Evaluation of Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis and A. Altilis X A. Mariannensis) As A

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Evaluation of Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis and A. Altilis X A. Mariannensis) As A Evaluation of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis and A. altilis X A. mariannensis) as a Dietary Protein Source by Ying Liu B.Sc. (Hons.), Dalhousie University, 2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The College of Graduate Studies (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan Campus) April 2016 © Ying Liu, 2016 The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the College of Graduate Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled: Evaluation of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis and A. altilis x A. mariannensis) as a Dietary Protein Source Submitted by Ying Liu in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The degree of Doctor of Philosophy . Dr. Susan Murch, Chemistry Supervisor, Professor (please print name and faculty/school above the line) Dr. Deanna Gibson, Biology Supervisory Committee Member, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. Paula Brown, Biology Supervisory Committee Member, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. Ian Walker, Biology University Examiner, Professor (please print name and faculty/school in the line above) Dr. Nyree Zerega, Northwestern University External Examiner, Professor (please print name and university in the line above) April 20, 2016 (Date submitted to Grad Studies) Additional Committee Members include: Dr. Fred Menard, Chemistry Please print name and faculty/school in the line above Dr. Miranda Hart, Biology Please print name and faculty/school in the line above Abstract Protein malnutrition is a leading cause of child mortality and chronic development disorders in the tropics. This study evaluated the protein quality of breadfruit using three standards measures: (1) yield of fruit and production of protein, (2) the protein content and amino acid profile, and (3) the protein digestibility/amino acid availability. I analyzed field data collected from 2006 to 2012 from 24 breadfruit cultivars in National Tropical Botanical Garden in Kauai, Hawaii. Based on a plant density of 100 trees/ha, breadfruit can yield 10-14 tons of fruit/ha. The commercial cultivar Ma’afala can produce up to 0.52 t/ha of protein. This is higher than wheat, rice, cassava, and potato. To determine the quality of breadfruit protein, I conducted an amino acid analysis of 49 breadfruit cultivars using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and determined that the full spectrum of the essential amino acids were present in all cultivars. Breadfruit is especially rich in phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Ma’afala contained a higher total essential amino acid content than many other staples including wheat, corn, rice, soybean, and yellow pea. To determine breadfruit protein digestibility, I developed a human digestion model, and found that Ma’afala protein was 10-25% more digestible than wheat protein. Ma’afala and wheat protein were compared using a human intestinal epithelial cell model. The results showed that Ma’afala induced similar impact on cell morphology and cytokine production in the model. To determine the overall effect on health, I compared breadfruit and wheat diet in a standard rodent model. The results show that the breadfruit diet did not induce any adverse effects on the overall health or growth of the mice. Breadfruit-fed mice gained more weight iii overall than wheat-fed mice but the crumbly nature of the diet made accurate food intake measures impossible. Chemical and histological analysis did not reveal any significant difference between the two diet groups suggesting that breadfruit is not toxic. Together, these data demonstrate that breadfruit has potential as a staple protein source for reducing malnutrition in tropical countries and as an ingredient in nutritional products, in particular gluten-free food products, for world markets. iv Preface A version of the thesis has been prepared for a GRAS application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the regulation of breadfruit as a safe food ingredient. Ying Liu and Susan Murch (2015). Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus altilis x Artocarpus mariannensis) Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) notice. USDA. Some of the information in Chapter 1 has been published in the review article: Christina Turi, Ying Liu, Diane Ragone, and Susan Murch. (2014). Breadfruit (Artocarpus spp.): A traditional crop with the potential to prevent hunger and mitigate diabetes in the Tropics. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 45, 267-272. I critically reviewed the literature, and shared this information with the author groups. I also summarized and wrote some significant sections for the paper. A version of Chapter 2 has been published. Ying Liu, Maxwell P. Jones, Diane Ragone, and Susan Murch. (2014). Crop productivity, yield and seasonality of breadfruit (Artocarpus spp., Moraceae). Fruits 69,345-361. I conducted the data analysis, and wrote most of the original draft of the paper. A version of Chapter 3 has been published. Ying Liu, Diane Ragone, and Susan Murch. (2015). Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis): A source of high quality protein for food security and novel food products. Amino Acids, Online, DOI 10.1007/s00726-015-1914-4. v I modified and developed the methods, conducted the majority of the experiment and analyzed all of the data. I also critically reviewed the literature, summarized and graphed all of the data and wrote the original draft of the paper. A version of Chapter 4 is being prepared for publication. A version of Chapter 5 is being prepared for publication. Presentations: Data from Chapter 2, 3, and 4 were presented at: Liu Y., Ragone D., Gibson D., Murch S. Breadfruit: a source of high quality protein. Annual Biology Graduate Symposium. University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC. September 11th 2015. Liu Y. and Murch S. Breadfruit: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Parkinson (Fos)) for Food Security and Novel Food Products. Botany 2015, Edmonton, AB, Canada, July 25th – 29th 2015. Liu Y. and Murch S. Love it or hate it, you gotta eat it. Three Minutes Thesis, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, February 26th 2014 vi Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... iii Preface ...................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .......................................................................................................... xii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ xv List of Symbols and Abbreviations ..................................................................... xix Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. xxi Dedication ........................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1. History of breadfruit consumption ......................................................... 1 1.2. Current uses and significance of breadfruit in the world ....................... 4 1.3. Breadfruit botanical description ............................................................. 5 1.4. Current breadfruit nutritional analysis ................................................... 6 1.4.1. Carbohydrates .................................................................................... 14 1.4.2. Carotenoids ........................................................................................ 16 1.4.3. Minerals .............................................................................................. 18 1.4.4. Vitamins .............................................................................................. 21 1.4.5. Anti-nutrients ...................................................................................... 21 1.5. Study rationale and objectives ............................................................ 24 Chapter 2. Seasonality, Productivity, and Yield of Breadfruit ......................... 25 2.1. Synopsis ............................................................................................. 25 2.1.1. Objectives ........................................................................................... 26 2.2. Materials and methods ....................................................................... 26 vii 2.2.1. Germplasm repository ......................................................................... 26 2.2.2. Data collection ..................................................................................... 27 2.3. Results ................................................................................................ 29 2.3.1. Time from planting to fruit production .................................................. 29 2.3.2. Breadfruit seasonality .......................................................................... 33 2.3.3. Breadfruit productivity/fruit number ...................................................... 41 2.3.4. Breadfruit fruit weight........................................................................... 44 2.3.5. Breadfruit yield ...................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Index
