Etude De La Faisabilite De La Restauration Et De La Gestion Durable Des Ecosystemes Du Haut Tinkisso

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Etude De La Faisabilite De La Restauration Et De La Gestion Durable Des Ecosystemes Du Haut Tinkisso ETUDE DE LA FAISABILITE DE LA RESTAURATION ET DE LA GESTION DURABLE DES ECOSYSTEMES DU HAUT TINKISSO Janvier 2011 Par Oumar NDIAYE Coordonnateur du PREMI 1 Table des matières Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3 1. Le sous bassin du Haut Tinkisso, bassin de captage du barrage ........................................ 4 1.1 Description du bassin hydrographique du Tinkisso .................................................................. 4 1.2 Les écosystèmes en amont du barrage ....................................................................................... 6 1.3 Les caractéristiques démographiques du bassin du Tinkisso .................................................... 7 1.4 Les caractéristiques socio-économiques .................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 L’agriculture ................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.4.2 L’élevage .................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4.3 La pêche ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4.4 La chasse .................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.5 L’exploitation de l’or .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.6 La production de briques ............................................................................................................................ 13 2. Analyse des contraintes et potentialités dans le haut bassin du Tinkisso ............................ 14 2.1 Analyse des contraintes ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Analyse des potentialités ........................................................................................................... 15 3. Dynamique actuelle de désenclavement de la zone .............................................................. 15 4 Les phénomènes de dégradation à l’œuvre et leur origine ................................................ 16 4.1 Des ecosystèmes en voie de disparition ..................................................................................... 16 4.2 Le défrichement systématique des galeries forestières le long des berges du haut Tinkisso. ... 17 4.3 La déforestation des forêts classées .......................................................................................... 19 4.3.1 L’exploitation illégale du bois d’œuvre ................................................................................................. 20 5 Un barrage menacé-des bénéfices en sursis ........................................................................ 22 5.1 Un barrage menacé ................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 Des bénéfices en sursis .............................................................................................................. 25 5.3 Solutions envisagées pour mieux gérer le haut basin du Tinkisso ............................................ 26 6 La stratégie de mise en œuvre du projet ........................................................................... 27 6.1 Organisations partenaires dans le projet: ................................................................................ 27 6.2 Association et partenariat avec les groupes d’intérêts présents dans la zone ........................... 28 7. Les paiements pour les services environnementaux ............................................................ 28 7.1 Les questions en suspens ........................................................................................................... 29 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 29 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................................... 30 2 Introduction La préfecture de Dabola est située au centre de la république de Guinée entre la moyenne et la haute Guinée. Elle dépend de la région de Faranah et est limitée au Nord par la préfecture de Dinguiraye, à l'Ouest par celle de Mamou, à l'Est par celle de Kouroussa et au Sud par celle de Faranah. La ville de Dabola est le chef-lieu de la préfecture. La préfecture de Dabola est une subdivision administrative qui compte sept sous-préfectures : Dogomet, Bissikrima, Banko, Kindoyé, Kankama, Arfamoussaya et Ndéma. C'est une zone montagneuse traversée par le fleuve Tinkisso, un des principaux affluents du fleuve Niger en rive gauche en Haute Guinée. Le haut bassin du Tinkisso est situé dans le bassin versant du fleuve Niger supérieur. La ville de Dabola est située à proximité du Tinkisso et est traversée par la route nationale N°1 et la voie-ferrée qui ne fonctionne plus de nos jours. La ville est également célèbre du fait de la présence du barrage hydroélectrique qui ravitaille la ville, de même que d’autres villes comme Dinguiraye et Faranah en électricité. Le haut bassin du Tinkisso est largement boisé dans sa partie méridionale restée jusque récemment difficile d’accès. Quant aux plaines, elles ont été largement déboisées pour l’agriculture de décrue du fait de leur grand intérêt agricole. Le haut Tinkisso est également longé par des forêts galeries qui longent le cours d’eau depuis sa source. Ces forêts galerie connaissent un processus de dégradation accéléré. Déjà les deux forêts classées et les deux forêts communautaires qui se situent dans le haut bassin versant du Tinkisso enregistrent des empiétements et une déforestation très accrue. La plus vaste de ces forêts est la forêt classée des chutes du Tinkisso. Elle entoure le barrage et a une superficie de 1.300 ha. La seconde est la forêt classée de Souarela proche de Dabola. Le haut Tinkisso est un cours d'eau abondant et bien alimenté en moyenne, quoiqu'il survienne fréquemment des étiages assez sévères en février-mars-avril-mai. Le débit moyen mensuel observé en avril (minimum d'étiage) atteint 11,4 m³/seconde, soit 55 fois moins que le débit moyen du mois de septembre, ce qui manifeste son irrégularité. Sur la durée d'observation des 25 ans dernières années, le débit mensuel minimal a été de 1 m³/seconde, laissant le cours d'eau presqu'à sec, tandis que le débit mensuel maximal s'élevait à 1.150 m³/seconde. A quinze kilomètres de la ville en direction de Dabola, le haut Tinkisso présente une chute de 28 mètres de dégringolade dans une piscine naturelle amplifiée par la retenue d’eau du barrage Tinkisso. Depuis quelques années, les activités de développement et de subsistance ont interféré avec la dynamique naturelle du haut bassin du fleuve Tinkisso et de ses affluents. A l’aval, comme en amont ces activités ont amené un déséquilibre écologique manifeste dû à la destruction des écosystèmes de base et des problèmes hydro -écologiques importants dans la préfecture de Dabola. En effet, La croissance démographique en milieu rural et urbain a un effet sur l’augmentation de la pression sur les ressources naturelles (forêts, terres arables, etc.) du fait de l’augmentation de la demande pour les besoins divers. Ainsi dans les zones à fortes occupations agricoles, la forêt a quasiment disparu, créant alors de sérieux problèmes d’érosion des sols, d’origine pluviale et éolienne, d’ensablement et d’envasement du lit du haut Tinkisso et des difficultés d’approvisionnement en bois de feu et de service et autres produits de la forêt (médicaments, gibiers...). En outre, la faune du haut bassin du Tinkisso qui offrait une très grande diversité est sur le point d’être décimée par le braconnage généralisé à des fins commerciales et alimentaires, notamment par la chasse au feu qui est une tradition bien établie et par le développement des cultures champêtres qui font disparaître progressivement les forêts ripicoles, refuges des animaux. Parallèlement à cela, Les feux sauvages constituent l’une des calamités de loin les plus préjudiciables à l’environnement car ils empêchent le renouvellement des peuplements. A cela s’ajoutent la péjoration climatique, l’urbanisation, l’ouverture des marchés, la pluralité de référents, de modes d’intervention et de légitimités dans les procédures d’accès et de contrôle des ressources naturelles et l’inadaptation des textes législatifs. Ceci provoque une rupture durable et 3 inéluctable de l’équilibre du bassin versant à cause d’une augmentation de la demande alimentaire, fourragère, forestière et énergétique. Les communautés riveraines du haut Tinkisso se trouvent ainsi confrontées à un défi : produire des aliments pour nourrir une population en augmentation constante tout en préservant la base productive des ressources naturelles. En d’autres termes, il s’agit de passer d’une exploitation non contrôlée des ressources du bassin de captage du haut Tinkisso à une exploitation plus rationnelle des ressources naturelles pour satisfaire des besoins vitaux en production d’électricité, des produits agro-sylvo- pastoraux, bref en lutte contre la pauvreté. Le fleuve
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