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Home , Biograph Company, Keystone Studios, Lionel Barrymore, Lon Chaney, Rasputin and the Empress, Stan Laurel

Hooray for !

The Silent Screen& Early “Talkies”

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PartHooray I: The Silent forScreen andHollywood! Early “Talkies” How It All Began — Movie Technology & Innovation

Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904) Pioneers of Communication • Scott 3061; see also Scott 231 • Landing of Columbus from the Columbian Exposition issue A pioneer in motion studies, Muybridge exhibited moving picture sequences of animals and athletes taken with his “Zoopraxiscope” to a paying audience in the Zoopraxographical Hall at the 1893 Columbian Exposition. Although these brief (a few seconds each) moving picture views titled “The Science of Animal Locomotion” did not generate the profit Muybridge expected, the Hall can be considered the first “movie theater.”

Thomas Alva Edison William Dickson Motion Pictures, (1847–1947) (1860–1935) 50th Anniversary Thomas A. Edison Pioneers of Communication Scott 926 Birth Centenary • Scott 945 Scott 3064 The first motion picture to be copyrighted Edison wrote in 1888, “I am experimenting Hired as ’s assistant in in the was Edison upon an instrument which does for the 1883, Dickson was the primary developer Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze (also eye what the phonograph does for the of the Kintograph camera and known as Fred Ott’s Sneeze). Made January ear.” In April 1894 the first Kinetoscope viewer. The first prototype, using flexible 9, 1894, the 5-second, 48-frame shows Parlour opened in with film, was demonstrated at the lab to Fred Ott (one of Edison’s assistants) taking short features such as The Execution of visitors from the National Federation of a pinch of snuff and sneezing. A copy is in Mary, Queen of Scots. Major contemporary Women’s Clubs (to which Mrs. Edison the Library of Congress and is available show business figures such as Eugene belonged) in 1891. Five were for viewing at several online sites. Fred Ott Sandlow in The Strongest Man in the World promised for display at the Columbian made a second film that year, simply titled and dancer Ruth Dennis in High Kicker; Exposition but were not ready in time. Fred Ott Holding a Bird. His brother John and, later, luminaries such as Buffalo Bill Dickson left Edison in 1895 and became also worked for Edison and appeared in and Annie Oakley were eager to travel to a partner in the American Mutoscope Blacksmithing Scene (1893), a 30-second Edison’s Black Maria Studio to have their Company, which by 1897 had become the film showing three men “acting” as art translated onto film. Many of these most popular film company in America. blacksmiths (including a pause for beer). short are still available for viewing In 1908 the renamed American Mutoscope By 1901, Edison Films offered a catalogue online. and hired a new of 38 short films. The stamp depicts a director: D.W. Griffith. motion picture showing for the U.S. Armed Forces in the South Pacific during World War II.

© 2011 — The Scott numbers are the copyrighted property of Amos Press Inc., dba Scott Publishing Co. and are used here under a licensing agreement with Scott. The marks “Scott” and “Scott’s” are Registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and are trademarks of Amos Press, Inc. dba Scott Publishing Co. No use may be made of these marks or of material in this publication, which is reprinted from a copyrighted publication of Amos Press, Inc., without the express written permission of Amos Press, Inc., dba Scott Publishing Co., Sidney, Ohio 45365.

HoorayHow It All Began — forMovie TechnologyHollywood! & Innovation

Landing of Columbus (1893) 2¢ • Scott 231 Eadweard Muybridge, Pioneers of Columbian Exposition Ticket Communication (1996) 32¢ • Scott 3061

Motion Pictures, Thomas A. Edison Birth 50th Anniversary (1944) Centenary (1947) William Dickson, Pioneers of 3¢ • Scott 926 3¢ • Scott 945 Communication (1996) 32¢ Scott 3064