    CHOOSE YOUR FOOD LISTS FOR FOODS WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Index barley, 16 brussels sprouts, 31 chicken, 35, 36, 45, 46, 47, A beans, 10, 19, 31, 38, 45, 47, buckwheat, 16 48 acidophilus milk, 27 49 buffalo, 35 chicken breast, breaded and agave syrup, 53 bean sprouts, 31 bulgur, 16 fried, 45 alcohol, 10, 60, 61 beef, 35, 36, 45, 47, 49 burritos, 47 chicken drumstick, breaded almond butter, 38, 41 beef/chicken/shrimp with butter, 43 and fried, 45 almond milk, 27, 41 vegetables in sauce, 46 butter blends made with oil, chicken noodle soup, 49 almonds, 41 beef jerky, 35 43 chicken nuggets, 45 amaranth, 16, 31 “beef” or “sausage” buttermilk, 27 “chicken” nuggets, soy- American cheese, 37 crumbles, soy-based, 38 based, 38 angel food cake, 52 beef tongue, 36 C chicken salad, 48 animal crackers, 18 beer, 61 cabbage, 31 chicken sandwich, 47 apple juice/cider, 24 beets, 31 cake, 52 chicken thigh, breaded and apples, 22 bell peppers, 31 Canadian bacon, 35 fried, 45 applesauce, 22 biscotti, 52 candy, hard, 53 chicken wings, 45 apricots, 22 biscuits, 14, 47 canola oil, 41 chicory, 31 artichoke, 31 black beans, 19, 38 cantaloupe, 22 Chinese spinach, 31 artichoke hearts, 31 blackberries, 22 carrots, 31 chitterlings, 43 arugula, 31 black-eyed peas, 19, 38 cashew butter, 38, 41 chives, 31 asparagus, 31 blueberries, 22, 55 cashews, 41 chocolate chip cookies, 52 avocados, 41 bok choy, 31 cassava, 17 chocolate, dark or milk- bologna, 37 casseroles, 45 type, 53 B borscht, 49 catfish, 35 chocolate “kisses,” 53 baby corn, 31 bran, 15, 16 cauliflower, 31 chocolate
    [Show full text]
  • Polynesian Canoe Plants, Including Breadfruit, Taro, and Coconut: the Ultimate in Sustainability Planning Posted on June 27, 2019 by Leslie Lang
    HOME HOURS & DIRECTIONS GARDEN SLIDESHOW GARDEN NEWS & BLOG Polynesian Canoe Plants, Including Breadfruit, Taro, and Coconut: the Ultimate in Sustainability Planning Posted on June 27, 2019 by Leslie Lang Do you know about “canoe plants?” These are the plants—such as kalo (taro), ‘ulu (breadfruit), and niu (coconut), among others—that Polynesians brought in their carefully-stocked voyaging canoes perhaps 1,600 years ago when they first settled in Hawai‘i. Canoe plants are one more piece of the evidence showing us that the people who colonized Hawai‘i were intelligent voyagers who came in planned expeditions, not islanders who drifted here unintentionally. Not only did they successfully navigate the oceans like highways, but before they left home to explore and settle new lands, they pr​​epared themselves well. After all, they had to sustain themselves both during their long journeys and also upon arrival in a new island group, where they didn’t know what resources they would find. They maximized their limited space by packing seeds, roots, shoots, and cuttings of their most critical plants, the ones they relied on the most for food, medicine, and for making containers, fabric, cordage, and more. We can identify about 24 plants that arrived in Hawai‘i as canoe plants. You can see samples of some of them at Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden. The Most Significant Polynesian Canoe Plants: ‘Ulu ‘Ulu (Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus incisus or Artocarpus communis) belongs to the Moracceae (fig or mulberry) family. Known in English as breadfruit, the ‘ulu tree produces a “fruit” that is actually a vegetable with a high carbohydrate content.
    [Show full text]
  • Breadfruit, Breadnut, and Jackfruit: How Are They Related? by Fred Prescod
    Comparing Breadfruit, Breadnut, and Jackfruit: How are they Related? by Fred Prescod In the first article we traced the arrival of the breadfruit plant into the New World. Now we compare breadfruit with its close relatives, breadnut and jackfruit, both also found in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. These three plants all belong to the botanical genus known as Artocarpus. The name Artocarpus is applied to about 60 different trees, all members of the fig or mulberry family (Moraceae), a botanical division which at one time included Cannabis. Trees of this genus are native to Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. The generic name (Artocarpus) is derived from the Greek words ‘artos’ (meaning bread) and ‘karpos’ (meaning fruit). The name is thought to have been established by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, botanists aboard the HMS Resolution