DOCSLIB.ORG

Willamette Valley Conservation Study Strategic Habitat Conservation in Oregon’S Willamette Valley

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Willamette Valley Conservation Study Strategic Habitat Conservation in Oregon’S Willamette Valley U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Willamette Valley Conservation Study Strategic Habitat Conservation in Oregon’s Willamette Valley Willamette Valley Conservation Study Strategic Habitat Conservation in Oregon’s Willamette Valley March 2017 Prepared by the: U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 911 NE 11th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97232 Recommended citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Willamette Valley Conservation Study. Pacific Region, Portland, Oregon. 148 pp. Willamette Valley Conservation Study Executive Summary Oregon’s Willamette Valley, renowned for the high quality of life it affords its residents, is losing part of its natural heritage. Habitat loss and fragmentation coupled with the loss of disturbance regimes that rejuvenated and maintained native habitats has resulted in population declines of many of the valley’s sensitive wildlife and plants. Several Willamette Valley species are currently listed under the State or Federal endangered species acts. There is a long history of partners working together to address these issues, through land-based and educational conservation actions across the valley. To determine where and how the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service could complement these actions, we worked with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and other governmental and non-governmental organizations engaged in conservation efforts in the Willamette Valley to complete a study of land-based conservation needs and opportunities in the valley. For the purposes of this study, land-based conservation includes actions to identify, preserve, restore, and manage terrestrial areas primarily for their wildlife habitat values while promoting nature-based recreational and educational activities where appropriate. The study concludes that the amount and distribution of lands currently managed for sensitive, native wildlife species is inadequate for depressed populations to recover to a healthy and viable condition across their range in the valley. The study recommends that networks of grasslands, oak woodlands, and riparian habitats in specific areas of the valley—subsets of Conservation Opportunity Areas identified by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, be provided as safe and secure habitat to allow populations of sensitive native wildlife and plants space and time to recover. Establishing these habitat networks provides an opportunity to reclaim a portion of the valley’s natural heritage for current and future generations of Oregonians to experience and enjoy. Strategic Habitat Conservation In Oregon’s Willamette Valley i Willamette Valley Conservation Study Acronyms Acronym Full Phrase BLM Bureau of Land Management CCAA Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances CLI Climate Leadership Institute COA Conservation Opportunity Area COLT Coalition of Land Trusts GIS Geographic Information System GLT Greenbelt Land Trust NEAT National Ecological Assessment Team NWR National Wildlife Refuge NWRS National Wildlife Refuge System OCCRI Oregon Climate Change Research Institute OCS Oregon Conservation Strategy ODAS Oregon Department of Administrative Services ODFW Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife ODOT Oregon Department of Transportation OPB Oregon Progress Board PAD-US Protected Area Database – United States PCA Priority Conservation Area SHA Safe Harbor Agreement SHC Strategic Habitat Conservation TNC The Nature Conservancy USDC United States Department of Commerce USDI United States Department of the Interior USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service UW University of Washington WGWC Western Governors’ Wildlife Council WVCS Willamette Valley Conservation Study T ii Strategic Habitat Conservation In Oregon's Willamette Valley Willamette Valley Conservation Study Table of Contents Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................ES-1 Acronyms/Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. A-1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 The Study ........................................................................................................................................... 4 The Willamette Valley Today ............................................................................................................ 5 Native Species and Habitats ........................................................................................................ 5 A Changing Climate .................................................................................................................... 6 Connecting People with Nature ................................................................................................... 7 The Crucial Role of Private Landowners .................................................................................... 8 Strategic Habitat Conservation .......................................................................................................... 9 Biological Planning ..................................................................................................................... 9 Selecting Conservation Targets ............................................................................................. 9 Other Species of Conservation Concern ...................................................................................... 12 Establishing Biological Objectives ........................................................................................ 12 Establishing Habitat Objectives ............................................................................................ 13 Habitat Objectives ................................................................................................................. 15 Other Species of Conservation Concern ................................................................................ 