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LTL Annual Report 2015 161107

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LTL Annual Report 2015 161107 – 1 – ANNUAL REPORT 2015 Aalto University School of Science Low Temperature Laboratory http://ltl.aalto.fi/ Annual Report 2015 – 2 – Table of Contents PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... 3 THE NEW GOALS AND RESTRUCTURING OF LTL .............................................................. 4 PERSONNEL, LOCATIONS, FACILITIES .................................................................................. 5 SUB MK RESEARCH FACILITIES ............................................................................................ 5 Rotating cryostat with 0.1 mK base temperature ................................................................. 6 Stationary cryostat with 50 µK base temperature ................................................................ 6 Dry Demagnetization cryostat with 160 µK base temperature .......................................... 7 SUB 0.1 K RESEARCH FACILITIES AND THERMOMETRY ............................................... 8 Liquid helium refrigerators ....................................................................................................... 8 Plastic dilution refrigerators ..................................................................................................... 8 Dry dilution refrigerators ........................................................................................................... 8 High-frequency measurements ............................................................................................... 8 MICRO- AND NANOFABRICATION FACILITIES ................................................................... 9 SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION FACILITIES ......................................................................... 9 DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................. 9 New liquefaction system .......................................................................................................... 9 Dry sub mK cryostat ............................................................................................................... 10 Dry cryostat for quantum nanomechanics ........................................................................... 11 FinCryo cryostat ...................................................................................................................... 11 Rotating cryostat ..................................................................................................................... 12 Wide-band measurement capabilities .................................................................................. 12 New cooling principles ............................................................................................................ 12 ACHIEVEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 13 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS ...................................... 13 OTHER SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................... 27 Book chapters .......................................................................................................................... 27 Oral presentations, invited talks and posters ...................................................................... 27 Patents ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Other publications ................................................................................................................... 35 SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS ........................................................................................................ 35 THESES ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Doctoral theses ........................................................................................................................ 35 Masters theses ........................................................................................................................ 36 Bachelors theses ..................................................................................................................... 36 TECHNICAL SERVICES .............................................................................................................. 37 MACHINE SHOP ......................................................................................................................... 37 CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS .............................................................................................................. 38 EQUIPMENT USE AND INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDING ...................................................... 39 TEACHING ...................................................................................................................................... 40 VISITORS ........................................................................................................................................ 41 EXPERIMENTAL COWORKERS ............................................................................................. 41 THEORETICAL COLLABORATION AND SUPPORT .......................................................... 41 OTHER VISITORS ...................................................................................................................... 42 PERSONNEL ................................................................................................................................... 42 USERS AND COLLABORATORS OF LTL ................................................................................ 42 Annual Report 2015 – 3 – PREFACE Low Temperature Laboratory (LTL), founded in 1965 by Academician Olli V. Lounasmaa, is one of the world centres in ultra-low-temperature physics and technology, and a state-of-the-art working environment for internationally recognized research fields, such as quantum technology and nano- electronics. Its leading position is based on vigorous in-house development and construction of uniquely designed refrigerators, leveraging visionary research with strong international collabora- tions. The year 2015 started a new era in the history of the laboratory. LTL was merged as one of the constituents in the Department of Applied Physics. In parallel, the collaboration as part of the national Otaniemi Research Infrastructure (RI) for Micro- and Nanotechnologies (OtaNano, http://www.otanano.fi) took another step forward, as the three large-scale RIs of Aalto University (Aalto); LTL, Micronova Nanofabrication Centre, and Nanomicroscopy Center, were internally integrated as one OtaNano of Aalto. In the spirit of these organizational changes, we decided to simplify the annual reporting compared to previous years. In the present report, meticulously assembled by Minna Günes and Alexander Savin, we focus on the development and achievements of the LTL infrastructure, while scientific progress is covered by the activity report of the national Centre of Excellence in Low Temperature Quantum Phenomena and Devices (CoE-LTQ). The majority of the users and developers of the LTL infrastructure are part of CoE-LTQ. I truly hope and believe, that the organizational changes we have been going through, provide a fertile ground for the development of our infrastructure and the research it nurtures. They force us to step back from our established positions and to reconsider our pathways to new achievements in science and technology. I am grateful to all members of our staff for patience and persistence at these times of organizational turbulence. Without a committed personnel, it would be impossible to maintain the prominent position in the research fields for which LTL has been so well known. Pertti Hakonen Annual Report 2015 – 4 – THE NEW GOALS AND RESTRUCTURING OF LTL The pioneering ultra-low-temperature cryostat, which eventually became the trademark of LTL, was the first cryostat ever built to combine 3He/4He dilution refrigeration and adiabatic nuclear demag- netization of metallic copper in 1970. Today essentially all sub-mK cryostats are based on these same operating principles. Our first rotating nuclear refrigerator, a forerunner as well, became operational in early 1982, when 0.3 mK was reached in rotating superfluid 3He and the first quantized vortices were discovered in unconventional superfluid/superconductor pairing states. In 1983, antiferromag- netic spin order at 58 nK was observed in copper metal, using a cascade of two thermally series coupled, but operationally independent nuclear refrigeration units. A much improved version of this cryostat started working in 1998 and provided a platform for many types of experiments down to 50 µK electronic temperatures. These qualities, a measuring environment with the lowest base temperatures, the lowest heat leaks, and the lowest electrical interference in the sample region, are still today offered by the equipment in LTL. Our work has several times resulted in new world records of refrigeration. Since the year 2000, the lowest and “highest” nuclear spin temperatures are 100 pK and –750 pK on the positive and negative sides of the absolute zero, respectively. In 2005 LTL started to develop new cryogen free dilution refrigerators and a few years later a spin-off company BlueFors Cryogenics Ltd was estab- lished
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