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Comono: a Communication Model and Notation Supporting the Analysis and Planning of Communication Infrastructure CoMoNo: A Communication Model and Notation Supporting the Analysis and Planning of Communication Infrastructure Vom Fachbereich Maschinenbau der Technischen Universität Darmstadt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Dipl.-Ing. Jan Tim Jagenberg aus Köln Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reiner Anderl Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Abramovici Tag der Einreichung: 29. April 2013 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22. Juli 2013 Darmstadt 2014 D 17 ii iii Forschungsberichte aus dem Fachgebiet Datenverarbeitung in der Konstruktion Band 46 Jan Tim Jagenberg CoMoNo: A Communication Model and Notation Supporting the Analysis and Planning of Communication Infrastructure D 17 (Diss. TU Darmstadt) Shaker Verlag Aachen 2014 iv Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Zugl.: Darmstadt, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of the license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ URN urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-37835 ISBN 978-3-8440-2699-3 ISSN 1435-1129 v vi vii Vorwort des Herausgebers Die moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT) bietet vielfältige Innovations- und Leistungspotenziale, die im Ent- stehungsprozess neuer Produkte auszuschöpfen sind. Dies setzt je- doch voraus, dass die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen zum Einsatz der modernen IKT in der Produktentstehung vorliegen und neue Methoden wissenschaftlich abgesichert sind. Darüber hinaus stel- len die wissenschaftliche Durchdringung und die Bereitstellung wis- senschaftlicher Forschungsergebnisse eine abgestimmte Kooperati- on zwischen Forschung und Industrie dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund informiert diese Schriftenreihe über ak- tuelle Forschungsergebnisse des Fachgebiets Datenverarbeitung in der Konstruktion (DiK) des Fachbereichs Maschinenbau an der Tech- nischen Universität Darmstadt. Ziel der Forschungsarbeiten ist die wissenschaftliche Durchdrin- gung innovativer, interdisziplinärer und integrierter Produktentste- hungsprozesse und darauf aufbauend die Konzeption neuer Metho- den für die Entwicklung, Konstruktion, Arbeitsvorbereitung und Her- stellung neuer Produkte. Durch das Aufkommen der computervermittelten Kommunika- tion und sogenannten “Enterprise 2.0” Technologien sind die Kom- munikationsintensität sowie die Anzahl der zur Verfügung stehenden Kommunikationsmedien dramatisch angestiegen. Ansätze wie Si- multaneous Engineering und Concurrent Design ermöglichen kom- plexere Formen der Kooperation in der Produktentwicklung. Diese vielschichtige Zusammenarbeit ist in Bezug auf die sich ergebenden Anforderungen an die zugrundeliegenden Kommunikationseinrich- tungen allerdings noch wissenschaftlich zu durchdringen. viii Herr Jan Tim Jagenberg entwickelt in seiner Dissertation ein neu- es Konzept zur bedarfsgerechten Planung von Kommunikationsin- frastruktur. Das Konzept umfasst Modell und Notation zur Erfas- sung der Kommunikationsanforderungen und beschreibt Methoden zur Analyse und Planung. Es verbindet Ansätze der Geschäftspro- zessmodellierung mit Ansätzen der Kommunikationstheorie zur Me- dienwahl. Diese Dissertation liefert einen wichtigen Beitrag für die durchgehende Analyse von Kommunikationsanforderungen und die darauf aufbauende Planung der Kommunikationsinfrastruktur in der Produktentwicklung. Reiner Anderl ix Vorwort des Autors Im Laufe meiner fünfjährigen Tätigkeit als wissenschaftlicher Mit- arbeiter am Fachgebiet Datenverarbeitung in der Konstruktion kam ich mit einer Vielfalt von Themen in Kontakt, welche auf die eine oder andere Weise immer mit Kommunikation zu tun hatten. Aus dem Wunsch heraus, diese fachliche Kommunikation systematisch zu durchdringen, entstand das Thema dieser Dissertation. Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reiner Anderl, Leiter des Fach- gebiets Datenverarbeitung in der Konstruktion der Technischen Uni- versität Darmstadt, danke ich ganz besonders für die Betreuung dieser Dissertation. Seine weitreichende Kenntnis des Themenbe- reichs und seine kritischen Fragen waren sehr hilfreich und motivie- rend. Ich danke ebenfalls Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Abramovici, dem Lei- ter des Lehrstuhls für Maschinenbauinformatik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, für die Übernahme des Korreferats. Den Mitarbeitern des Sonderforschungsbereichs 666 - Integrale Blechbauweisen höherer Verzweigungsordnung - danke ich für ih- re Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen der Interviews und ihre wertvollen Kommentare. Ich danke meinen ehemaligen Kollegen für die ergiebigen Diskus- sionen und die kreative Arbeitsatmosphäre. Die regelmäßigen Semi- nare haben den Austausch mit den Kollegen wesentlich gefördert. Meiner Familie danke ich für ihre tatkräftige Unterstützung. Ins- besondere danke ich meinen Eltern, die meine Wissbegier förderten und mich schon früh dazu anregten, Dinge selbständig zu untersu- chen. Tim Jagenberg x Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Current State 5 2.1 Product Development . .6 2.1.1 Simultaneous Engineering, Concurrent Engi- neering, and Concurrent Design . .8 2.1.2 Agile Methods in Product Development . 