17 Conservation Design .................................................................................................................... 17 Identifying Priority Areas for Conservation .......................................................................... 17 GAP Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 18 Threats Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 20 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 21 Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 23 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendices Appendix A. Willamette Valley Conservation Plans ......................................................................... A-1 Appendix B. Climate Change ............................................................................................................ B-1 Appendix C. Priority Habitats ............................................................................................................ C-1 Appendix D. Selection Criteria .......................................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E. Population and Habitat Objectives ............................................................................... E-1 Appendix F. Marxan .......................................................................................................................... F-1 Strategic Habitat Conservation In Oregon’s Willamette Valley iii Willamette Valley Conservation Study Appendix G. Priority Conservation Areas ......................................................................................... G-1 Appendix H. GAP Analysis ............................................................................................................... H-1 Appendix I. Threats Analysis............................................................................................................. I-1 Appendix J. Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. J-1 Appendix K. Planning Team .............................................................................................................. K-1 iv Strategic Habitat Conservation in Oregon’s Willamette Valley Willamette Valley Conservation Study Introduction Oregonians have long recognized the value of the Willamette Valley for people—its abundant clean water, mild climate, and rich soils make the valley an important agricultural center. Its cities and towns, with their high livability standards and close proximity to outstanding recreational opportunities continue to draw new residents. From 1970 to 2010, the population of the counties in the valley grew by about 86 percent—from just under 1.5 million to about 2.7 million. The State of Oregon projects an additional 1.3 million new residents by 2050, an increase of about 178 percent since 1980. The 1.3 million new residents represents a population that is larger than today’s combined populations of Portland, Eugene, Salem, Gresham, Hillsboro, Beaverton,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 Oregon Administrative Rules Compilation
    2019 OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES COMPILATION CHAPTER 736 Parks and Recreation Department Published By DENNIS RICHARDSON Secretary of State Copyright 2019 Office of the Secretary of State Rules effective as of January 01, 2019 DIVISION 1 PROCEDURAL RULES 736-001-0000 Notice of Proposed Rules 736-001-0005 Model Rules of Procedure 736-001-0030 Fees for Public Records DIVISION 2 ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES 736-002-0010 State Park Cooperating Associations 736-002-0015 Working with Donor Organizations 736-002-0020 Criminal Records Checks 736-002-0030 Definitions 736-002-0038 Designated Positions: Authorized Designee and Contact Person 736-002-0042 Criminal Records Check Process 736-002-0050 Preliminary Fitness Determination. 736-002-0052 Hiring or Appointing on a Preliminary Basis 736-002-0058 Final Fitness Determination 736-002-0070 Crimes Considered 736-002-0102 Appealing a Fitness Determination 736-002-0150 Recordkeeping, Confidentiality, and Retention 736-002-0160 Fees DIVISION 3 WILLAMETTE RIVER GREENWAY PLAN 736-003-0005 Willamette River Greenway Plan DIVISION 4 DISTRIBUTION OF ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE FUNDSTO PUBLIC AND PRIVATELY OWNED LANDMANAGERS, ATV CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS 736-004-0005 Purpose of Rule 736-004-0010 Statutory Authority 736-004-0015 Definitions 736-004-0020 ATV Grant Program: Apportionment of Monies 736-004-0025 Grant Application Eligibility and Requirements 736-004-0030 Project Administration 736-004-0035 Establishment of the ATV Advisory Committee 736-004-0045 ATV Operating Permit Agent Application and Privileges 736-004-0060
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Historic Trails Report Book (1998)
    i ,' o () (\ ô OnBcox HrsroRrc Tnans Rpponr ô o o o. o o o o (--) -,J arJ-- ö o {" , ã. |¡ t I o t o I I r- L L L L L (- Presented by the Oregon Trails Coordinating Council L , May,I998 U (- Compiled by Karen Bassett, Jim Renner, and Joyce White. Copyright @ 1998 Oregon Trails Coordinating Council Salem, Oregon All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Oregon Historic Trails Report Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Project history 3 Introduction to Oregon's Historic Trails 7 Oregon's National Historic Trails 11 Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail I3 Oregon National Historic Trail. 27 Applegate National Historic Trail .41 Nez Perce National Historic Trail .63 Oregon's Historic Trails 75 Klamath Trail, 19th Century 17 Jedediah Smith Route, 1828 81 Nathaniel Wyeth Route, t83211834 99 Benjamin Bonneville Route, 1 833/1 834 .. 115 Ewing Young Route, 1834/1837 .. t29 V/hitman Mission Route, 184l-1847 . .. t4t Upper Columbia River Route, 1841-1851 .. 167 John Fremont Route, 1843 .. 183 Meek Cutoff, 1845 .. 199 Cutoff to the Barlow Road, 1848-1884 217 Free Emigrant Road, 1853 225 Santiam Wagon Road, 1865-1939 233 General recommendations . 241 Product development guidelines 243 Acknowledgements 241 Lewis & Clark OREGON National Historic Trail, 1804-1806 I I t . .....¡.. ,r la RivaÌ ï L (t ¡ ...--."f Pðiräldton r,i " 'f Route description I (_-- tt |".
