Social Movements. Identity, Culture and the State, Edited

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Social Movements. Identity, Culture and the State, Edited Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State David S. Meyer Nancy Whittier Belinda Robnett, Editors OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Social Movements This page intentionally left blank SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Identity, Culture, and the State Edited by David S. Meyer, Nancy Whittier, & Belinda Robnett 1 2002 3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and an associated company in Berlin Copyright © 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Social movements : identity, culture, and the state / edited by David S. Meyer, Nancy Whittier, Belinda Robnett. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-514355-8; ISBN 0-19-514356-6 (pbk.) 1. Social movements. I. Meyer, David S. II. Whittier, Nancy, 1966– III. Robnett, Belinda, 1956– HM881 .S63 2001 303.48'4–dc21 2001036973 9876 5 4 32 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Zena, Jonah, David and Jonah This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments We are grateful to a number of people and institutions for their help in this project. The workshop that led to this volume was partly supported by a small grant from the American Sociological Association/National Science Founda- tion Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline and was organized under the auspices of the American Sociological Association Section on Collec- tive Behavior and Social Movements. Manisha Desai, Rob Kleidman, Paul Lichterman, and Jo Reger helped organize that workshop. We appreciate the excellent services provided by Teresa Brown, Coordinator of the UC-Davis Conference and Event Services, without whom the workshop could not have taken place. We had research and clerical assistance from Meg Chilton and Morgan Lynn at Smith College, supported by the Smith College Committee on Faculty Compensation and Development, and from Jeanne Batalova Treigherman and Yuki Kato at the University of California–Irvine. We are also grateful to the Center for the Study of Democracy, at the University of California–Irvine, which provided help when it was most needed. Finally, we appreciate the efforts of the contributors, many of whom not only wrote their own chapters but provided useful comments that helped to shape the book. This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xiii part i. introduction 1. Opportunities and Identities: Bridge-Building in the Study of Social Movements 3 David S. Meyer part ii. states and policies Introduction to Part II 25 2. State Repression and Democracy Protest in Three Southeast Asian Countries 28 Vincent Boudreau 3. Mobilization on the South African Gold Mines 47 T. Dunbar Moodie 4. Multiple Mediations: The State and the Women’s Movements in India 66 Manisha Desai 5. The Contradictions of Gay Ethnicity: Forging Identity in Vermont 85 Mary Bernstein 6. Creating Social Change: Lessons from the Civil Rights Movement 105 Kenneth T. Andrews x Contents part iii. organizations and strategies Introduction to Part III 121 7. The “Meso” in Social Movement Research 124 Suzanne Staggenborg 8. Strategizing and the Sense of Context: Reflections on the First Two Weeks of the Liverpool Docks Lockout, September–October 1995 140 Colin Barker and Michael Lavalette 9. Factions and the Continuity of Political Challengers 157 Mildred A. Schwartz 10. More Than One Feminism: Organizational Structure and the Construction of Collective Identity 171 Jo Reger 11. The Development of Individual Identity and Consciousness among Movements of the Left and Right 185 Rebecca E. Klatch part iv. collective identities, discourse, and culture Introduction to Part IV 205 12. Toward a More Dialogic Analysis of Social Movement Culture 208 Marc W. Steinberg 13. Materialist Feminist Discourse Analysis and Social Movement Research: Mapping the Changing Context for “Community Control” 226 Nancy A. Naples 14. From the “Beloved Community” to “Family Values”: Religious Language, Symbolic Repertoires, and Democratic Culture 247 Rhys H. Williams 15. External Political Change, Collective Identities, and Participation in Social Movement Organizations 266 Belinda Robnett Contents xi part v. conclusion 16. Meaning and Structure in Social Movements 289 Nancy Whittier References 309 Index 347 This page intentionally left blank Contributors Kenneth T. Andrews is assistant professor of sociology at Harvard Uni- versity. His research examines questions about the impacts of social move- ments. He is completing a book, “Freedom Is a Constant Struggle”: The Dynamics and Consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, that traces the development of the movement and its impact on electoral politics, educational institutions, and social policies. He is beginning a project on contemporary environmental politics in the United States. Colin Barker teaches in the sociology department at Manchester Metro- politan University. An active socialist, he organizes the annual “Alternative Futures & Popular Protest” conference series each Easter and convenes the British Sociological Association Study Group on Protest and Social Move- ments. Publications include Festival of the Oppressed: Solidarity, Reform and Revolution in Poland (1986) and Revolutionary Rehearsals (1987). Mary Bernstein is assistant professor of sociology at the University of Con- necticut. Her research, which has appeared in the American Journal of Sociol- ogy and the American Sociological Review, focuses on sexuality, social movements, and the law. Her recently published edited book Queer Families, Queer Politics, Challenging Culture and the State (Columbia University Press) connects the microdynamics of gender, sexuality, and the family with the macrodynamics of politics and the law. Currently, she is completing a book on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender political strategies and legal change. Vincent Boudreau is associate professor of political science at the City Col- lege of New York. He is the author of At the Margins of the Movement: Grassroots and Cadre in a Philippine Socialist Network and has written more generally about political contention in Southeast Asia, especially in the Phil- xiii xiv Contributors ippines. His current research investigates how established patterns of repres- sion and state violence shape political contention, but this project is part of a larger program to broaden and deepen the theoretically informed study of social movements outside of the global north. Manisha Desai is associate professor of sociology and chair of the Depart- ment of Anthropology and Sociology at Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva, New York. Her research and teaching have focused primarily on social movements in India, international women’s movements, international development, women and globalization, feminist theory, and human rights. She is currently completing an edited book with Nancy Naples, Women in Glo- balization from Below: Multiple Sites of Women’s Activism (forthcoming, Routledge), and starting work on an edited book, Globalization and Human Rights: Women’s Interventions in Asia, to be published by Greenwood. Rebecca E. Klatch is professor of sociology at the University of Califor- nia–San Diego. She is author of Women of the New Right (Temple Univer- sity Press, 1987) and A Generation Divided: The New Left, The New Right, and the 1960s (University of California Press, 1999), as well as numerous articles on social movements, gender, and family politics. Michael Lavalette teaches in the sociology, social policy and social work studies department at Liverpool University. He writes on child labor, Marx- ism and social policy, and collective action. Among his publications on so- cial movements are Leadership and Social Movements (edited with Colin Barker and Alan Johnson, forthcoming), Solidarity on the Waterfront (1996), and Class Struggle and Social Welfare (2000). He is an active member of the Socialist Workers Party in Britain. David S. Meyer is associate professor of sociology at the University of Cali- fornia, Irvine. In addition to numerous articles on social movements, he is author of A Winter of Discontent: The Nuclear Freeze and American Poli- tics, coeditor, with Sidney Tarrow, of The Social Movement Society, and coeditor, with Thomas Rochon, of Coalitions and Political Movements. He is most interested in the connections among social movements, public policy, and institutional politics. T. Dunbar Moodie is professor of sociology in the Department of Anthro- pology and Sociology at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. He is the author of The Rise of Afrikanerdom and Going for Gold, as well as numerous articles. His early work dealt with the origins of the Afrikaner ethnic movement and its impact on the development of apartheid ideology and the attainment of politi- Contributors xv cal power. He now writes mostly about black South African gold miners, with special attention to modes of survival and resistance in their everyday lives in the context of wider South African economic,
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