-Fiumicino, St Petersburg, Samara, Simferopol, Sochi, , Tokyo-Narita, Tyumen, Ufa, Ulan Bator, Venice-Marco Polo, Vladivostok, , Yekaterinburg, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Zagreb, Zurich Seasonal: Split [9] Aeroflot , Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, F

26 Beirut, , , Bucharest-Otopeni, Budapest, Copenhagen, Damascus, , Helsinki, Hong Kong, Hurghada, Karlovy Vary, Kiev-Boryspil, Los Angeles, Luanda, New York-JFK, Nice, , Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharm-el-Sheikh, Sofia, Stockholm- Arlanda, Tashkent, -Imam Khomeini, Vienna, Warsaw, Washington-Dulles, Yerevan Seasonal: Denpasar/Bali [begins 9 November], Goa, Innsbruck, Male, Phuket, Punta Cana, Salzburg Aeroflot operated by Rostov-on-Don D Donavia Aeroflot Anapa, , Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Krasnodar, operated by Murmansk, Naryan-Mar, Omsk, Surgut, Syktyvkar, D Nordavia Yekaterinburg Aerosvit Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kiev-Boryspil, Odessa, C Airlines Simferopol Air Algérie Algiers C , Astana E Air Beijing-Capital F Air Paris-Charles de Gaulle E Seasonal': Pyongyang F Malta [begins 1 April] F airBaltic Riga E Milan-Malpensa, Rome-Fiumicino, F Ariana Afghan C Airlines Armavia Yerevan C Anapa, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Gelendzhik, Kaliningrad, Kazan, Krasnodar, Nizhnekamsk, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, B St.Petersburg, Samara, Sochi, Ufa, Ulyanovsk, Yekaterinburg Belavia Minsk B Burgas, Sofia, Varna F China Eastern Shanghai-Pudong F Airlines China Southern Guangzhou, Urumqi F Airlines Larnaca F Airways Karlovy Vary, Prague F Atlanta, New York-JFK F Estonian Air Tallinn E Helsinki F Beijing-Capital F Hong Kong Hong Kong F

27 Airlines Air Tehran-Imam Khomeini F Jat Airways Belgrade F KLM Amsterdam E KMV Mineralnye Vody D Seoul-Incheon F LOT Polish Warsaw F Airlines Malév Hungarian Budapest F Airlines MIAT Mongolian Berlin-Tegel, Ulan Bator F Airlines Nordavia Simferopol D Orenair B Rossiya Berlin, St Petersburg D Scandinavian Copenhagen, Stockholm-Arlanda D Airlines Tatarstan Kazan [begins 8 November], Nizhnekamsk [begins 15 D Airlines November] Bangkok, Dubai, Goa, Hurghada, Phuket, Punta Cana, F Airlines Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv Turkish Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk F Airlines Yekaterinburg B

Airlines traveling from Domodedovo International

Airport(Domodedovo, wikipedia.org):-

Airlines Destinations AeroBratsk Bratsk Ufa operated by VIM Airlines Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Munich Air Malta Malta Chişinău Aktobe, Cheboksary, Elista, Kurgan, Nalchik, Stavropol, Volgograd, Air Volga Vorkuta, , Yekaterinburg

28 airBaltic Riga [begins 2 December] Alrosa Mirny Air Mirny, Polyarny Enterprise Armavia Yerevan Vienna Baku Airlines operated Ganja by Turan Air Belavia Minsk BMI London-Heathrow British Airways London-Heathrow Brussels Airlines Brussels Hong Kong Centre-Avia EgyptAir Cairo Tel Aviv Emirates Dubai Abu Dhabi Anapa, Barnaul, Chita, Kaliningrad Gomelavia Gomel Iberia Madrid Tel Aviv Itek , Osh Japan Airlines Tokyo-Narita Karthago Tunis Airlines Kavminvodyavia Mineralnye Vody Kogalymavia Burgas, Hurghada, Kogalym, Surgut Kuban Airlines Krasnodar Bishkek, Osh Lufthansa Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich Fly Bologna Podgorica, Tivat Airlines Moskovia Andizhan, Antalya, Bukhara, Fergana, Ganja, Karshi, Namangan, Airlines Nukus, Podgorica, Samarkand, Termez, Tivat Niki Vienna Orenair Orenburg Belgorod, Ulyanovsk, Voronezh Qatar Airways Doha Ivanovo, Kursk, Nizhny Novgorod, , Solovki, Tambov Airlines

