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Rock ‘N’ Roll Combines Elements of Rhythm and Blues and Country and Western Music and Emerged in the Mid-1950’S

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Rock ‘N’ Roll Combines Elements of Rhythm and Blues and Country and Western Music and Emerged in the Mid-1950’S GCSE MUSIC – CONVENTIONS OF POP REVISION SHEET Rock ‘n’ Roll combines elements of Rhythm and Blues and Country and Western Music and emerged in the mid-1950’s. Rock ‘n’ Roll helped establish the typical pop music instrumental combination of Lead and Rhythm Guitars, Bass Guitar Rock ‘n’ Roll of the and Drum Kit. Repetition is an important feature of Rock ‘n’ Roll meaning untrained composers and performers could quickly and easily 1950’s and 1960’s learn music and then improvise over the basic structure. Lyrics Tempo & Metre Harmony & Tonality Melody Dynamics Simple, repetitive and easily Fast (Allegro) – ideal for dancing. Major tonality using mainly simple Often uses ‘blue notes’ (flattened Consistent loud volume – Forte (f) rd th th memorable – teenage concerns: 165-185 bpm. and repetitive Primary Chords – I, 3 , 5 and 7 against a major often louder in the choruses – love, relationships, cars, school life 4/4 Time Signature. IV & V with slow Harmonic Rhythm chord). “Catchy” Melodies have a Fortissimo (ff) achieved through and holidays. often in the 12-Bar Blues Structure: narrow vocal range. Vocal and amplification. I, I, I, I, IV, IV, I, I, V, IV, I, I. Close guitar melodies use repeated Harmonies used in the vocals. phrases, riffs and hooks. Rhythm Texture Articulation Accompaniment Form & Structure Backbeat (accenting 2nd and 4th Homophonic (Melody & Harsh, brash and raw sound Sometimes Call and Response Verse-Chorus Form with a short beats of the bar on the snare Accompaniment) Texture – a solo possessing energy and drive. between solo voice and Introduction (often instrumental drum). Often features a Walking singer accompanied by Accents on the 2nd and 4th beats of accompaniment (band or backing but sometimes vocal), solo verses, Bass Line. Syncopation, Swung instruments. Some textural variety the bar provide the Backbeat. singers). Lead singers and/or chorus, instrumental section Rhythms and Boogie-Woogie within songs e.g. instruments instrumental solos backed by band. (improvised solos or shuwaddy rhythms also used. ‘dropping out’. section featuring Scat singing) ending with a Coda/Outro. Vocal Performance & Technique Technology Venue Artists, Bands & Performers Mainly male lead singers using high-pitch Amplifiers for Electric Guitars used for the Dance Halls, Clubs (live), Concert Halls, Juke Little Richard, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Bill vocals and Falsetto giving an untrained or first time. Basic effects such as Reverb and Boxes, Coffee Bars, Radio and to buy on Haley & The Comets, The Beach Boys, shouty tone/timbre with screeches, jeers Echo. Clean guitar sounds (not overdriven). Record/Vinyl. Johnny Cash, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, and cheers. Portamentos and Scat Singing Double-track lead and backing vocals for Chubby Checker, The Doors. often used. richer sounds. “Raw” sound of recordings. Instrumentation – Typical Instruments, Timbres and Sonorities Early Rock ‘n’ Roll – lead vocalist accompanied by a small group of acoustic instruments – piano, drum kit, saxophone, trumpet, harmonica, trombone and double bass. The Electric Guitar soon became an essential part of Rock ‘n’ Roll and Backing Singers/Vocalists were frequently used in Rock ‘n’ Roll songs. PAGE 1 OF 4 ©WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – CONVENTIONS OF POP REVISION SHEET By the 1960’s, Rock ‘n’ Roll evolved into a new style of music, known simply as Rock Music. There are many sub- genres of Rock Music: Hard Rock – loud and aggressive, distorted electric guitars, solo guitar sections, use of power chords Rock Anthems of the Heavy Metal – harder, louder and more distorted than Hard Rock with longer guitar solos Glam Rock – theatrical and glitzy, catchy hooks, spangly suits and make up Progressive Rock experimental and complicated structures, long instrumentals with effects and mythological – 1970’s and 1980’s lyrics Punk Rock – harsh and angry, loud and fast, anarchy and rebellion as themes Lyrics Tempo & Metre Harmony & Tonality Melody Dynamics Wider subject matter than the simpler Moderate to Medium Fast (Allegro Early Rock uses mainly Primary Chords (I, IV Performed by the lead singer with Due to heavy amplification, Rock lyrics of Rock ‘n’ Roll with themes such Moderato) & V) but later Rock uses Auxiliary Chords, lyrical vocal phrases featuring Music is designed to be performed as: politics, philosophy, religion and Chromatic Chords, Added Sixth Chords, First 110-120 bpm. and Second Inversion Chords and Altered repeated patterns. The lead very loudly – Fortissimo (ff). literature with darker, powerful and 4/4 Time Signature. Note Chords. Power Chords (chords which Electric Guitar