    [Show full text]
  • Mill Creek Watershed Assessment
    Yamhill Basin Council Mill Watershed Assessment December 30, 1999 Funding for the Mill Assessment was provided by the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board and Resource Assistance for Rural Environments. Mill Assessment Project Manager: Robert J. Bower, Principal Author Co-authors: Chris Lupoli, Linfield College intern, for Riparian section and assisted with Wetlands Conditions section. Tamara Quandt, Linfield College intern, for Sensitive Species section. Editors: Melissa Leoni, Yamhill Basin Council, McMinnville, OR Alison Bower, Forest Ecologist, Corvallis, OR Contributors: Bill Ferber, Salem, Water Resources Department (WRD) Chester Novak, Salem, Bureau Land Management (BLM) Dan Upton, Dallas, Willamette Industries David Anderson, Monmouth, Boise Cascade Dean Anderson, Dallas, Polk County Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Dennis Ades, Salem, Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Gary Galovich, Corvallis, Oregon Department Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Mark Koski, Salem, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Patrick Hawe, Salem, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Rob Tracey, McMinnville, Natural Resource and Conservation Service (NRCS) Stan Christensen, McMinnville, Yamhill Soil Water Conservation District Susan Maleki, Corvallis, Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) Warren Tausch, Tillamook Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Special Thanks: ! John Cruickshank, Gooseneck Creek resident for his assistance with the Historical, and Channel Modification sections and in the gathering of historical photographs. ! Gooseneck Creek Watershed Group for their support and guidance. ! John Caputo, Yamhill County GIS. ! BLM and Polk County GIS for providing some of the GIS base layers used to create the maps in this assessment. ! USDA Service Center, Natural Resource Conservation Service, McMinnville, for copying and office support. ! Polk and Yamhill Soil and Water Conservation Districts. ! Nick Varnum, PNG Environmental Inc., Tigard, for assisting with the Hydrology and Channel Habitat Typing sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Destruction Requirements for State Records, Canceled Checks & Electronic Images
    EXHIBIT H Page 1 of 2 DIVISION OF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE AND HEALTH SERVICES (DMAHS) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE DISBURSEMENT SERVICES RFP 2012 Destruction Requirements for State Records, Canceled Checks & Electronic Images The NJ Department of State’s Division of Archives and Record Management (NJDARM) is responsible for insuring that all public records are managed, preserved and destroyed in accordance with public law. Destruction of Canceled Checks The bank must destroy all public documents in accordance with state regulations and the retention schedule promulgated by NJDARM in consultation with the appropriate State agency and approved by the State Records Committee (SRC). The records retention schedule for the purposes of this bid is S820300-002-0048-0000: Canceled Checks. Image methodology and system quality control at the bank’s operations are the determinant factor when the SRC establishes the retention period, for the paper checks post imaging, and shall be determined after the awarding of this contact during the imaging certification process, which may include site inspections of both the imaging and destruction facility. The bank should be prepared for the possibility of storing checks for a period of three (3) to nine (9) months. Physical Destruction of Checks, Logs, and Reports Physical destruction of state records must comply with the existing (applicable) state standards as described in State Contract T-0387: Records Removal and Destruction Services. These standards will apply to any sub-contracted vendors the bank may utilize for destruction services. Specifically relating to the destruction of canceled checks; 1. The bank or sub-contractor shall only destroy public records that have been authorized for destruction by the NJDARM through a completed and processed “Request and Authorization for Records Disposal” form.
