Crowd Sourcing Jeff Howe [2006] International Encyclopedia of Mark Robinson Systems & Cybernetics Daren C. Brabham Charles François Generic System Model Augmented Environments 1997 Teleonics Generic Agency Theory Beat Hirsbrunner [2016] Human Centered Design Multi-Methodology Gyuri Jaros General Systems Theory Maurice Yolles John Mingers Conversational Design Yi Lin Gerhard Fink [2014] General Tropodynamics Hugh Dubberly Genomics Soucheng OuYang, Yi Lin Paul Pangaro Craig Venter, Social Entropy Theory Co-creative Process Cultural Human based Computation Hector Sabelli Francis Collins interactive Evolutionary Human-Centered Kenneth D. Bailey Systemic Knowledge Cybernetics Hegemony Generic Coordination Model Systems Semiotics Computation Computing Perspectivism Maurice Yolles [2006] USA Beat Hirsbrunner Luis Rocha, Michele Courant Topology of Howard Pattee Meaning R. Ian Flett Knotted Systems Ubiquitous Computing Systemic Development Critical Physics Punctuated Evolution Pansystems Informational Louis Kauffman Mark Weiser [1991] Cyber-semiotics Blown Up Systems Richard Bawden Ronald W. Moses Stephen J. Gould Synergy Grey Systems Wu Xuemou Microdynamics Evolutionary Cosmological Søren Brier Shoucheng OuYang Superstrings Peter A. Corning Sifeng Liu, Yi Lin Vladimir Lerner Positivism Self-organized Anti-chaos & Computer-Supported Objective/Subjective Evolutionary Physics Homeorheotic Total Systems Brian Greene, et al Complex Evolutionary Richard Dawkins Economics Adaptation Cooperative Work (CSCW) Coordination Philosophy Grand Unified Treories Stephen Hawking Systems Intervention Whole Systems Systems W. Brian Arthur Stuart Kauffman Irene Greif M. Schumacher Richard L. Coren Steven Weinberg William Irwin Robert Flood Design Appreciative Systems Holonomic Systems Peter M. Allen Human-Computer Fuzzy Systemics Paul Cashman [1984] Thompson Harold Nelson William E. Smith Media psychology Ken Wilber Stabile Systems Interpretive Systemology Interaction (HCI) Vladimir Dimitrov Claude Bernard Ramses Fuenmayor, Approximation- Metasystem Transition Rational Interpretive Hernan Lopez-Garay Estimation Theory Turchin, Heylighen, Joslyn Mechanics Biotechnology World Wide Web Agent Robotics Symmetry Physics As Physics Semiotic Catholicity Tim Berners-Lee Katia Sycara Scientific Philosophy A. Zee Critical Systems Metaphor B.J. West Philosophy of Physics Randolph F. Lumpp Paul C.W. Davies Systems Trends Michael C. Jackson, Roger S. Jones & Mathematics Socio-Cybernetics Eco-futurism Kenneth E.F. Watt Robert Flood, F. David Peat R. Felix Geyer Hazel Henderson Fuzzy Logic Nanotechnology Werner Ulrich General Criticality Geometry of Meaning Agent-Based Modeling Bart Kosko Systemology Per Bak Management Cybernetics & Reflexive Universe Thomas Schelling Philosophy of Physics D.H. McNeil Social Cybernetics Communicational Cybernetics Peter Senge Arthur M. Young Infodynamics Robert Axelrod Internet Multi-Agent-Systems Scientific John Archibald Wheeler Social Stuart Umpleby Klaus Krippendorff Philosophy of Stanley Salthe ARPA Intuitionism Systems Science Soft Systems Sciento-politics Self-Organization Michael Polanyi Literary Semiotics Systemic Selfness Sciences Fritjof Capra Media Methodology Ian Mitroff Complex Dynamical Umberto Eco Paul Ryan Holonics Analysis of Noetic Systems Semiotics Peter Checkland Systems Conscientization Primate Arthur Koestler Complexification Artificial Life Rheomodal Paolo Freire Walter J. Ong H. Marshall Conrad H. Ralph Abraham Linguistics Chris Langton Laws of Form Coordination Theory Tessellations Systems McLuhan Waddington George Thomas W. Malone Roger Penrose David Bohm Systems Ecology Metaphysics of Linguistic Hypermathematics Spencer-Brown Kevin Crowston Howard T. Odum Science Mathematics Neuchatel Hierarchy Theory Systems Charles Systemics of Generalized Gary Zukav Hekki Heiskanon