HoorayHow It All Began — forMovie TechnologyHollywood! & Innovation New York World’s Fair Movies Go 3-D Talking Pictures, 50th Anniversary Scott 853 Celebrate the Century 1950s The Chrysler Motor Corporation Scott 3187o Scott 1727 entertained visitors to its display at The first full-length feature film using Although (October the New York World’s Fair with a 3-D the 3-D format was Bwana Devil (1952) 1927) wasn’t actually the first film to film showing a Plymouth automobile featuring the man-eating lions of Tsavo, incorporate sound or talking, it was the being assembled. Also introduced at the Africa. This was followed by House of Wax first feature-length film in which spoken 1939 Fair were View Master 3-D still (1953), It Came from Outer Space (1953), dialogue was used an integral part of photo reels, still available for sale today. and Creature from the Black Lagoon the story. It also included songs and Although the first 3-D films appeared as (1954). Alfred Hitchcock’s Dial M for musical accompaniment. Warner Brothers early as 1915, the viewing quality was quite Murder (1954) also was filmed for 3-D Production Head Darryl F. Zanuck was poor and the effect was more distracting release but is rarely seen in that format. given a special Oscar at the first Academy than entertaining. Two feature films using After a bumper year in 1953, when 27 Awards (1929) “for producing The Jazz 3-D appeared in 1922 (Power of Love and 3-D movies were released, their cinematic Singer, the pioneer outstanding talking Mars), but it wasn’t until the 1950s that shock value could not compensate for picture, which has revolutionized the 3-D movies became popular. poor plots and wooden acting, and the industry.” In 1928 Warner Brothers phenomenon faded away. followed up its first success with the highly profitable Lights of New York, the first all- talking feature-length film.

Men Who Made the Early Movies

D.W. (David Wark) Griffith (1875–1948) Oscar Micheaux (1884–1951) Scott 1555 Black Heritage • Scott 4464 As a director with the American Mutoscope & Biograph Co., Micheaux turned his personal experience as a Griffith was responsible for introducing to the screen actors failed homesteader into a self-published novel, The who would become some of the top stars of the era, including Homesteader (1917), which he made into a film , , Dorothy and , by the same name in 1919, making him the first and , among others. His innovative use of the African-American to produce a feature-length film. medium was staggering: the close-up, the panoramic view, His second film, Within Our Gates (1920) was a cross-cutting, fade-in and fade-out, the flashback, the “iris” rebuttal to Griffith’s Birth of a Nation. His vision was shot, and the frame mask. From his first film, The Adventures to reach the African-American community with a of Dollie (1908), Griffith worked to redefine the art of the message of strength and hope. He later wrote, “One cinematic experience. Although the blatant racism in the of the greatest tasks of my life has been to teach that second half of (1915) would forever cast the colored man can be anything.” An independent a shadow on his name, Griffith firmly believed he was creating film-maker, he worked out of Chicago and produced a anti-war movie. What the film did achieve was an irrefutable more than 30 movies specifically for black audiences demonstration of the emotional power of the new medium. over his career, including musicals, , His next film, the epic spectacle Intolerance: Love’s Struggle westerns, romances, and gangster films. Micheaux Throughout the Ages (1916), whose four stories ranged over also is remembered as the first African-American several thousand years, has been cited as a “timeless landmark to produce a sound feature-length film (The Exile, of cinematic art,” and his work overall has been studied and 1931). While most of his films are presumed lost, a praised by generations of film directors. He once told an few can be found on VHS or DVD. interviewer, “I made them see, didn’t I? I changed everything.”

HoorayHow It All Began — forMovie TechnologyHollywood! & Innovation

Talking Pictures, 50th Anniversary (1977) 13¢ • Scott 1727 Movies Go 3-D • Celebrate the Century 1950s (1999) 33¢ • Scott 3187o New York World’s Fair (1939) 3¢ • Scott 853

Men Who Made the Early Movies

D.W. (David Wark) Griffith (1975) 10¢ • Scott 1555

Oscar Micheaux Black Heritage (2010) 22¢ • Scott 4464

Hooray forThe MoviesHollywood! The Great Train Robbery Celebrate the Century 1900s • Scott 3182c Director-photographer Edwin S. Porter was working for the Edison Company when he filmed The Great Train Robbery (1903). Among its many firsts, the movie told a narrative “story” rather than simply showing a clip of “real life” activities. Porter’s innovative use of film editing allowed him to move the action in time and space and to show the same event from different perspectives. His use of closeups and panning shots helped create a dramatic adventure, including the electrifying moment when a bandit fires his gun directly at the audience. The 10-minute film was the first of the classic box office smash hits.

