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On the Botanical Results of the Sierra Leone Boundary Commission. by Gt

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On the Botanical Results of the Sierra Leone Boundary Commission. by Gt 64 MR. SCOTT ELLIOT' ON TIIE BOTBNICAL RESULTS On the Botanical Results of the Sierra Leone Boundary Commission. By Gt. F. SCOTTELLIOT, M.A., P.L.S. [Read lGth March, 1893.1 INTRODUCTTON. THE object of the Sierra Leone Boundary Commission (to which I was attached as bobmist) was to trace the boundary of the French and English spheres of influence at Sierra Leone. During the expedition we passed over about 700 miles, without, however, being ever more than 300 miles from the coast or reaching a greater height than 3600 feet *. At about 2500 feet there wwe signs of a different flora, such as the presence of certain Composites, b nlbous plants, and some epiphytic orchids which do not, 1 think, occur below this level; but these signs were quite as distinct on the SrigsLrloaf Mountain at Freetown atj on the broad grassy table-like watershed which sepa- rates the Niger from those rivers (Scarcies, Rokelle) which flow direct to the West Coast. As a whole it is a forest flora of a humid evergreen type, and perhaps chiefly characterized by the abund- ance of trees and climbcrs slid hy a large proportion having thick coriaceous, often pinuate leaves and usually inconspicuous flowers. The results have hocn, to me at least, most disappointing. I brought home 2200 numbers which have yielded about 1170 species, amongst which there seem to be two new genera and about 50 or 60 new or unnamed species, most of which are here described. This is partly due to the short time at my disposal (as we were only 55 months in the country, of which 30 days were rendered blank through fever and weakness), partly to the difficulty of drying plants in a very humid climate and when constantly travelling, but perhaps chiefly to the extremely thorough way in which the flora has been already studied. Afzclius was several years at Freetown ; Adansoii 6 years in Senegambia, Leprieur and Perrottet 5 years, Heudelot 4 years ; Mr. Q. Mann spent 4 years on the coast, Isert and Thonning 3 years, Beauvois and also Barter 2 years ; and Baikie and Vogel made important collections besides those mentioned. Many others have also worked upon this flora T. * According lo rough calculation by Major Kenney. I. For example, G. Don, Brasg, Burton, Griffon du Bellay, Daniell, Irving, Matthewu, Purdie, Sieber, Smeathmann, Ch. Smith, Soyaux, M iss Turner, Whitfield, Dr. Lester Thomson, C. Thomson, Pogg~,H, H. Johns tone, Preuss, and others. OF THE SIERRA LEONE BOUNDARY CONWT8SION. 66 . In naming this Collection I have had the kindest and most un- remitting assistance from Professor D. Oliver, Mr. C. B. Clarke, Mr. Raker, and all his nssiutants at Kew, as also from Mr. Carruthers's staff at the British Museum. I have given new and doubtful forms at any rate to those who are authorities on particular orders or are at present working upon them; and have specially to thank those who have taken the folloiring groups entirely off my hands :- Amaryllids, Lilies, and Iridaceze, by Mr. J. G. Baker. Cyperacez, Uommelinaceze, Mr. C. B. Clarke. Orchids, Mr. R. A. Rolfe. Solanaces and Cryptogams, Mr. C. H. Wright. Fungi, Mr. Q. Massee. Apocyuaceze, Dr. 0. Stapf. The description of new and doubtful forms only in che follow- ing orders have been left to thode mentioned :- Malvacez, Mr. E. G. Baker ; Gramineze, Mr. A. €3. Rendle ; Scrophulariaceze (except one Doputriuw), Mr. W. B. Hemsley ; Ebenilces, Mr. W. P. Hiern ; Acantliace~,Mr. Rolfe ; Aroidu, Mr. N. E. Brown ; Melastomacez, Professor Cogniaux ; Aristo- lochia, Dr. Masters j Labiattie and other Corolliflorze, Mr. J. 8. Baker. I have to thank these gefitlemen for the description8 which they have kindly given me fur insertion in this paper, which I have been careful not to alter in any way. The reat of the naming and tlescriptiou lias been done by mybelf, and I have specially to ackuowledge mj obligation to Professor D. Oliver for his most kind assiutltiice, slid also to Mr. N. E. Brown, whose carefulness aid 20 years' experience of Herbarium work have been most valuable to me. I am also indebted to Miss A. Lorrein Smith for the very careful artatomicel study which she has made for m0 of a plant without flowers which has greatly puzzled every systematic botanist lo whom it has been shown; anatomical characters alone show that it probably belongs to Gentianaces or Melasto- maceze, and after carefully examining both orders it seems to me that it may be a new genus of the latter near Lavoisiera. Miss Smith's observations will probably be given in another memoir. The first set of'the plan& is at Kew, the second at the British Museum, the third has gone to Berlin, the fourth to Harvard, E2 66 MR, SCOTT ELLIOT ON THE BOTANICAL RESULTS the fifth to Calcutta, and the sixth to Paris ; and I have to thank Mr. Carruthers for saving me much trouble and also expense in forwarding some of these. A small set of Pharmaceutical speci- mens are now in the possession of the Pharmaceutical Society. Of these 1170 species the proportion of four natural orders is given below as contrasted with that of the Niger flora, Richard‘s Abyssinian, Kotschy’s Nubian, and Mr. Mann’a tloras, the latter having 237 speciea which occur above 5000 feet in the Cameroons. This Go1 Niger Richard, Kotschy, Mann, lection. Flora. Abyss. Nubia. Cameroons. per cent per cent. per cent per cent per cent. Leguminosa: ............ 