    [Show full text]
  • SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 14: NIGHT of DESTRUCTION September 11
    INSIDE THIS EDITION SEPTEMBER 14 – NIGHT OF DESTRUCTION SEPTEMBER 27 – SUPER SHOE WEEKEND STARTS OCTOBER 26 – AWARDS BANQUET PHOTO MEDLEY – RACING FAMILIES September 11, 2019 SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 14 THE LEGENDARY NIGHT OF DESTRUCTION w SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 14: NIGHT OF DESTRUCTION This Saturday. The Legendary Night of Destruction. We’ve got PROGRAM INFORMATION fan favorites: Monster Trucks . Bus Races . Trailer Races . Spectator Drags . Mini FWD Enduro . Demolition Derby. We Free Bus Rides 5:00 – 7:00 haven’t seen a Jet Car do its thing in years, but you’ll see (and Adults $20 hear) one this year. And then there is the new: Double-decker Youth 6-12 $10 Stacker Cars (first time in Michigan) . Scarecrow World Record Kids 5 & Under FREE Limo Jump plus another new Scarecrow stunt (they are never Program Starts 7:30 PM dull!) Then we close out the night with FIREWORKS!! Family fun awaits. We will see you at the 2019 Night of Destruction. w Clockwise: Monster trucks from a past Night of Destruction; cars with trailers go for the win while going around piles of debris (“ground clutter” as announcer, Jason Seltzer says); Scarecrow flies through several campers at last year’s Night of Destruction; fans watch the action; the Demolition Derby from the Red, White & Boom; the free bus rides are a big hit and the drivers sometimes get a bit competitive with one another; the Zoo Stacker cars will make their first Michigan appearance at this year’s night of Destruction. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 27 – SUPER SHOE WEEKEND STARTS There were 388 campsites available to reserve in advance for Super Shoe weekend (no need to run in the Footrace!) By publication time for this edition of Track Talk (Tuesday, September 10), there were only 11 of the 388 remaining.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction
    Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31:169–181, 2008 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1057-610X print / 1521-0731 online DOI: 10.1080/10576100701878424 Iran, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction DANIEL BYMAN Center for Peace and Security Studies Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA and Saban Center for Middle East Policy Brookings Institution Washington, DC, USA This article reviews Iran’s past and current use of terrorism and assesses why U.S. attempts to halt Iran’s efforts have met with little success. With this assessment in mind, it argues that Iran is not likely transfer chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons to terrorist groups for several reasons. First, providing terrorists with such unconventional Downloaded By: [Georgetown University] At: 15:20 19 March 2008 weapons offers Iran few tactical advantages as these groups are able to operate effectively with existing methods and weapons. Second, Iran has become more cautious in its backing of terrorists in recent years. And third, Tehran is highly aware that any major escalation in its support for terrorism would incur U.S. wrath and international condemnation. The article concludes by offering recommendations for decreasing Iran’s support for terrorism. Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran has been one of the world’s most active sponsors of terrorism. Tehran has armed, trained, financed, inspired, organized, and otherwise supported dozens of violent groups over the years.1 Iran has backed not only groups in its Persian Gulf neighborhood, but also terrorists and radicals in Lebanon, the Palestinian territories, Bosnia, the Philippines, and elsewhere.2 This support remains strong even today: the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Conquests of Canaan
    ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case.
    [Show full text]
  • AXS TV Schedule for Mon. September 30, 2019 to Sun. October 6, 2019
    AXS TV Schedule for Mon. September 30, 2019 to Sun. October 6, 2019 Monday September 30, 2019 3:00 PM ET / 12:00 PM PT 6:00 AM ET / 3:00 AM PT The Big Interview Tom Green Live Olivia Newton-John - Still with the magical voice, the star of Grease sits down with Dan and we Cheech & Chong - It’s double the funny on Tom Green Live as Tom sits down with one of the go backstage before her sold out Las Vegas performance. premiere comedy duos of all time: Cheech & Chong! Bringing their patented stoned-out humor to best-selling albums and feature films, Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong lit up the nation with 4:00 PM ET / 1:00 PM PT laughter, then carved out individual careers as TV actors on dramas and sitcoms. The Top Ten Revealed Epic Songs of ‘78 - Find out which Epic Songs of ‘78 make our list as rock experts like Steven Adler 7:00 AM ET / 4:00 AM PT (Guns ‘N Roses), Eddie Trunk, Clem Burke (Blondie) and Eddie Money, along with his daughter Classic Albums Jesse Money, count us down! Black Sabbath: Paranoid - The second album by Black Sabbath, released in 1970, has long at- tained classic status. Paranoid not only changed the face of rock music forever, but also defined 4:30 PM ET / 1:30 PM PT the sound and style of Heavy Metal more than any other record in rock history. Plain Spoken: John Mellencamp This stunning, cinematic concert film captures John with his full band, along with special guest 8:00 AM ET / 5:00 AM PT Carlene Carter, performing his most cherished songs.