Vintage Black Cinema Scott 4336–4340 The five stamps feature posters advertising movies produced for African-American audiences from 1921 to 1945. Memorable for the first screen appearance of Duke Ellington, the 19-minute short Black and Tan (1929, Scott 4336) features three songs by Ellington and his Cotton Club Orchestra. The The Sport of the Gods (1921, Scott 4337) is based on a novel by Paul Laurence Dunbar and tells the story of a man wrongfully convicted of a crime who tries to rebuild his life in New York City. One of only four movies to star American-born nightclub entertainer Josephine Baker, Prinsesse Tam-Tam (1935, Scott 4338) casts the singer-dancer as a humble shepherdess who is presented to Parisian society as an African princess. Singer, saxophonist, and bandleader Louis Jordan starred in the 18-minute short Caldonia (1945, Scott 4339), a film often credited as the precursor to the modern music video. Hallelujah (1929, Scott 4340) was one of the first films released by a major studio to feature an all-black cast. Filmed on location in Arkansas and Tennessee this musical drama of the rural African-American religious experience earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Director. With some searching, all of these films can be found as individual releases or in collections of short films.

Movie Stars of the Silent Screen & Early “Talkies”

Theda Bara (1885–1955) John (1882–1942), Ethel (1879–1959), Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2827 & Lionel (1878–1954) Barrymore “Kiss me, my fool.” Theodosia Goodman, Performing Arts • Scott 2012 daughter of a Jewish tailor from John — “A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.” A sensational tragedian on the Cincinnati, dropped out of college to stage (his Hamlet inspired both John Gielgud and ), he loved creating try a career in the theater but was only a role but quickly grew bored repeating it. Equally popular as a dashing silent screen star (his marginally successful until, at nearly age nickname was “The Great Profile”), appeared in such melodramas as Raffles, the 30, she was cast as “The Vampire” in the Amateur Cracksman (1917) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920), but hit his stride with talking movies film version of the Broadway hit A Fool such as Grand Hotel (Best Picture Oscar 1932, co-starring , Lionel Barrymore, Joan There Was (1915), based on the 1897 Crawford, and ), A Bill of Divorcement (1932, ’s screen debut), and Kipling poem about a destructive woman. the all-star Dinner at Eight (1933). Bara made more than 40 films, including the mega-hit Cleopatra (1917), before Ethel — “That’s all there is, there isn’t any more.” One of the most respected and admired stage and her career as an exotic temptress came to movie actresses of the American theater, Ethel made one film with her two brothers, John and Lionel, a close in 1919. With the end of World the silent movie (1932). She received a Best Supporting Actress Oscar War I public taste changed, and theater- for her role in None But the Lonely Heart (1944) and went to receive three more Academy Award goers preferred the charms of youthful nominations. innocence to the danger of the alluring Lionel — “Half the people in Hollywood are dying to be discovered and the other half are afraid they “vamp.” A Fool There Was is one of only will be.” The first of the famous Barrymore siblings to appear in film, Lionel was cast opposite Mary four of her films to survive. Pickford in one of her earliest surviving films, (1912). Noted silent films include The Copperhead (1920) and Sadie Thompson (1928, with ). He received a Best Actor Oscar for his role as a lawyer in (1931), but is better remembered for his roles in the “Dr. Kildaire” films of the 1930s and 40s, It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), Down to the Sea in Ships (1949), and You Can’t take It with You (Best Picture 1938) — all of which he played from the wheelchair he was confined to after 1937.

Hooray forThe MoviesHollywood!