29 Rossiya St Petersburg Amman-Queen Alia, Aqaba [begins 5 November] SCAT , Aktyubinsk Alicante, Anapa, Antalya, Ashgabat, Astrakhan, Baku, Barnaul, Bratsk, Chelyabinsk, Chişinău, Chita, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Gyumri, Hanover, Hurghada, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kazan, Kemerovo, Khabarovsk, Khudzhand, Kiev-Boryspil, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Madrid, Munich, Nadym, Nizhnevartovsk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Norilsk, Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Novy Urengoj, Omsk, Osh, Palma de Mallorca, Pavlodar, Perm, Plovdiv [6], Podgorica, Rimini, Rostov-on- Don, St Petersburg, Samara, Sochi, Surgut, Tbilisi, Tivat, , Tyumen, Ufa, Ulan-Ude, Urgench, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Vienna, Vladikavkaz, Volgograd, Yekaterinburg, Yakutsk, Yerevan S7 operated by Chita, Sochi, Ulan-Ude Globus S7 operated by Bratsk, Ircutsk Yakutia Saravia Severstal Air Cherepovets Company Singapore Houston-Intercontinental, Singapore Airlines Dushanbe Sun d'Or International Seasonal: Tel Aviv Airlines Swiss International Air Geneva, Zürich Lines Dushanbe, , Kurgan-Tjube [7] TAP Portugal Lisbon Tatarstan Burgas, Kazan, Nizhnekamsk, Varna Airlines Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi International Aktau, Alicante, Almaty, Anadyr, Anapa, Antalya, Astana, Atyrau, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing-Capital, Berlin-Tegel, Blagoveschensk, Bukhara, Cancun, Dalaman, Denpasar/Bali, Donetsk, Frankfurt, Heraklion, Hong Kong [ends 12 November], Hurghada, Irkutsk, Karaganda, Khabarovsk, Kazan, Kiev-Boryspil, Kostanay, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Larnaca, London-Heathrow, Magadan, Transaero Malaga, Mauritius [resumes 10 December], Malé, Miami, New York- Airlines JFK, Monastir, Novosibirsk, , Odessa, Omsk, , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Phuket, Punta Cana, Riga, Rio de Janeiro- Galeao [begins 3 January], Rostov-on-Don, St Petersburg, Samara, Sanya, Sharm el-Sheikh, Shymkent, Simferopol, Sochi, Tashkent, Tel Aviv, Tenerife-South, Tivat, Tomsk, Toronto-Pearson, Treviso, Ufa, Uralsk, Varadero, Vienna, Vladivostok, Yakutsk, Yekaterinburg,

30 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk operated by Ankara, İstanbul-Sabiha Gökçen Anadolujet Turkmenistan Ashgabat Airlines Washington-Dulles Baikonur, Baku, Chita, Gelendzik, Irkutsk, Kulyab, Novokuznetsk, Ural Airlines Novosibirsk, Samara, Venice, Yekaterinburg UTair Aviation Antalya, Tyumen Andizhan, Bukhara, Fergana, Karshi, Namangan, Navoiy, Nukus, Airways Samarkand, Tashkent, Termez, Urgench Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City Alicante, Andizhan, Antalya, Barcelona, Burgas, Catania, Chita, Ganja, Gyumri, Karshi, Lankaran, Malaga, Namangan, Naples, Osh, Palermo, VIM Airlines Palma de Mallorca, Qarshi, Rimini, Sochi, Tenerife-South, Thessaloniki, Tivat, Varna Airlines Barcelona Windjet Catania, Forli, Milan-Orio al Serio, Pisa, Verona Nadym, Tyumen

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