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Phytochemical and Antimalarial Studies of the Leaves of Uvaria Chamae P.Beauv

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PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMALARIAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF UVARIA CHAMAE P.BEAUV. (ANNONACEAE) BY HASSAN ALI BILA P13PHMC8010 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-NIGERIA April, 2016 i PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMALARIAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF UVARIA CHAMAE P.BEAUV.(ANNONACEAE) BY HASSAN ALI BILA, BSc. Chemistry (ADSU) 2012 P13PHMC8010 A DISSERTATION SUMMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-NIGERIA ` ii DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation entitled “PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMALARIAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF UVARIA CHAMAE P.BEAUV. (ANNONACEAE)”has been carried out by me in the Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry. The information derived from literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other institution. Hassan Ali Bila ___________________________ _________________ ______________ Name of Student Signature Date iii CERTIFICATION This Dissertation “PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMALARIAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF UVARIA CHAMAE P.BEAUV. (ANNONACEAE)” by Hassan Ali Bila meets the regulations government the award of the degree of Master of Science in Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Prof. M. Ilyas ____________________________ _________________ ______________ Chairman, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Dr. A.M. Musa _____________________________ _________________ ______________ Member, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Dr. A.M. Musa _____________________________ _________________ ______________ Head of Department Signature Date Prof. K. Bala _____________________________ _________________ ______________ Dean School Of Postgraduate Studies Signature Date iv DEDICATION This research is dedicated to the Almighty God. For He has been the source of my strength. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I am eternally grateful to Almighty God for making it possible for me to carry out this research work. He has been my anchor. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisors, Prof. M. Ilyas and Dr. A.M. Musa for their assistance, guidance, instruction and advice throughout the course of this work. My profound gratitude also goes to my father for his love, care, support and prayers, May God reward him mightily. To my brothers and sisters, I know, I can’t thank you enough for your support but I know that you will not lack help and support when you need it. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Y.M. Sani, MallamaSakynah and Dr. I.M.Maje for their continues encouragement and support during the course of this work, May God Almighty reward you abundantly. My profound gratitude also goes to Prof. Simon Gibbons, University of London for assisting with the NMR analysis and also Mallam Husseini, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria for assisting in the biological studies. If I continue to mention names I will not finish. I want to express my sincere gratitude to all the staff and students of the Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. I really enjoyed a good learning and working relationship with you all. God bless you. vi ABSTRACT Uvaria chamae P.Beauv. belong to the Annonaceae family of flowering plants. It is distributed in the savannah and secondary forest. The plant is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria, inflammation, gonorrhea, dysentery; pile and fever. The ethyl alcohol leaves extract of the plant was subjected to phytochemical as well as antimalarial studies. Phytochemical studies were carried out using techniques including preliminary phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatographic analysis (TLC), column chromatography and gel filtration. The antimalarial activity of the crude ethyl alcohol leaves extract was evaluated using two models, suppressive and curative tests. The result of the preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids. A flavonoids was isolated from the extract. The structure of the compound isolated was elucidated using UV, IR, 1D NMR and ESI-MS. The compound was found to be an epicatechin (3, 3, 4, 5, 7- pentahydroxyflavan). The leaf extract caused no lethality in mice at oral LD50 value of greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. This indicated that the extract is safe for oral use. In the suppressive test the extract exhibited good antimalarial property that was dose dependent. At doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kgbody weight the extract produced a significant (P< 0.05) chemosuppression of 48, 53.3 and 65% respectively. Chloroquine the positive control drug produced the highest parasite chemosuppression at 79%. In the curative test the extract at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight produced significant (P< 0.05) chemosuppression at 68, 70 and 73% respectively. Chloroquine the positive control drug produced the highest parasite chemosuppression of 98%. The result of this studies has established the rationale for the use of this plant in ethnomedicine. The isolated compound might be responsible for the observed biological activity. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page- - - - - - - - - - - i Title Page - - - - - - - - - - ii Declaration - - - - - - - - - - iii Certification - - - - - - - - - - iv Dedication - - - - - - - -- - - v Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - vi Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - viii List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - xiii List of Figure - - - - - - - -- - - xiv List of Plate - - - - - - - - - - xv List of Appendix - - - - - - - - - xvi List of Abbrebration - - - - - - - - - xvii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1 1.1 Natural product- - - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Traditional medcine - - - - - - - - 2 1.3 Malaria - - - - - - - - - 3 1.3.1 Resistance to Malaria Chemotherapy- - - - - - 4 1.4 Medicinal plants use `for malaria treatment - - - - - 5 1.5 Sources of Drugs - - - - - - - - 8 1.5.1 Natural Source - - - - - - - - 9 1.5.2 Synthetic Drugs - - - - - - - - 9 1.5.3 Biosynthetic Sources - - - - - - - - 10 viii 1.6 Statement ofResearch Problem - - - - - - 10 1.7 Justification of the Study - - - - - - - 11 1.8 Aim of the Study - - - - - - - - 11 1.9 Specific Objectives - - - - - - - - 11 1.10 Hypothesis - - - - - - - - - 12 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - - 13 2.1 The Plants - - - - - - - - - 13 2.2 Habitat - - - - - - - - - 13 2.3 Taxonomy/ Nomenclature of the Plant - - - - - 15 2.3.1 Common and Local Names - - - - - - - 15 2.4 Botanical Description - - - - - - - - 15 2.5 EthnomedicinalUses - - - - - - - 16 2.6 Pharmacological Action of Plants from the Genus Uvaria - - - 16 2.7 Chemical Constituents- - - - - - - - 17 2.7.1 Flavonoids- - - - - - - - - - 19 2.7.1.1 Flavones- - - - - - - - - - 20 2.7.1.2 Flavonols- - - - - - - - - - 20 2.7.1.3 Flavanones- - - - - - - - - - 21 2.7.1.4 Flavanonols- - - - - - - - - - 22 2.7.1.5 Isoflavones- - - - - - - - - - 22 2.7.1.6 Neoflavonoids- - - - - - -` - - 23 2.7.1.7 Flavanols or flavan-3-ols or catechins- - - - - - 23 2.7.1.8 Anthocyanidins- - - - - - - - - 24 2.7.1.9 Chalcones- - - - - - - - - - 25 ix CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Materials and Methods - - - - - - - 26 3.1 Materials - - - - - - - - - 26 3.1.1 Solvents/Reagents and Chromatography Materials - - - - 26 3.1.2 Equipment - - - - - - - - - 26 3.1.3 Experimental Animals - - - - - - - 26 3.1.4 Malaria Parasites - - - - - - - - 27 3.2 Methods - - - - - - - - - 27 3.2.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Material - - - - 27 3.2.2 Extraction and Partitioning - - - - - - - 27 3.2.3 Preliminary phytochemical Screening - - - - - 28 3.2.3.1 Test for Anthraquinones - - - - - - - 28 3.2.3.2 Test for Alkaloids - - - - - - - - 28 3.2.3.1Test for Carbohydrates - - - - - - - 29 3.2.3.4 Test for Cardiac Glycosides - - - - - - - 29 3.2.3.5 Test for Saponins - - - - - - - - 30 3.2.3.4 Test for Flavonoids - - - - - -- - 30 3.2.3.7 Test for Tannins - - - - - - - - 31 3.2.3.8 Test for Steroids/Triterpenes- - - - - - - - 31 3.2.4 Chromatographic procedures - - - - - - - 32 3.2.4.1 Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis. - - - - - 32 3.2.4.2 Column chromatography of ethyl acetate fraction - - - - 23 3.2.4.3 Gel Filtration Chromatography - - - - - - 33 3.2.4.4 Melting Point determination - - - - - - - 33 x 3.2.4.5 Test for catechins- - - - - - - - - 33 3.2.5 Pharmacological studies - - - - - - - 34 3.2.5.1 Acute toxicity studies - - - - - - - - 34 3.2.5.2 Antimalarial Studies - - - - - - - - 34 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Results - - - - - - - - - - 36 4.1 Extraction Yield - - -- - - - - - 36 4.2 Phytochemical constituent of the leave extract of Uvaria chamae-. - - 37 4.3 Thin Layer Chromatography- - - - - - - - 38 4.3.1 Thin-layer Chromatography of the crude extracts and partitioned fractions- 38 4.4 Column Chromatography of Ethyl acetate Fraction- - - - 40 4.5 Gel- Filtration of column fraction F4 - - - - - - 43 4.5.1TLC Profile of HB developed in different solvent system- - - 44 4.6 Solubility Profile of HB - - - - - - 44 4.7 Melting Point of HB - -- - - - - - - 44 4.8 Chemical Test on HB - - - - - - - - 45 4.9 UV Spectra
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  • A Revised Taxonomy for Uvaria (Annonaceae) in Continental Asia