The Great Train Robbery Celebrate the Century 1900s (1998) 32¢ • Scott 3182c

Vintage Black Cinema (2008) • Scott 4336–4340

Black and Tan The Sport of the Gods Prinsesse Tam-Tam Caldeonia Hallelujah 42c • Scott 4336 42c • Scott 4337 42c • Scott 4338 42c • Scott 4339 42c • Scott 4340

Movie Stars of the Silent Screen & Early “Talkies”

The Barrymores; John, Ethel, (1994) & Lionel Stars of the Performing Arts Silent Screen (1982) 29¢ • Scott 2827 20c • Scott 2012

HoorayMovie Stars of the Silentfor ScreenHollywood! & Early “Talkies”

Clara Bow (1905–1965) (1883–1930) Lon Chaney Jr. Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2820 Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2822 Classic Movie Monsters, After winning a fan magazine beauty Classic Movie Monsters, “The “The Wolf Man” • Scott 3172 contest at age 16 Clara Bowtinelli left Phantom of the Opera” • Scott 3168 In the early 1930s Chaney left a failing Brooklyn and a brutal childhood for a A master of the dual arts of stage makeup plumbing business to work as an extra or life in the movies, where her looks and and pantomime, Chaney became known a stuntman in dozens of films under five flapper sauciness made her hugely popular. as “The Man of a Thousand Faces.” The names, including his own: “Creighton She personified sex appeal in a working child of deaf-mute parents he honed his Chaney.” His first major role was the class girl. Her trademark red lipstick talents in his efforts to communicate with mentally retarded “Lennie” in Of Mice and applied in the shape of a heart was widely them. Although he began his theatrical Men (with Meredith Burgess, 1939), but copied and known as “putting on a Clara career as a comic song and dance man, he is most often remembered for the role Bow.” The romantic comedy It (1927) his first major movie role came in The he made his own, The Wolf Man (1941), gave her the screen nickname that would Miracle Man (1917) in which he played a which spawned four sequels. He is the only follow her into film history: the “It” Girl. fake cripple called “the Frog.” Among his actor to have played all four classic movie After making nearly 60 films, Bow left most memorable films are The Hunchback monsters: the Wolfman, Frankenstein, the Hollywood in 1933, her career over. She of Notre Dame (1923), The Phantom of the Mummy, and Dracula’s son was 28 years old. Opera (1925), and Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928). His favorite role — however, was played without makeup as Sgt. O’Hara in Tell It to the Marines (1926).

Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977) W.C. Fields (1880–1946) Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2821 (1883–1939) Scott 1803 Performing Arts • 1980 Celebrate the Century 1910s, Performing Arts • Scott 2088 “Anyone who hates children and animals “The Little Tramp” • Scott 3183a The most popular male movie star during can’t be all bad.” Born William Claude Persuaded by a young filmmaker for the golden days of silent films, Fairbanks Dunkinfield in , he ran away Keystone Studios named Mack Sennett to was famous for his costumed melodramas from an abusive father at age 11 with leave the vaudeville stage for the movies, such as The Mark of Zorro (1920), The dreams of becoming a famous juggler. Chaplin made his screen debut in a “short” Three Musketeers (1921), Robin Hood By age 23 his comedic talents had earned titled “ (1914); he made (1921), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), and him a starring role at the Folies-Bergère in 34 more films for Sennett that same year, The Iron Mask (1929). He was a top athlete Paris with Charles Chaplin and Maurice most of which featured “The Little Tramp.” who performed almost all of his own Chevalier and an appearance with Sarah The character created by Chaplin was such stunts, but he was an astute businessman Bernhardt at Buckingham Palace. He made a masterpiece of pantomime that when as well. He founded with his first movie at age 35 — Pool Sharks Chaplin reluctantly turned to talkies he his wife Mary Pickford, Charles Chaplin, (1915) — but he is best remembered for retired the character. The Little Tramp’s and D.W. Griffith in 1919; co-founded his later “talking” films, such as My Little final appearance was in Modern Times the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Chickadee (1940) — in which he played (1936). Chaplin once said, “All I need to Sciences and acted as its first president opposite Mae West — and his role as Mr. make a comedy is a park, a policeman, in 1927; and co-hosted the first Academy Mcawber in the classic 1935 production of and a pretty girl.” He was the first actor Awards ceremony in 1929 (with William David Copperfield. to appear on the cover of Time magazine C. de Mille). In 1939 Fairbanks won a (July 6, 1925). The 12-minute standing special posthumous Oscar “recognizing ovation he received in 1972 when he was the unique and outstanding contribution given a special Oscar for his “incalculable of the first President of the Academy to the effect in making motion pictures the art international development of the motion form of the century” was the longest in pi c tu re .” history. HoorayMovie Stars of the Silentfor ScreenHollywood! & Early “Talkies”