plays Strong Guitar more serious lyrics. Powerful anthemic rd Strong steady don’t contain the 3 e.g. C5) are a key Riffs based on short sections of the choruses designed to be sung loudly by “Rock Beat”. feature of Rock Music and Modulations (in main melody. the audience. the Bridge section) became more common. Rhythm Texture Articulation Accompaniment Form & Structure Strong and Driving Rhythms. Homophonic (Melody and Effects added to guitars: Distortion, Lead singer accompanied by band Verse-Chorus Form. Long Intros. Incessant Drumming Patterns. Accompaniment) Texture although Echo, Reverb, Overdrive, Delay, that provide the accompanying Modulation in the Bridge Use of a heavy Bass Drum and thick Polyphonic Textures are often Wah-wah and Feedback (the noise rhythm, bass line and chords, (extended instrumental solo continuation of use of Backbeat used when singers, guitars and made when a mic or guitar are too although there are opportunities improvisation). Memorable (emphasising the 2nd and 4th beats drums play different rhythms at close to a speaker). for virtuosic instrumental solos. Chorus. Rock Songs often of longer of the bar on the Snare Drum). the same time. duration – some 7-8 minutes. Vocal Performance & Technique Technology Venue Artists, Bands & Performers Mainly male vocal lead-singer singing with a Amplification technology developed – louder Louder amplification = increasingly larger Led Zeppelin, The Who (Hard Rock) growly, raspy and husky-style of singing volumes. New sounds and effects: audiences in stadiums, sports arenas and Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden (Heavy Metal) using very high pitch screams singing with Distortion, Wah-wah, Delay, Overdrive. pop festivals. Performances feature special David Bowie, Queen, KISS (Glam Rock) Vibrato but not Falsetto. Multi-track recording created increasingly effects – light shows and pyrotechnics. Yes, Pink Floyd (Progressive Rock) complex textures. Sex Pistols, Blondie (Punk Rock) Instrumentation – Typical Instruments, Timbres and Sonorities The basis of a Rock Band is a Lead Singer, Drum Kit and Trio of Guitars: Lead Electric Guitar, Rhythm Guitar and Bass Guitar. The sound of Rock Music centres upon the Electric Guitar. Sometimes a Piano, Hammond Organ, Electric Keyboard/Synthesiser or Strings may be added or other (often strange!) timbres and effects! PAGE 2 OF 4 ©WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – CONVENTIONS OF POP REVISION SHEET Pop Ballads originated from Folk Music, usually being a story sung to simple musical accompaniment sung by s, wandering minstrels in the 15th Century. Although Pop Ballads are now often performed on stage to huge Pop Ballads of the 1970’ audiences, they still manage to maintain the intimacy of a performer telling a moving story through music. Pop Ballads were often written and performed by Singer-Songwriters who often accompany themselves on the guitar 1980’s and 1990’s or piano. Lyrics Tempo & Metre Harmony & Tonality Melody Dynamics Tell stories often with a Slow and Moderate Tempo Chord Progressions (guitar and/or Mainly Diatonic melody sung by Start off quite soft – Mezzo Piano sentimental romantic theme telling (Moderato, Andante, Adagio, piano) such as I, V, VI, IV. Slow the lead singer. Duos/Trios also (mp) – usually increasing towards some kind of love story, often with Lento) to emphasise the meaning Harmonic Rhythm. Often use Chord common and often sing in Close the chorus with a Crescendo often Inversions, Repeating Block Chords, a romantic “twist” right at the end of the words. 70-100 bpm. Harmony. ending in a louder, fully-scored Broken Chords or Arpeggios. to keep people listening. 4/4 Time Signature. Ritardandos final Chorus. Modulation in final chorus. Chords II, and Tempo Rubato used. III and IV used more. Rhythm Texture Articulation Accompaniment Form & Structure Accompanying drum patterns on Homophonic (Melody & The main vocal melody, performed The Accompaniment of a Pop Verse-Chorus Form. Verses in the Snare Drum often feature Accompaniment) Texture – a solo by the lead singer and the Ballad always supports the Lead Strophic Form. Bridge/Middle 8 (8, Syncopated Rhythms accenting the singer accompanied by simple accompanying chords are normally Singer! The story is the most 16, 24 or 32 bars) often features nd th 2 and 4 beats of the bar. instruments or large band. Texture performed Legato – smoothly important part and the lead vocals new material before a Modulation often builds towards the end throughout. should be clear and unhidden. in the final Chorus. Parts of the becoming thicker for a big final Backing vocalists and Verse or Chorus can be repeated ‘climax’ in the last Chorus. accompanying instruments support for emphasis or effect. Vocal Performance & Technique Technology Venue Artists, Bands & Performers Expressive and Emotional Vocal Performance Heavy Reverb on the vocals often used to Pop Concert, Radio, TV, CD, MP3 Download Billy Joel, Lionel
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