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On a Roman Visor Helmet Recently Discovered Near Nijmegen, Holland Author(S): James Curle Source: the Journal of Roman Studies, Vol

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On a Roman Visor Helmet Recently Discovered Near Nijmegen, Holland Author(S): James Curle Source: the Journal of Roman Studies, Vol On a Roman Visor Helmet Recently Discovered near Nijmegen, Holland Author(s): James Curle Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 5 (1915), pp. 81-86 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/296291 . Accessed: 12/06/2014 17:00 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 62.122.79.52 on Thu, 12 Jun 2014 17:00:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ON A ROMAN VISOR HELMET RECENTLY DISCOVERED NEAR NIJMEGEN, HOLLAND. (Plates vi- viii) By JAMES CURLE. The beautiful visor helmet illustrated in plates vi and vii is a recent addition to the fine collection of Roman antiquities belonging, to Mr. G. M. Kam of Nijmegen, Holland, to whom I am indebted for photographs and detailed particulars. The helmet was recovered from a gravel-bed on the left bank of the river Waal below Nijmegen. In the inside of the helmet among the clay and gravel lay a pair of bronze cheek-pieces overlaid with silver, which must have belonged to a helmet of a different pattern, and a number of melon- shaped beads of blue glass (fig. 35). The helmet belongs to a well-known group represented in this country by notable examples found at Ribchester (fig. 36) and Newstead (plate viii). It consists of a head-piece with a visor mask surmounted by a diadem. The portion covering the head is of iron, the mask and diadem are of bronze or brass. The main portion of the helmet is designed to follow closely the outline of the wearer's head. It has been much damaged by oxidisation, but enough remains to show that the surface of the metal has been skilfully hammered to represent elaborately dressed hair, such as may be seen on the iron helmet from Newstead,1 and on the well- known Bettenberge helmet2 at Stuttgart. At the back, protecting the neck, it has the usual projecting rim, which is still overlaid with a thin covering of bronze plated with silver. The diadem, which forms an integral portion of the head-piece, is a raised band of metal, from which project five busts representing two male and three female figures. Attached to the lower margin of this band by a single hinge is the visor mask, representing a youthful beardless face. By means of the hinge the mask was raised to enable the helmet to be placed on the head, and doubtless when in use it was also secured in its place by straps, or some such means of fastening, passed over the studs which project on the margin beneath the ears, and so attached to the head-piece. The eyes, nostrils, and mouth of the mask are open; the ears, as usual, are completely 1 Curle, A Roman Frontier Post, Glasgow, I9II, 2 Otto Benndorf, Antike Gesichtshelme und plate xxii. Sepulcralmiasken,Wien, I878, Taf. viii. This content downloaded from 62.122.79.52 on Thu, 12 Jun 2014 17:00:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 82 ON A ROMAN VISOR HELMET covered. Across the right cheek is scratched a name, which Mr. Kam reads as MARCIANVS. The whole of the surface of the mask is overlaidwith silver, with the exception of the lips and the eyelids, which have been gilded. The same richnessof treatment is to be seen on the diadem, which, like the mask, has been silvered. The beaded lines which define its upper and lower marginare gilded, and gilding also appearson the drapery, the lips, eyelids, and hair of the busts. FIG. 35. BRONZE CHEEK-PIECES AND BEADS OF BLUE GLASS FOUND NEAR NIJMIEGEN, HOLLAND (p. 81). Altogether, the helmet is one of the most interesting examples of its class that have come to light. The specimensin which we have both head-piece and mask are extremely rare; still more rare is it to find one which illustratesso well the method by which the visor was attached to the helmet. No doubt, in most of these helmets some form of hinge was employed to fasten the two portions to- gether. It is seen on the Bettenberge helmet; we have traces This content downloaded from 62.122.79.52 on Thu, 12 Jun 2014 17:00:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RECENTLY DISCOVERED NEAR NIJMEGEN, HOLLAND. 