on James Cook’s second voyage. In J.W. Pursglove’s publication on tropical crops, he reports that Joseph Banks, James Cook and other early travelers brought back descriptions of the breadfruit plant using phrases such as ‘bread itself is gathered as a fruit’. Breadfruit tree – Calliaqua, St. Vincent Breadfruit tree at Calliaqua, St. Vincent. [Photo by Jim Lounsberry] Unfortunately some confusion often arises from the use of common names, where a single common name may be applied to different plants in different areas. Nevertheless breadfruit itself is recognized as a seedless form of the plant known botanically as Artocarpus altilis (also Artocarpus communis), while breadnut (often also listed as Artocarpus altilis) was originally thought to be simply a race or form of the same plant with fruits containing seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
    [Show full text]
  • Good Things Happen When You Plant Trees
    Plant a Tree … … and Good Things Happen! A guideline for younger children By Mary McLaughlin & Judy Osgood Illustrations by Edward Brooks Plant a tree and good things happen . 1. To the air we breathe 2. To the food we eat 3. To the birds that fly 4. To the animals that live on the ground 5. To the rivers, the ponds and the sea 6. To the jobs we can do 7. To the joy we have in play Teaching guide on trees. Created by Mary McLaughlin & Judy Osgood. Plant a tree and good things happen . to the air we breathe How do trees help us breathe? Key Concepts: Trees are the lungs of the earth. People need to breathe in air with oxygen to live. People breathe in oxygen (O2) and breath out carbon dioxide (CO2). Trees take in carbon dioxide and turn it into oxygen. Questions and Activities: *Put your hand on your chest. Breathe in and out. Do you feel the air coming in and going out? Where does the air come into the body and where does it exit? What organ of the body holds the air? What do we mean by bad or dirty air? *If you breathed in bad air what would happen to you? What causes bad air? What helps the air to improve? What are the other gases that make up the air that we breath? 1 Plant a tree and good things happen . to the food we eat Name some trees that give you food to eat: Brainstorm: things we eat that grow on trees: Ackee Limes Allspice Mango Almonds Maple syrup Apples Moringa Bananas Naseberry Bay leaves Olives Beechnuts Oranges Brazil nuts Pawpaw Breadfruit Peaches Cashews Persimmon Cherries Pigeon pea Chestnuts Pine nuts Cinnamon Pistachios Cloves Plums Cocoa Pomegranate Coconuts Soursop Questions and Activities Dates Starfruit *How many of these have you eaten? Gingko nuts Tamarind *Can you identify the smell and taste? Guava Walnuts *Categorize what you’ve brainstormed.
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Clearance NA Has Been Obtained for Existing Project 8.Location of the Project S
    Agenda for 67 th Meeting of SEAC-3 (Day-4) SEAC Meeting number: 67 Meeting Date August 22, 2018 Subject: Environment Clearance for proposed project by M/s Kedar Associates Is a Violation Case: No 1.Name of Project “Krishnakunj Residency” 2.Type of institution Private 3.Name of Project Proponent Mr. S.G. Lanke 4.Name of Consultant M/s JV Analytical Services 5.Type of project Residential & Commercial 6.New project/expansion in existing project/modernization/diversification New Project in existing project 7.If expansion/diversification, whether environmental clearance NA has been obtained for existing project 8.Location of the project S. No. 41A/2/1/1 9.Taluka Haveli 10.Village Wadgaon (Bk.) Correspondence Name: Mr. S.G. Lanke Room Number: Office No. 9 Floor: - Building Name: Rahul Complex, Near Krishna Hospital Road/Street Name: Paud Road Locality: Kothrud City: Pune-38 11.Area of the project Pune Municipal Corporation Received 12.IOD/IOA/Concession/Plan IOD/IOA/Concession/Plan Approval Number: CC/3138/17 Approval Number Approved Built-up Area: 27342.79 13.Note on the initiated work (If NA applicable) 14.LOI / NOC / IOD from MHADA/ NA Other approvals (If applicable) 15.Total Plot Area (sq. m.) 10500.00 m2 16.Deductions 2945.97 m2 17.Net Plot area 7554.03 m2 a) FSI area (sq. m.): 16193.39 18 (a).Proposed Built-up Area (FSI & b) Non FSI area (sq. m.): 11202.83 Non-FSI) c) Total BUA area (sq. m.): 27396.22 Approved FSI area (sq. m.): 16193.39 18 (b).Approved Built up area as per Approved Non FSI area (sq.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution and Strategies of Plants to Grow Around Laguna Lake in Ternate