Evolutionary Problematiques Howard H. Pattee Development Muses Benefit Model Socio-Technical Fuzzy Uncertainty & Planning Synergetics John Warfield Philosophy of Complexity Warren Ziegler Eric Schwarz Systems Cybernetic Systems J. Ford Postmodernism Hasan Ozbekhan Hermann Haken Edgar Morin Harold Linstone Epistemology Lofti Zadeh Paradigmatic Ranulph Revolutions Semio-Physics Glanville Thomas Kuhn René Thom Autopoietic Social Development Management Cybernetics Systems Noosphere Self-Reference Integral Thinking of Mentation Barry Clemson Objective Niklas Luhmann Teilhard & Autonomy Ken Wilber Geophysiology (Gaia) Walter Lowen Information de Jardin James E. Lovelock Genetic T. Stonier Human Value Theory Engineering Shalom H. Schwartz Model Theory Bio-cybernetics Ecological Computationism Michael Morley Manfried Eigen Demographics Jerry A. Fodor Endosymbiosis Paul Ehrlich Lynn Margulis Autopoietic Systems Geo-Impact Systems Biology Coordination Languages Evolution Philosophy of Social Semiotics Rod Swenson Robert Rosen Chaos Theory Nicholas Carriero Eugene Nature & Science Biodiversity Sociobiology Cybernetic Semiosis M.J. Feigenbaum Shoemaker Floyd Merrell Relativism Primate David Gelernter Carl von Anthropology Edward O. Wilson Douglas R. Robotics Weizsäcker Jane Goodall Mathematical Hofstadter Psychology Cellular Scientific Ecology R.D. Luce Cultural Dimensions Philosophy Radical Automata Green Artificial Rapid C.S. Holling Theory Jacques Monod Constructivism Revolution Neural Nets Miniaturized Synergetics II Complex Systems Collateration Geert Hofstede Ernst von Designing Systems Norman Computing Dissipative R. Buckminster (Santa Fe Institute & Hypertext Glasersfeld Sociometrics Bela H. Banathy Systems Dynamics Borlaug Systems Fuller Ted Nelson Software Modern Theoretical Physics Jay W. Forrester, Measurement Ilya Environmentalism Donella Meadows [1956 ] Knowledge Capers Jones Prigogine David Brower Sciences Epistemology of Science Telecommunications Brian Gaines Metamodeling Systematics Sir Arthur Eddington Social Ecology & Data Bases Bio-semiosis John Van Gigch Ernst Mayr Eric Trist, James Martin Jesper Paradoxical General Systems Psycho- Fred Emery Intensional Hoffmeyer Imagery Evolution Metrics Philosophy Logic General Systems M.C. Escher Chaotic Systems Conversation for Action Erich Jantsch of Biology Hypervisors Speech-Act Theory Montague Modeling Edward Lorenz Terry Winograd Morton O. Sperber and Wilson George Klir Beckner Fernando Flores Social Psychology Pattern Emulation Willis F. Overton Recognition

Communicative General Systems Management Ethology Action Thinking Science Konrad Lorenz Cognitive Science Jürgen Economics Gerald M. Genetic Model Theory Systems Allen Newell Semiotic Habermas Paul Samuelson Cognitive Weinberg Algorithms Alfred Tarski Philosophy Umwelt Psychology Software Jakob von Mario Bunge Wholistic Biology New Criticism Aaron Beck Theory Uexküll Barry Commoner Structured Speech-Act Theory John Crowe Software John L. Austin Ransom Yourdon, Constantine Developmental , DeMarco, Algorithmic Psychology Complexity Autopoietic Holonics Linguistic Logic Theory Species Cybernetics Jeffrey Cognitive Jerrold J. Katz Systems Stamps G. Chaitin Linguistics Humberto Lotka & Voltarra Techno- George Lakoff & Maturana, Psychology R.W. Langacker Francisco Bifurcated Conversation Human Factors Varela Cultures Theory C.P. Snow Group and Ergonomics Gordon Pask Ecological Psycho- Dynamic Hywel Murrell [1949 ] [1975] Cybernetics Biology Perceptual General Semiotics Family Garrett Hardin Control Control Thomas Sebeok Deconstructionism Critical Theory of Systems Theory System Geological Jacques Derrida Society Therapy William T. Engineering Tectonics Narratology Max Horkheimer, Watzlewick Psycho- Powers Roland Barthes Theodor Adorno Earth as Organism Physics Vladimir Vernadsky Catastrophe