83 of it on the visor mask from Vechten at Leiden'; there are remains of it in the loop which projects from the head-piece of the iron helmet from Newstead. Another feature of the Nijmegen find is the richness of its decoration. It exemplifies admirably Arrian's description of helmets rich with gilding and decked with floating plumes, worn by Roman horsemen in their mimic encounters. In most of the finds known to us the gilding or silver work has disappeared, but the iron mask from Vechten was gilded, the Bettenberge helmet is covered with silver, and there are traces on the iron mask from Newstead which lead us to believe that it also was overlaid with silver. Such helmets, as we know from Arrian's descriptions, were designed to attract the particular attention of the spectators. 2 Enveloped in one of these head-pieces, clad in some brightly coloured tunic, the Roman horseman rode into the lists transformed into a godlike personage. Sometimes his helmet was merely a representation of the head uncovered. The iron helmet from Newstead (plate viii, no. i) represents a head with highly idealised features and elaborately dressed hair bound with a laurel wreath. In the Bettenberge example again, the, head is represented with no covering, but above the forehead, forming a species of crest or diadem, rises a figure of an eagle with outstretched wings. On the other hand, in the helmet from Ribchester3 (fig. 36) we have a representation of a head crowned with a diadem, which again is surmounted by a helmet the surface of which is covered with figures embossed in relief, a helmet of the same type as those found without masks at Newstead4 and at Nikopolis in Bulgaria.5 lThe diadem which rises from the forehead on the Ribchester helmet is designed in two tiers. The lower of these represents the outline of a city wall with towers, a ' corona muralis.' On the upper, now partially destroyed, was a series of figures in relief, winged victories, a naked youth, a Triton, and, between them, youthful heads. Another example of a diadem is to be seen on the bronze visor mask from Zoufftigen, Luxemburg. 6 It appears to have been decorated with three medallions bearing figures in high relief, with rosettes in the intervening spaces. The greater portion of the central medallion with its figure of Cupid still remains. The diadem of the Nijmegen helmet, though unlike others known to us, is thus not altogether an unusual feature. In its origin the design is probably drawn from some such gemmed diadem as we see worn by Augustus on the' Blacas 'cameo in the British Museum, but I Benndorf, op. cit. Taf. xiii (ia). 4 Curle, op. cit. plates xxvii and xxviii. 2 WS KaL' aurcp To6rC 7riyetv err oc6aS rwv 5 Benndorf, op. cit. Taf. xii (3a). dewlkvwvracs 6lets. Arrian, TeIXvq TaKrLK7'7,34, 2. 6 ibid. Taf. xii (ia). 3 Benndorf, op. cit. Taf. v and vi (3a). This content downloaded from 62.122.79.52 on Thu, 12 Jun 2014 17:00:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 84 ON A ROMAN VISOR HELMET whether it had any special significance is doubtful. In the decorative art of the first century the employment of medallions with busts in high relief is by no means uncommon; they are frequent subjects for the ' emblemata ' on silver vessels; and we see them on the Lauersfort phalerae and again on the series of phalerae from Xanten now in the British Museum, which were probably used as horse- trappings. Whether the busts were intended as portraits of *e7' oIC 36. BRONZE VISOR HELMET FROM RIBCHESTER (p. 83). members of the imperial house is an interesting question. The round, short-necked beardless heads of the male busts are Flavian in character, and to the Flavian period the helmet should probably be assigned, judging from the points of resemblance which it bears to the iron visor helmet and brass mask from Newstead. The two. latter cannot be much earlier than the reign of Domitian. That the heads are intended to represent Titus and Vespasian is possible. On the other hand, in neither case do they bear any imperial This content downloaded from 62.122.79.52 on Thu, 12 Jun 2014 17:00:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RECENTLY DISCOVERED NEAR NIJMEGEN, HOLLAND. 85 attribute ; they do not wear the laurel wreath, nor does the drapery, which is poorly executed, give any indication which might help to identify them. The dressing of the hair on the female busts does not present any distinctly Flavian feature, nor does the drapery gathered over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare, suggest a portrait of a lady of the imperial house.
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