14 2.2 Communication Theory . 17 2.2.1 Communication Theory as a Field . 17 2.2.2 Critical Mass Theory . 22 2.2.3 Sender, Message, and Receiver . 23 2.2.4 Media Richness Theory . 28 2.2.5 Media Synchronicity Theory . 30 2.2.6 Task-Technology Fit Theory . 32 2.2.7 Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0 . 34 2.2.8 Communication Media . 39 2.3 Business Process Modelling . 45 2.3.1 Event-Driven Process Chain . 50 2.3.2 Business Process Model and Notation . 52 xi xii CONTENTS 2.3.3 Communication Orientation in BPM . 55 2.4 Collaborative Research Center 666 . 57 2.4.1 Organisation of the Research Center . 57 2.4.2 Previous Work on Communication . 60 2.5 Conclusion . 62 3 Requirements 65 3.1 Overall Goal . 66 3.2 Scope and Stakeholders . 67 3.3 Use Cases . 70 3.4 List of Requirements . 72 3.5 Conclusion . 77 4 Concept 79 4.1 Modelling . 81 4.1.1 Meta-Model . 83 4.1.2 Notation . 95 4.1.3 Dissimilarity Coefficient for Communication . 99 4.2 Analysis . 102 4.2.1 Analysis of Communication Media . 102 4.2.2 Analysis of Communication Requirements . 104 4.3 Planning . 106 4.3.1 Planning of a Clean-Slate Infrastructure . 106 4.3.2 Planning of an Add-On Infrastructure . 109 4.4 Verification . 111 4.5 Conclusion . 116 5 Prototype & Case Study 119 5.1 Analysis of Characteristics . 120 5.2 CoMoNo Environment . 123 CONTENTS xiii 5.2.1 Modelling Tool . 123 5.2.2 Analysis and Planning Tool . 129 5.3 Case Study . 132 5.3.1 CoMoNo Interviews . 132 5.3.2 Analysis of Interview Data . 135 5.3.3 Analysis of Communication Issues . 139 5.3.4 Clean-Slate Proposal . 142 5.3.5 Add-On Proposal . 144 5.4 Validation . 145 5.5 Conclusion . 149 6 Outlook 151 7 Summary 155 Bibliography 159 A Templates 179 A.1 CoMoNo Interview Guideline . 182 A.2 Notation Introduction . 183 B Communication Media Characteristics 185 C Interview Data 193 xiv CONTENTS List of Figures 2.1 Information flows between departments . .7 2.2 Simultaneous engineering . 11 2.3 Overview cooperation models . 13 2.4 Scrum overview . 16 2.5 Critical mass theory - media adoption . 22 2.6 Schematic diagram of a general communication system 25 2.7 Model of manager information processing . 30 2.8 Communication system and media capabilities . 31 2.9 General model of task technology fit . 32 2.10 BPR lifecycle . 48 2.11 ARIS house view of a business process . 50 2.12 Excerpt of the business process “order processing" . 51 2.13 An example of a conversation diagram . 54 2.14 Communication flow orientation of different business process diagrams . 56 2.15 Linear flow splitting and linear bend splitting . 58 2.16 BPMN process diagram of an individual sub-project . 61 2.17 Gantt diagram of unoptimised and optimised processes 61 xv xvi LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Use cases . 69 4.1 Rationale of the CoMoNo concept . 80 4.2 Overview of the CoMoNo process . 82 4.3 Structure of the concept - modelling . 83 4.4 CoMoNo meta-model . 85 4.5 CoMoNo characteristics and their associations . 86 4.6 CoMoNo characteristics . 89 4.7 Comparison of standard BPMN conversation and CoMoNo diagram . 97 4.8 CoMoNo diagram containing an issue . 98 4.9 Structure of the concept - analysis . 102 4.10 Issue identification procedure . 105 4.11 Structure of the concept - planning . 106 4.12 Potential media for a clean-slate proposal . 107 4.13 Clean-slate proposal procedure . 108 4.14 Potential media for an add-on proposal . 109 4.15 Add-on proposal procedure . 110 5.1 CoMoNo environment overview . 123 5.2 Overview of the modelling tool . 125 5.3 ARIS attribute dialogue . 128 5.4 ARIS filter wizard . 129 5.5 CoMoNo analysis and planning tool . 130 5.6 Partial CoMoNo model of an interview . 133 5.7 Distribution of questionnaire replies . 135 5.8 Distribution of the individual characteristics . 136 5.9 Distribution of content types . 138 5.10 Distribution of media matches . 140 LIST OF FIGURES xvii 5.11 Number of media vs. avg. dC,M ............... 143 A.1 CoMoNo diagram introduction . 183 xviii LIST OF FIGURES List of Tables 2.1 Seven traditions of communication theory . 19 2.2 Characteristics of media that determine richness . 29 2.3 Fit profiles of task and technology . 33 2.4 A taxonomy of BPM/ISM techniques . 46 2.5 BPM standards, languages, notations, and theories . 47 3.1 Overview of requirements
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