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Fauna Passages As an Effective Way to Increase Habitat Connectivity for Diverse Non–Target Species

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Fauna Passages As an Effective Way to Increase Habitat Connectivity for Diverse Non–Target Species Fauna Passages as an Effective Way to Increase Habitat Connectivity for Diverse Non–Target Species Author McGregor, Melanie Elizabeth Published 2016 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School Griffith School of Environment DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2821 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366026 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Fauna passages as an effective way to increase habitat connectivity for diverse non–target species. Melanie McGregor Bachelor of Environmental Science (Hons) Griffith School of Environment Environmental Futures Research Institute Griffith University Australia Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2016 Abstract Urbanisation has become the most significant cause of habitat loss and fragmentation globally, facilitating the rapid expansion of road infrastructure networks which have led to environmental degradation at a scale disproportionate to the land they occupy. More than 20 individual ecological effects are directly attributed to road presence, with road effect zones shown to extend up to thousands of meters beyond the road itself. The effects of roads are generally recognised as being detrimental to most wildlife, occurring at localised patch levels, endangering local wildlife and reducing local habitat, as well as at the landscape scale, where they increase habitat fragmentation and facilitate widespread ecological degradation. The expansion of road systems worldwide has stimulated the development of mitigation strategies aiming to reduce biodiversity loss and enhance species persistence. The preservation of landscape corridors and natural habitat are becoming commonplace in urban planning, while fauna passages are gaining increasing recognition as tools to reconnect already fragmented landscapes. The potential for fauna passages to reduce barrier effects, increase habitat connectivity and avoid roadkill is becoming increasingly evident throughout the world, with the rapid expansion of road ecology research. Currently, fauna passage use by mammals is by far the most researched, followed by reptiles, birds and amphibians, while bats have received almost no attention. Furthermore, a lack of detailed information demonstrating effective fauna passage use is a consequence of study longevity, restricting the comprehensive understanding of fauna passage acclimation and long–term success. The Compton Road fauna array, located in southern Brisbane, Queensland, is the most complex fauna passage assembly in Australia, attracting global attention since its construction in 2005. The array, which is comprised of two underpasses, a vegetated overpass, glider poles and arboreal ladders, was constructed to reduce the isolation between Karawatha Forest and Kuraby Bushland, two of Brisbane’s most significant remnant habitats, primarily for various species of mammals. The array has been monitored through short–term studies, but has not been subjected to continuous monitoring. The general aim of the research reported in this thesis was to determine whether the Compton Road fauna passages (overpass and underpass) effectively facilitate Page | 2 increased habitat connectivity for diverse non–target species, and whether they have done so over the last 10 years. This has been achieved by combining the current research (2013–2015) with previous studies on mammals (2004–2008) and herpetofauna (2005– 2010) to determine long–term patterns of use. The study design was established primarily to assess the effectiveness of the passages at a multi–taxa community level, while also allowing direct comparison between the passages and the surrounding forests. The study design also had to resemble the layout and methodology used in previous studies to allow the inclusion of previous data. A capture–release methodology was used to monitor mammals and herpetofauna, which occurred every three to four months at ten sample sites between 2013 and 2015. A single pitfall/drift fence array and 10 mammal traps, as well as cameras, were used at each site, with cameras used in the underpass. Bat monitoring was completed using Echometer Touch bat call recorders at 10 transects along the roadside, undertaken twice a month for six months between December 2014 and July 2015. Of the 90 species recorded, over 74% of herpetofauna, 70% of mammal and 100% of bat species identified during the study were observed using the overpass, while 13% of herpetofauna and 45% of mammal species used the underpass. Some forest specialist species of bats and herpetofauna were found using, and in some cases colonising, the overpass, suggesting that the structure functions effectively as habitat; however, invasive predators are a serious concern. This long–term, comprehensive data provides new insights into how species assemblages respond to and utilise fauna passages over time, which addresses some fundamental questions currently being considered in the literature. Defining effective fauna passages, through a more substantial understanding of long–term use by diverse taxa, will assist in establishing new best–practice regimes. Road ecology must encompass innovative approaches to monitoring, including genetic research and the use of indicator species, combined with robust study designs and long–term monitoring, to further understand effective passage construction. Road ecology must also strengthen its partnership with those agencies charged with constructing and implementing road mitigation measures, which in turn must acknowledge the input of road ecology researchers. Only then will fauna passage research provide a sound basis for effective and practical solutions which may be applied to address the detrimental effects of roads on urban wildlife. Page | 3 Statement of Originality This work has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. All portions of this thesis that have been published have been declared within the manuscript and are approved for use by the journal and all contributing authors. Mel McGregor Page | 4 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2 Statement of Originality .................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. 5 List of Figures .................................................................................................................. 10 List of Tables ................................................................................................................... 15 Published Material ........................................................................................................... 17 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 19 Are fauna passages effective in reducing road impacts on wildlife? ............. 22 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 22 Roads in a modern world ............................................................................... 22 Seeking solutions............................................................................................ 23 1.2 Roads and wildlife ................................................................................................ 24 Urbanisation, habitat loss and fragmentation ................................................. 25 Barrier effects ................................................................................................. 25 Roadkill .......................................................................................................... 26 Behavioural and physiological vulnerability.................................................. 27 1.3 Effective application of fauna passages ................................................................ 29 Overpasses ...................................................................................................... 29 Underpasses .................................................................................................... 33 1.4 Potential and target wildlife .................................................................................. 34 Mammals ........................................................................................................ 35 Herpetofauna .................................................................................................. 36 Bats ................................................................................................................. 37 Prey–trap hypothesis ...................................................................................... 38 1.5 Knowledge gaps .................................................................................................... 39 Quantifying effectiveness ............................................................................... 40 Study duration ................................................................................................ 40 Page | 5 A community
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