Theory Social Social René Thom Political Holographic Systems Engineering Psychology Psychology Artificial Modern Systemics Systems Harold Chestnut, Abraham Kurt Lewin Intelligence Statistics Anthony Wilden Karl Pribram Andrew P. Sage Maslow Marvin Minsky Jerzy Neyman Psycholinguistics General Systems Relativity of Rationalites Philosophy Problem- Ervin Laszlo Feyerabend Applied Eco-pathology Earth as Living Systems Sovling General Semantics Rachel Carson Organism Social Cybernetics James Grier Miller Automata Yevgraf Geoffrey Vickers Theory S.I. Hayakawa Second-Order Nonlinear Korolenko Econometrics Philosophy of Cybernetics Systems Appreciative Urban Systems Heinz von Foerster Mathematical Topology Interpersonal Control Theory Numerical Systems Ecology Archie Bahm [1970's] Gregory Louis Wirth Philosophy of Psychology Analysis Transformational Simulation Linguistics Bateson Behavioral Law R.D. Laing Systems Analysis General Naom Chomsky Psychology Hans Kelsen Inquiring Systems Arthur D. Hall, Systems B.F. Skinner C. West Churchman Purposeful Systems Modeling Van Court Hare Informatics Information Theory Russell L. Ackoff J.L. le Moigne (Computer Science Theory Majilo & Engineering) L. Brillouin Viable Systems Mesarovic Stratificational Stafford Beer Tagmemics Grammar [1972] Linear & Kenneth L. Pike Sydney Lamb Critical Ontology Dynamic Programming Nonlinear Michel Foucault Immunization Richard Bellman Mathematics Jonas Salk John Casti Biosphere Ecodynamics Eduard Suess Kenneth Operating Systems Statistical Boulding Brooks et al Biology Intrinsic Uncertainty Linkage Calculus of Karl Pearson Phonology Clinical Systems Cybernetics Heisenberg Literary Philosophy Propositions Variations Criticism of Art and Psychology W. Ross Ashby DNA Len Troncale Intuitionism I.A. Richards Language Philosophy Topology of Crick, Standardized L.E.J. Brouwer Linguistics Susanne K. of Systems Directive Cybernetics Watson Operating Languages Operating C.K. Ogden Langer Thomas Correlation Warren Kenneth Iverson et al hardware Cowan Sommerhoff McCulloch Blauw et al Ecology Sociological Decision Algorithms Morphology Systems Systems Theory Category Donald Knuth Theory Fractal Systems General Semantics Walter Buckley Anthropology Saunders Benoit Geometrodynamics Alfred Korzybski, Margaret Mead Semantic Theory Quantum Systems Developmental Game Donald MacKay Mac Lane Mandelbrot Albert Einstein Planck, Bohr, Structuralism Rotational Theory PERT Sructuralist de Broglie, Dirac, Jean Piaget Invariance Mathematics Schrödinger Sociolinguistics P.W. Bridgeman Bourbaki Geometric Linguistic Science Delphi Programming Leonard Bloomfield Structuralism Queuing Encoding Claude Theory Utility Computational Modern Mathematical Information Schemes Time Levi-Strauss Experimentalism Theory Linguistics Economics Social Science Theory R.W. Hamming Dilation E.A. Singer Anatol Rapoport Lorentz John Maynard Linear Claude Organic Evolutionary Analytical Keynes Programming Shannon Chemistry Systematization Philosophy Pierre Duhem Phonemes Sciences Liebig Gilbert Roman Jakobson Tropology of the Ryle General System Optimality Artificial Industrial Social Psychological Logical Positivism Theory Herbert Design Anthropology Critical Modeling A.J. Ayer Simon Associative Algebras Bronislaw Epistemology Clark Hull Instrumental William Clifford Inorganic Malinowsky Karl Popper Holism Social Systems Pragmatism Chemistry Jan Smuts Talcott Parsons John Dewey Tektology Comparative Linguistics [1926] A.A. Bogdanov General System Theory Operations Research Symbolic Logic Benjamin Lee Whorf [1922] Ludwig von Bertalanffy First-Order Cybernetics Willard Van [1949] Antibacterials Orman Quine Alexander Fleming Semantic Pragmatism Morphogenesis D'Arcy Operational Research Ludwig Wittgenstein Analytic Cybernetics Glossematics Sociology Thompson Russell L. Ackoff, Psychology