Clara Bow (1994) Lon Chaney (1994) Lon Chaney (1997) Lon Chaney Jr. (1997) Stars of the Silent Stars of the Silent Classic Movie Monsters, Classic Movie Monsters: Screen Screen “The Phantom of the “The Wolf Man” 29¢ • Scott 2820 29¢ • Scott 2822 Opera” 32¢ • Scott 3168 32¢ • Scott 3172

Charlie Chaplin (1998) Celebrate the Century Charlie Chaplin (1994) 1910s, “The Little Tramp” Douglas Fairbanks W.C. Fields (1980) Stars of the 32¢ • Scott 3183a (1984) Performing Arts Performing Arts Silent Screen 20¢ • Scott 2088 20¢ • Scott 1803 29¢ • Scott 2821

HoorayMovie Stars of the Silentfor Screen Hollywood! & Early “Talkies”

John Gilbert (1895–1936) (1887–1969) (1895–1966) Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2823 Classic Movie Monsters, Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2828 Born into a small-time show business “Frankenstein” • Scott 3170 Born Joseph Frank Keaton, it was a family family, by age 18 Gilbert was getting bit Classic Movie Monsters: friend, Harry Houdini, who inadvertently parts in films such as The Coward (1915) gave the young child his lifelong nickname and Hell’s Hinges (1916). He earned great “The Mummy” • Scott 3171 after Keaton fell down a flight of steps popularity as a romantic lead opposite One of the icons of horror cinema, Karloff unharmed. Houdini remarked that the boy such stars as Mary Pickford (Heart of the (born William Henry Pratt) was originally sure could take a “buster” or a fall. Keaton Hills, 1919), Lillian Gish (La Boheme, destined for a career in the British soon joined his parents on the vaudeville 1926), and Greta Garbo (Flesh and the diplomatic corps but followed his heart to circuit as an acrobat and , but Devil, 1926). But perhaps his best role Hollywood in 1920, where he worked as it was silent film star “Fatty” Arbuckle was as the soldier James Apperson in the a truck driver and took bit parts until he who first hired him as a film actor (The classic film was cast as “the monster” in Frankenstein Butcher Boy, 1917). Keaton’s athletic (1925). His long love affair with Garbo (1931), a role he reprised in The Bride of ability and deadpan humor allowed him put him at odds with Louis B. Mayer and Frankenstein (1935). When his film career to create a more subtle form of spelled the end of his movie career. was over, Karloff achieved a second chance and earned him another nickname: “The at immortality in 1966 as the narrator in Great Stoneface.” His final film appearance the television special How the Grinch Stole was as the extremely funny “Erronius” in Christmas. A Funny Thing Happed on the Way to the Forum (1966).

Keystone Cops Stan Laurel (1890–1965) and Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2826 Oliver (“Babe”) Hardy (1892–1957) The series of silent films showing the antics • Scott 2562 of a hapless group of policemen seldom Laurel — The British actor made two trips to the United States with ’s used the same actors; in fact, many of them troupe as Charles Chaplin’s understudy (1910, 1913), before finally being cast in a two-reel remain unknown and some were even comedy on his own, Nuts in May (1917). His first acting connection with was interested local police officers! Eventually, through coincidental bit parts in Lucky Dog (1921); however, the film that took them to producer Mack Sennett began using the stardom was (1927). Their 1932 comedy short won “Kops” as foils for established stars such the first Oscar in the category Best Short Subjects (Live Action Comedy). The comedic duo’s as Fatty Arbuckle and Marie Dresser. A film partnership continued until 1950 and the two men continued to appear together on recent discovery is the 1914 short, A Thief stage until Hardy’s death in 1957. Catcher, which includes a brief appearance by Charlie Chaplin in only his third screen Hardy — Although he began his working career as the manager/projectionist is a movie role. house and by 1912 was earning a living as a singer, Hardy ultimately appeared in more than 400 films, beginning with the now lost Outwitting Dad (1914). His famous line, “Here’s another nice mess you’ve gotten us into,” was delivered to his partner Stan Laurel at some point of comedic disaster in most of their films, the two most well known of which are (1933) and Babes in Toyland (1934). HoorayMovie Stars of the Silentfor ScreenHollywood! & Early “Talkies”

