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Effects of Elevated Temperature and CO2 Concentration on Floral Development and Sex Differentiation in Morus Alba L

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Effects of Elevated Temperature and CO2 Concentration on Floral Development and Sex Differentiation in Morus Alba L Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus alba L. Dadong Li, Tingfa Dong, Chuanyan Zhang, Gaiqun Huang, Gang Liu, Xiao Xu To cite this version: Dadong Li, Tingfa Dong, Chuanyan Zhang, Gaiqun Huang, Gang Liu, et al.. Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus albaL.. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2019, 76 (4), pp.112. 10.1007/s13595-019-0896-x. hal-03060416 HAL Id: hal-03060416 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03060416 Submitted on 14 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2019) 76: 112 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-019-0896-x RESEARCH PAPER Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus alba L. Dadong Li1,2 & Tingfa Dong1,3 & Chuanyan Zhang1 & Gaiqun Huang4 & Gang Liu4 & Xiao Xu1,5 Received: 19 April 2019 /Accepted: 25 October 2019 /Published online: 11 December 2019 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract & Key message Elevated temperature, elevated CO2 concentration, and their combination significantly promoted the number and biomass of female mulberry (Morus alba L.) flowers, but the opposite is true for males. This paper demon- strates that male mulberry trees would suffer more negative effects on floral development and differentiation under global warming. & Context With the ongoing intensification of global warming, flower formation has attracted widespread interest because it is particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental factors. However, current knowledge of floral development regarding gender and sex differentiation under elevated temperature, CO2 concentration, and their combination remains limited. & Aims The aims of this study were to assess how sex-related differences in the morphology, biomass, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of flowers respond to elevated temperature and CO2 concentration. & Methods Morus alba L. saplings (monoecious plants) were subjected to two temperature conditions (ambient vs. ambient + 2°C)andtwoCO2 regimes (ambient vs. ambient + 380 ppm CO2) in growth chambers for 18 months growth, and differences in flowering phase, sex ratio, floral morphology and biomass, as well as total carbon and nitrogen of male and female inflorescences were investigated. & Results Elevated temperature, elevated CO2 concentration, and their combination significantly increased the number and biomass of female inflorescences but decreased the number and biomass of male inflorescences. Furthermore, the combination of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration significantly decreased ovary length and C/N ratio of female flowers and the fresh weight of male flowers. Additionally, C/N ratio was negatively related to morphological traits of male inflorescences but positively related to tepal length of female flowers. & Conclusion These findings indicate that global warming may affect floral development and sex differentiation in mulberry and that the male inflorescences of M. alba may suffer more negative effects than female inflorescences with respect to flower number, biomass, and morphological development. Keywords C/N ratio; Floral morphology; Inflorescences; Morus alba L.; Sex ratio Handling Editor: Andrew Merchant Contribution of the co-authors XX and TD designed the study and proposed the hypothesis tested; GH and GL analyzed the samples; DL and CZ analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; all authors read and revised the final manuscript. * Xiao Xu 2 Colege of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, [email protected]; [email protected] Haikou 570228, China 3 Dadong Li Institute of Plant Adaptation and Utilization in Southwest Mountain, [email protected] China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China 4 Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China 1 Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of 5 College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Education, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China 112 Page 2 of 11 Annals of Forest Science (2019) 76: 112 1 Introduction and the silk industry in China, Japan, and India, is a highly heterozygous plant and shows sexual polymorphism (mainly With the ongoing global warming, the effects of elevated tem- dioecious or occasionally monoecious) (Tikader et al. 1995; perature and atmospheric CO2 concentration on floral develop- Thomas 2004; Qin et al. 2018). To date, studies on mulberry ment have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers. have mainly focused on plant growth (Fukui 2000;Zengetal. Changes in floral morphology (e.g., diameter, petals, pistils, 2016), leaf quality (Chaitanya et al. 2001;Yuetal.2013; Zeng stamens, and ovaries) and substantially reduced flower num- et al. 2016;Sarkaretal.2017), and physiological traits bers were reported in response to increasing temperature in (Chaitanya et al. 2002;Keetal.2009), whereas there has been some crop and horticulture plant species (e.g., Rodrigo and limited research on floral development and sex differentiation. Herrero 2002;Kotietal.2004;Carvalhoetal.2005; Lucidos Since flower formation is particularly vulnerable to the effects et al. 2013; Jagadish et al. 2016; Liang et al. 2017). Corolla, of environmental factors (Korpelainen 1998; Stehlik et al. style, pedicel length, or inflorescence size increased with in- 2008;Hedhlyetal.2009; Buide et al. 2018), we hypothesized creasing temperature in Vaccinium corymbosum L., Mangifera that flower morphology and sex differentiation in those plant indica L., and Sandersonia aurantiaca L. (Lyrene 1994; species with sexual polymorphism would be changed by glob- Sukhvibul et al. 1999;Catleyetal.2002), whereas pollen and al warming. To test our hypotheses, the sex-related differences flower number were unaffected by moderately elevated tem- in flower number, flowering phase, biomass, morphological perature in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and Impatiens traits, as well as the contents of carbon and nitrogen of mul- walleriana Hook. f. (Sato et al. 2006; Vaid and Runkle berry flowers under elevated temperature, elevated CO2,and 2013). In addition, the length of flower stem and the numbers their combination were investigated. The aim was to deter- of pigments, pollen, and flowers were markedly increased un- mine how sex-related differences in the morphology, biomass, der higher CO2 concentrations in Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., and carbon and nitrogen contents of flowers could respond to Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn., Rosa hybrida L., and elevated temperature and CO2 concentration. Viola × wittrockiana Gams. (Niu et al. 2000;Ziskaand Caulfield 2000; Ushio et al. 2014; Naing et al. 2016), whereas the number of flowers per flower head was not significantly 2 Materials and methods affected by CO2 concentration in Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. (Wagner et al. 2001). These results indicate 2.1 Plant material and experimental design that the morphology and the number of flowers display species- specific responses to enhanced temperature and elevated CO2. On February 15, 2015, a total of 45 M. alba cuttings (10 cm in On the other hand, sex differentiation of flowers was also length) were collected from 15 mature trees (2 genotypes) closely related to temperature, CO2 concentration, and carbon growing in the germplasm base of the Sericultural Research to nitrogen ratio (C/N) (Korpelainen 1998;Wangetal. Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (30° 52′ 2001;Chenetal.2005;Hedhlyetal.2009). Higher tempera- N, 106° 04′ E; 256 m above sea level). These trees are normally ture results in an increase in the number of male flowers (Sage monoecious with separate male and female inflorescences on et al. 2015), whereas elevated CO2 results in the production of the same plant. Each of these cuttings was planted in a seedbed more female-biased progeny in Silene latifolia cv Poiret at the China West Normal University (30° 48′ N, 106° 04′ E; (Wang 2005); higher C/N ratio promotes male tendency while 276 m above sea level) in Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China. lower C/N ratio inhibits male flower development in bitter The annual mean rainfall, temperature, and insulation time in melon (Momordica charantia L.) due to its mediating role in this area are 1065 mm, 16.8 °C, and 1980 h, respectively (Luo the production of gibberellic acid, indole acetic acid, and and Zhou 2007). After sprouting and growing for 5 months, 32 dihydrozeatin which all have positive influence on flower for- healthy saplings with similar size and height were selected and mation (Kossuth and Ross 1987;Wangetal.2001; Talamali replanted in 10 L (30 cm × 24 cm) plastic pots (one sapling per et al. 2003; Glawe and Jong 2005). These studies indicate that pot) filled with 10 kg
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