    The Distribution and Strategies of Plants to Grow around Laguna Lake in Ternate Abdulrasyid Tolangara, Hasna Ahmad and Fadli Umar Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Khairun, Indonesia Keywords: Distribution, Strategy, Plant growth, Laguna Lake. Abstract: Distribution is a spacing pattern of individuals in a population relative to one another. There are various individuals’ distribution patterns. They are commonly known as uniform, random, and clumped distribution patterns. The present research was designed as an ex post facto research which aimed to observe an existing phenomenon and recount past events to investigate factors that contributed to the occurrences. This research was conducted in an area of 7.500 m2which was dug into 50 plots of 20x20m. Random plotting method was employed to collect the data. The number of individual targeted plants which appeared in the observation plots were calculated. Each of the plants’ species was identified. The distribution patterns and the growth strategies of the individuals were determined based on the Morisita Index values. The results indicated that Laguna Lake areas were mostly surrounded by durian (Durio zibethinus L), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Hout), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis L), and mango (Mangifera indica L.). The distribution patterns of the plants consisted of random distribution pattern (durian (Durio zibethinus L.), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis L.), and mango (Mangifera indica L.)) and clumped distribution pattern (nutmegor Myristica fragrans Hout.). In relation to plant growth strategies, the K-theory was introduced (growth strategy). Environmental factors including the soil pH, light intensity, water current, and mineral content also influenced the distribution patterns and growth strategies of the targeted plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography, Phylogeny and Divergence Date Estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae)
    Annals of Botany 119: 611–627, 2017 doi:10.1093/aob/mcw249, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae) Evelyn W. Williams1,*, Elliot M. Gardner1,2, Robert Harris III2,†, Arunrat Chaveerach3, Joan T. Pereira4 and Nyree J. C. Zerega1,2,* 1Chicago Botanic Garden, Plant Science and Conservation, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA, 2Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation Program, 2205 Tech Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA, 3Faculty of Science, Genetics Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/119/4/611/2884288 by guest on 03 January 2021 and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Highway, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand and 4Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected], [email protected] †Present address: Carleton College, Biology Department, One North College St., Northfield, MN 55057, USA. Received: 25 March 2016 Returned for revision: 1 August 2016 Editorial decision: 3 November 2016 Published electronically: 10 January 2017 Background and Aims The breadfruit genus (Artocarpus, Moraceae) includes valuable underutilized fruit tree crops with a centre of diversity in Southeast Asia. It belongs to the monophyletic tribe Artocarpeae, whose only other members include two small neotropical genera. This study aimed to reconstruct the phylogeny, estimate diver- gence dates and infer ancestral ranges of Artocarpeae, especially Artocarpus, to better understand spatial and tem- poral evolutionary relationships and dispersal patterns in a geologically complex region. Methods To investigate the phylogeny and biogeography of Artocarpeae, this study used Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches to analyze DNA sequences from six plastid and two nuclear regions from 75% of Artocarpus species, both neotropical Artocarpeae genera, and members of all other Moraceae tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Dukduk Artocarpus Mariannensis
    Dukduk March 2017 Artocarpus mariannensis Native Plants of Guam ukduk is a large breadfruit tree which is thought to be endemic to Dthe Mariana Islands. It can be found in limestone areas and usually stands out in limestone forests. The wood and other parts of the tree were once important in canoe building. Other Common Names: Chebiei, Dokdok, Dugdug, Ebiei, Mai, Maifai, Maiyah, Marianas breadfruit, Meduuliou, Mei chocho, Mei kole, Meiyas, Mejwaan, Mos en kosrae, Seeded breadfruit, Sowing, Te mai, Ulu elihe, Ulu elise Synonyms: None Family Name: Moraceae Plant Appearance a Distinctive feature: Dukduk leaves Dukduk flower . are generally smaller and not as deeply lobed as Lemmai (seedless