    [Show full text]
  • Prairie Lupine (Lupinus Lepidus) Is a Perennial Herb That Grows 20-45 Cm Tall
    COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Prairie Lupine Lupinus lepidus in Canada ENDANGERED 2009 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2009. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Prairie Lupine Lupinus lepidus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 34 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous reports: COSEWIC 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status on the Prairie Lupine Lupinus lepidus var. lepidus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 18 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) Ryan, M., and G.W. Douglas. 1996. COSEWIC status report on the Prairie Lupine Lupinus lepidus var. lepidus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-18 pp. Production note: COSEWIC acknowledges Carrina Maslovat for writing the update status report on Prairie Lupine, Lupinis lepidus in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada, overseen and edited by Erich Haber, Co-chair, COSEWIC Vascular Plants Specialist Subcommittee For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le lupin élégant (Lupinus lepidus) au Canada – Mise à jour. Cover photo: Prairie Lupine — used with permission from H. Roemer. ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Yamhill Basin Agricultural Water Quality Management Area Plan
    Yamhill Basin Agricultural Water Quality Management Area Plan Developed by the: The Oregon Department of Agriculture With support from the: Yamhill Local Advisory Committee and The Yamhill Soil and Water Conservation District The Polk Soil and Water Conservation District December 2017 Yamhill Basin Management Area Contacts: Oregon Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Programs 635 Capitol Street NE Salem, OR 97301 (503)-986-4700 ODA Yamhill Basin Agricultural Water Quality Specialist Office: (503)-986-5141 Link to Area Plan: www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/NaturalResources/AgWQ/Pages/AgWQPlans.aspx Yamhill SWCD 2200 SW 2nd Street McMinnville, OR 97128 Phone: (503) 472-1474 http://www.yamhillswcd.org/ Polk SWCD 580 Main Street, Suite A Dallas, OR 97338 Phone: (503) 623- 9680 ext. 101 www.polkswcd.com Yamhill Agricultural Water Quality Management Area Plan December 2017 Page ii Table of Contents Acronyms and Terms Used in this Document .........................................................................i Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Required Elements of Area Plans ............................................................................................. 1 Plan Content ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Agricultural Water Quality Management Program Purpose and Background 3 1.1 Purpose of Agricultural Water
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Habitat Loss and Fragmentation in Central Poland During the Last 100 Years
    Silva Fennica 44(4) research notes SILVA FENNICA www.metla.fi/silvafennica · ISSN 0037-5330 The Finnish Society of Forest Science · The Finnish Forest Research Institute Forest Habitat Loss and Fragmentation in Central Poland during the Last 100 Years Tomasz D. Mazgajski, Michał Żmihorski and Katarzyna Abramowicz Mazgajski, T.D., Żmihorski, M. & Abramowicz, K. 2010. Forest habitat loss and fragmentation in Central Poland during the last 100 years. Silva Fennica 44(4): 715–723. The process of habitat fragmentation consists of two components – habitat loss and fragmenta- tion per se. Both are thought to be among the most important threats to biodiversity. However, the biological consequences of this process such as species occurrence, abundance, or genetic structure of population are driven by current, as well as previous, landscape configurations. Therefore, historical analyses of habitat distribution are of great importance in explaining the current species distribution. In our analysis, we describe the forest fragmentation process for an area of 178 km2 in the northern part of Mazowsze region of central Poland. Topographical maps from the years 1890, 1957 and 1989 were used. Over the 100-year period, forest cover- age in this area changed from 17% to 5.6%, the number of patches increased from 19 to 42, while the area of the forest interior decreased from 1933 ha to 371 ha. The two components of fragmentation were clearly separated in time. Habitat loss occurred mainly during the first period (1890–1957) and fragmentation per se in the second (1957–1989). Moreover, we recorded that only 47.7% of all the currently (in 1989) afforested areas constitute sites where forests previously occurred (in 1890 and 1957).
    [Show full text]
  • The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: a Crime Against Property Or a Crime Against People?
    THE JOHN MARSHALL REVIEW OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW THE DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: A CRIME AGAINST PROPERTY OR A CRIME AGAINST PEOPLE? PATTY GERSTENBLITH ABSTRACT The destruction of cultural heritage has played a prominent role in the ongoing conflicts in Syria and Iraq and in the recent conflict in Mali. This destruction has displayed the failure of international law to effectively deter these actions. This article reviews existing international law in light of this destruction and the challenges posed by the issues of non-international armed conflict, non-state actors and the military necessity exception. By examining recent developments in applicable international law, the article proposes that customary international law has evolved to interpret existing legal instruments and doctrines concerning cultural heritage in light of the principles of proportionality and distinction and a definition of intentionality that includes extreme negligence and willful disregard. As a result, international law may more effectively foster the preservation of cultural heritage for future generations. Copyright © 2016 The John Marshall Law School Cite as Patty Gerstenblith, The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: A Crime Against Property or a Crime Against People?, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 336 (2016). THE DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: A CRIME AGAINST PROPERTY OR A CRIME AGAINST PEOPLE? PATTY GERSTENBLITH I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]