10 14 I I1 *I 15 ‘1 3 RubiaceEe ............... 11 Composits... ............ 4 Braminea: ............... 2 __ The other largest orders in tny collection are :-Euphorbiaces 67 species, Orchids 32, Anonace8 25, ApocynaceE 21, Cyperaces 22, Scrophulariacee 18, Scitamineae 17, Loganiaces 16, and Aroids 14 species respectively. I found in matching my specimens that those of Barter, Bailrie, and Vogel from the Niger expedition were of the most use (after those from Freetown itself) ; C. Smith‘s Congo plants seemed also for the most part almost identical ; and I have also found many of Welwitsch’s Angola species amongst mine. There is a gencral idea that the Flora of East and West Tropical Africa is largely identical, but my experience in naming my specimens is very strongly against this * ; it is very rarely indeed that I have found any of my species occurring along the East Coast or anywhere East of a line drawn from the Albert Nyanza along the West shore-of Tanganyika to the Tropic of Capricorn ; and I wits so strongly impressed by this, that I have looked a little * Sir Joseph Eooker pointed out tho similarity of Maim’s h<qhaltitzlde plauts of the Cameroons with those of Abyssinia, and Lhis seeins to have been applied by others to the whole flora : d.Journal Linnean Society, vols. vi. (1862) pp. 1-4, & vii. (1864) pp. 171-181. OF THE BIERRA LEONE BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 61 further into the question, It seems to me that if we take all Weat Tropical Africa from Sencgambia to Angola, and the whole drainage-area of the Niger and Congo, and if we were to exclude all the higher land above 3000 feet in altitude, we should have an extremely natural botanical region. The Rubiacea- which have been so well worked out by Mr. Hiern in the ' Flora of Tropical Africa,' which include the Welwitschian speci- mens and Congo plants in the British Museum-seemed to me to be a good order in which to test this theory. I find that of the 498 species enumerated :- 250 are confined to West Tropical Africa ; 30 in West Tropical Africa, which also occur in Darfur, Fazokel, or Schweinfurth's collections near the water- shed of the Congo in Monbuttuland, Niamniam, &c. ; 76 are confined to Nileland and Abyssinia; 58 to Mozambique, Zanzibar, and Zambesi ; 16 range from Abyssinia to Angola ; 3 Mozambique to Angola; 20 confined to Angola ; and 18 are common to East and West Tropical Africa, which small number includes common widely diffused species. That is 250f30, or 56,2 per cent. belong entirely to this proposed region, 40.2 per cent, to the remainder of Tropical Africa, and 3.6 per cent. do not suit this theory. Other points in favour of this view are :- I. It agrees very closely with one of Wallace's distribution areas (2, Soudan). 2. It is really an area bounded by water-partings. 3. It is distinguished by the rainy season being almost in- variably between April andNovember, while on the Eastern side it is almost invariably between October and May *. 4. It is an evergreen-forest region characterized by great humidity, and is separatedfrom similar districts on the East Coast by a series of grassy upland plateaux and mountains which seem to be approximately continuous from Abys- sinia to Nyassaland and Angola. As Mr. C. B. Clarke has pointed out for similar regions of * The rain emirs in Senegambia, Sierra Leone, and Kordofan as above; Unyamwesi, Tanganyika, and Tette (our winter) as above ; Zanzibar has a double season, 0ct.-Dec. and Mar.-May ; while tbe Gaboon is exceptional wiLh rain also from Oct. to May, and Abyssinia has summer rains. 68 NR. SCOTT ELLIOT ON THE BOTANICAL RESULTS Wallace, this would be almost impossible to tabulate upon (Phil. Trans. vol. 183. p. 371), but his subdivision into Africa North and South of the Equator would separate both the Congo and Angola entirely from the Niger, which seems unfortunate. As to the origin of this Niger-Congo flora, we can at present only speculate. I have been able to see something of the Canary Island flora and of Algiers, and there does not seem any connexion with this Niger Congo flora.
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