breadfruit) leaves. Dukduk fruit has seeds and are more kidney shaped than Lemmai fruit. Leaf Shape: Broadly obovate to elliptic, shallowly 1-3 lobed on the upper third of blade Arrangement: Alternate Type: Simple b a Flower Dukduk leaf . Dukduk fruit . Size: Up to 1.2 in. in diameter and 3-4.7 in. long Color: All flowers are yellowish, but male flowers turn brown while female flowers turn green. Shape: Male flowers are cylindrical or club-shaped spike, while female flowers are rounded or elliptic. Arrangement: Monoecious. Male flowers appear first; thousands of tiny flowers are attached to the spongy Dukduk seedsa. Dukduk seedlingsa. core. Female flowers are also attached to the spongy core and the flowers fuse College of Natural & Applied Sciences USDA is an equal University of Guam | Unibetsedåt Guahan opportunity employer and provider. together to form the fleshy edible part Soil characteristics: Light, well- treats ear infections or sore eyes, of the fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Container Food List Guide
    CONTAINER FOOD LIST GUIDE If you’re reading this, it’s safe to assume that you’ve done your calorie calculations and found your individual 80 Day Obsession Eating Plan in the Program Materials list, so you know how much food to eat—and when to eat it. These Portion-Control Container Food Lists help you determine which foods to eat for your best results. Here are a few tips to help you: ● Once you figure out how many of each portion-control container to eat each day, fill those containers with foods from the corresponding lists. For example, if your plan calls for 6 greens, fill your Green Container (Vegetables) 6 times a day. ● The foods on each list are arranged by nutritional value—the higher up on the list, the more nutritional benefit! ● Many of the foods are listed with specific measurements/amounts—10 asparagus spears, for example. If there’s no amount, just fill the containers to the point that you can still fit the lid on it. ● There are over 100 “containerized” recipes on the Fixate® cooking show on Beachbody® On Demand. And Autumn provides the container equivalents for each one so it’s easy to integrate into your Eating Plan! EXCLUSIVELY ON FOOD LIST GREEN PURPLE RED YELLOW BLUE ORANGE MODIFIED REFEED CONTAINER CONTAINER CONTAINER CONTAINER CONTAINER CONTAINER SUPPLEMENTAL (Vegetables) (Fruits) (Proteins) (Carbohydrates) (Healthy Fats) (Seeds & Dressings) YELLOW S LIST • Kale, cooked or raw • Raspberries • Sardines (fresh or canned in water), • Sweet potato, chopped • Avocado, mashed or ¼ medium • Pumpkin seeds, raw Starting in Week 6, you’ll do a modified • Watercress, cooked or raw • Blueberries 7 medium or mashed, or ½ small • 12 almonds, whole, raw • Sunflower seeds, raw Refeed Day every two weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of the Interior
    Vol. 79 Wednesday, No. 190 October 1, 2014 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for 21 Species and Proposed Threatened Status for 2 Species in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; Proposed Rule VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:56 Sep 30, 2014 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\01OCP2.SGM 01OCP2 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2 59364 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 190 / Wednesday, October 1, 2014 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ES–2014–0038; Division of Policy and butterfly (Hypolimnas octocula Directives Management; U.S. Fish & mariannensis; NCN), the Mariana Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Headquarters, MS: BPHC, 5275 wandering butterfly (Vagrans egistina; Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041– NCN), the Rota blue damselfly (Ischnura 50 CFR Part 17 3803. luta; NCN), the fragile tree snail [Docket No. FWS–R1–ES–2014–0038: We request that you send comments (Samoana fragilis; akaleha), the Guam 4500030113] only by the methods described above. tree snail (Partula radiolata; akaleha), We will post all comments on http:// the humped tree snail (Partula gibba; www.regulations.gov. This generally akaleha), and Langford’s tree snail RIN 1018–BA13 means that we will post any personal (Partula langfordi; akaleha)). Two plant species (Cycas micronesica (fadang) and Endangered and Threatened Wildlife information you provide us (see Public Tabernaemontana rotensis (NCN)) are and Plants; Proposed Endangered Comments below for more information). proposed for listing as threatened Status for 21 Species and Proposed FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: species.
    [Show full text]