John Gilbert (1994) Boris Karloff (1997) Boris Karloff (1997) Buster Keaton (1994) Stars of the Classic Movie Monsters, Classic Movie Monsters, Stars of the Silent Screen “Frankenstein” “The Mummy” Silent Screen 29¢ • Scott 2823 32¢ • Scott 3170 32¢ • Scott 3171 29¢ • Scott 2828

Stan Laurel and Oliver (“Babe”) Hardy (1991) Comedians 29¢ • Scott 2562 (1994) Stars of the Silent Screen 29¢ • Scott 2826

HoorayMovie Stars of the Silentfor ScreenHollywood! & Early “Talkies”

Harold Lloyd (1894–1971) (1882–1956) Zasu Pitts (1898–1963) Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2825 Classic Movie Monsters, Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2824 One of the silent screen’s most popular “Dracula” • Scott 3169 A quirky comedienne with large blue eye comedians, altogether Lloyd made more A successful actor in his native Hungary, and hands that were constantly in notion, short films than Chaplin and Keaton Lugosi emigrated to the United States in Zasu (her real name) was tapped for combined. He came up with round glasses 1922. In 1927 he was cast in the title role her first movie role as an extra in Mary and a straw hat as trademark props for his in the Broadway production of Dracula. Pickford’s Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm main comedic character — an energetic Ironically, when the film was made, he (1917) when she was spotted standing young man able to conquer all that life was the last choice for the part (Universal in a crowd of onlookers. She ended her threw at him. His most memorable film wanted Long Chaney Sr., who was dying of long comedic career playing ’s scene shows him dangling from the failing throat cancer). His malevolent and elegant sidekick “Nugie” on the television hit The hands of a clock tower high above a city Count defined the role through numerous Gale Storm Show, 1956–1960. Earlier, street (Safety Last, 1922). sequels and remakes, but the movie’s however, Pitts broke type successfully success doomed the actor to be typecast several times to tackle dramatic roles with for the rest of his career. great success, notably the avaricious wife in ’s 1924 Greed. She even wrote a succesful cookbook of family recipes (published posthumously in 1964), titled Candy Hits.

Will Rogers (1879–1935) Will Rogers Issue • Scott 975 (1895–1926) Performing Arts • Scott 1801 Stars of the Silent Screen • Scott 2819 “I never met a man I didn’t like.” Born Originally cast as a movie villain due his on a ranch in Oologah, Indian Territory non-Anglo features, Valentino was given (Cherokee Nation, now Oklahoma), the romantic lead in The Four Horsemen of Rogers developed such extraordinary the Apocalypse (1920) at the insistence of roping skills working cattle that he is listed the ’ first female executive, in the Guiness Book of Records. Roping June Mathis; it became the sixth highest tricks and a sharp wit led him to vaudeville money-making silent film of all-time. In and wild west shows before making his 1921 he made the iconic film The Sheik — film debut in Laughing Bill Hyde (1918). women swooned and men didn’t get it, but His biggest silent film was The Ropin’ the role immortalized him as the “Latin Fool (1921) but with the coming of sound Lover.” His sudden death from perforated he was able to move beyond pantomime ulcers and blood poisoning five years later skills to showcasing his unique humorous was mourned by thousands. take on life. One of his most memorable “talking” films is the first version of State Fair, opposite Janet Gaynor (1929). In all he made 71 films in the and 30s. HoorayMovie Stars of the Silentfor ScreenHollywood! & Early “Talkies”

Harold Lloyd (1994) Bela Lugosi (1997) Zasu Pitts (1994) Stars of the Movie Monsters, “Dracula” Stars of the Silent Screen 32¢ • Scott 3169 Classic Silent Screen 29¢ • Scott 2825 29¢• Scott 2824

Will Rogers (1948) Will Rogers Issue 3¢ • Scott 975 Will Rogers (1979) Rudolph Valentino Performing Arts (1994) 15¢ • Scott 1801 Stars of the Silent Screen 29¢ • Scott 2819

Hooray for Hollywood!

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