    A Revised Taxonomy for Uvaria (Annonaceae) in Continental Asia

    A revised taxonomy for Uvaria (Annonaceae) in continental Asia Authors: Meade, Conor V., and Parnell, John A. N. Source: Australian Systematic Botany, 31(4) : 311-356 Published By: CSIRO Publishing URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/SB17051 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Australian-Systematic-Botany on 11 Mar 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by National University of Ireland, Maynooth CSIRO PUBLISHING Australian Systematic Botany, 2018, 31, 311–356 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB17051 A revised taxonomy for Uvaria (Annonaceae) in continental Asia Conor V. Meade A,C and John A. N. Parnell B AMolecular Ecology Laboratory, Maynooth University Biology Department, Callan Building, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H, Ireland. BDepartment of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, D02 PN40, Ireland.
  • P. H. Nden Phd Pure

    P. H. Nden Phd Pure

    Coventry University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Could traditional African herbal remedies be a source of novel antimicrobial compounds? An analysis of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Uvaria chamae and Prosopis africana Nden, Henry Award date: 2019 Awarding institution: Coventry University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of this thesis for personal non-commercial research or study • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission from the copyright holder(s) • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 COULD TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERBAL REMEDIES BE A SOURCE OF NOVEL ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS? An analysis of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Uvaria chamae and Prosopis africana By NDEN PANTONG HENRY JULY 2019 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT With the steady increase in global antimicrobial resistance rates, concomitant with a recent paucity of novel antibiotic discovery, it is essential that new antimicrobial compounds be discovered to prevent a return to the pre-antibiotic era over coming decades.
  • Annonaceae) with Potential Medicinal Properties

    Annonaceae) with Potential Medicinal Properties

    Ph ilip pine Jour nal of Sy stema tic Biolo gy Vo l. VI (June 2012) MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL SPECIES OF UVARIA (ANNONACEAE) WITH POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PROPERTIES 1 1 1 1 P.G.D. CABUANG , B.S. EXCONDE , V.I.M. LIM , D.K.M. PADILLA , S.R. 1 2 1* 12 SALAS , A.P.G. MACABEO , B.O.C. LEMANA , AND G.J.D. ALEJANDRO 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and 2Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, 1015, Philippines Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The imperfectly known genus Uvaria (Annonaceae) comprises ca. 20 species of shrubs to small trees in the Philippines. During recent fieldwork at Valderrama, Antique, a suspected new species of Uvaria was collected. Based on morphology, this Uvaria species can be distinguished from other Philippine congeners by its large obovate-lanceolate leaves and pubescent carpels. Additional molecular characters inferred from two plastid DNA regions ( mat K and trn L-F) were sequenced from this Uvaria species and U. grandiflora to gain more certitude on the identity of this Uvaria species. Phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Parsimony was carried out including 48 foreign Uvaria species and other Annonaceae genera derived from GenBank. Results showed that the divergent Uvaria species and U. grandiflora were nested among the SE Asian Uvaria subclade, with a strong support (BS = 91%). Therefore, we propose a new species, Uvaria valderramensis sp. nov. The first phytochemical assays on the leaf extracts of U. valderramensis showed the presence of triterpenes, sterols, tannins, flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids.

  • Plant Diversity in Burapha University, Sa Kaeo Campus

    doi:10.14457/MSU.res.2019.25 ICoFAB2019 Proceedings | 144 Plant Diversity in Burapha University, Sa Kaeo Campus Chakkrapong Rattamanee*, Sirichet Rattanachittawat and Paitoon Kaewhom Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Burapha University Sa Kaeo Campus, Sa Kaeo 27160, Thailand *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Plant diversity in Burapha University, Sa Kaeo campus was investigated from June 2016–June 2019. Field expedition and specimen collection was done and deposited at the herbarium of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology. 400 plant species from 271 genera 98 families were identified. Three species were pteridophytes, one species was gymnosperm, and 396 species were angiosperms. Flowering plants were categorized as Magnoliids 7 species in 7 genera 3 families, Monocots 106 species in 58 genera 22 families and Eudicots 283 species in 201 genera 69 families. Fabaceae has the greatest number of species among those flowering plant families. Keywords: Biodiversity, Conservation, Sa Kaeo, Species, Dipterocarp forest Introduction Deciduous dipterocarp forest or dried dipterocarp forest covered 80 percent of the forest area in northeastern Thailand spreads to central and eastern Thailand including Sa Kaeo province in which the elevation is lower than 1,000 meters above sea level, dry and shallow sandy soil. Plant species which are common in this kind of forest, are e.g. Buchanania lanzan, Dipterocarpus intricatus, D. tuberculatus, Shorea obtusa, S. siamensis, Terminalia alata, Gardenia saxatilis and Vietnamosasa pusilla [1]. More than 80 percent of the area of Burapha University, Sa Kaeo campus was still covered by the deciduous dipterocarp forest called ‘Khok Pa Pek’. This 2-square-kilometers forest locates at 13°44' N latitude and 102°17' E longitude in Watana Nakorn district, Sa Kaeo province.