Norbert Wiener Molecular Louis Hjelmslev Emil Stafford Beer Analytic Mechanics Carl Jung [1948] Durkheim Organizing relations Genetics Electronic Digital Behavioral Theory of Signs Systems Joseph-Louis Electromagnetic Needham, Woodger Computing Lagrange Propagations Charles W. Morris Applied Analysis Eckert & Mauchly Heinrich Hertz Mathematics John von Neumann Algebraic Industrial Sociology Ergonology Homeostatic Systems Metalogic Functions Anthropological Structuralist Logical Positivism G. Elton Mayo Vladimir N. Myasishchev Walter Cannon [1932] Systems & Alonzo Church Bernhard Linguistics Structural Linguistics Psychology Conceptualism Positivism Rudolf Carnap Theory of Computation Metalogic Vladimir Bekhterev Analytic Functions Periodic Procedures Riemann Edward Sapir N.S. Trubetzkoy Edward Titchener Ernst Cassirer Josef Alan M. Turing Kurt Gödel Leonhard Euler Table Historicism Popper-Lynkeus Antisepsis Dmitry Number Theory Benedetto Croce Organicism Lister Mendeleev Edward Stuart Russell G.H. Hardy Organicism & Process Mathematical Alfred North Whitehead Logic Quaternions Bertrand William Realism Russell Hamilton Atomisitc Positivism & Empirical Mathematical G.E. Moore Linguistics Sociology Positivism Biology Metric Antoine Fabre Auguste Comte Emergent Process Ernst Mach A.J. Lotka Units d'Olivet Evolutionary Samuel Alexander Comparative Pan-ecology Philosophy Measure Theory Scientific Management Dialectical Anthropology John Muir Herbert Spencer Giuseppe Peano Frederick W. Taylor Classical Physics Naturalism Process Franz Boas Statistics Coherentism Friedrich Henri Electronic Digital Colonial Gestalt Karl Pearson Otto Neurath Perturbation Engels Bergson Prototype Dialectical Hegemony Psychology Theory British Empire Atanasoff & Berry Etymology Materialism Experimental Max Karl Marx Psychology Wertheimer Sturm- Mathematics of Jacob Grimm Existentialism Algebra of Logic Comparative Wilhelm Ecological Projective Louiville Feedback & Martin Heidegger Psychological Linguistic Ernst Schröder Languages Wundt Pragmatism Psychoanalysis Evolution Geometry Theory Electrodynamics Statistical William Jones William James Jacques Lacan Ernst Haeckel Biostructures Georg Cantor James Comparative Mechanics Political (chirality) Clerk-Maxwell Sociological Psychology J. Willard Sociology Gestalt Louis Pasteur Phenomenology C. Lloyd Morgan Gibbs Ethnolinguistics Max Weber Max Scheler Psychology Wilhelm von Perspectivism Wolfgang Humboldt Friedrich Nietzsche Köhler Genetics Mathematical Logic Formalism Tabulating Machine Empirical William Bateson Gottlob Frege David Hilbert Herman Hollerith Classical Metaphysics Psychoanalysis Symbolic Interactionism Conservation of matter Atomic Thermodynamics George Henry Sigmund Freud George Herbert Mead Competitive Tectonic Antoine Lavoisier Weights Clausius, Lewes Symbolic Logic Evolution Engineering John Dalton Boltzmann Electromagnetism George Boole Personalism Eugenics Thomas Huxley John Roebling Ampere, Kirchhoff, Renouvier Francis Faraday et al Eigenvalues & Will & Idea in Nature Programming Superposition Arthur Schopenhauer Model Theory Ada Lovelace Daniel Conventionalism Economic Bernhard Dialectical Bernouli Henri Poincaré Conservation Cybernetics Pragmatic Semiotics Bolzano Idealism Charles S. Peirce Determinism of Energy David Ricardo Clinical Vorticles Nature Philosophy Georg Hegel Laplace Joule Critical Philosophy of Progressivism Natural Evolution Psychiatry William von Schelling Analytical Engine Symbolic Logic Empirical Phenomenology History Condorcet Charles Darwin Benjamin Rush Thomson Charles Babbage Augustus de Morgan Linear Utilitarianism Edmund Husserl Wilhelm Dilthey 1809-1881 Double Analysis J.S. Mill Field Refraction Dirichlet Theory Augustin Inheritance Evariste Magnetism Methodized Group Theory Fresnel Gregor Mendel Galois Astronomical Gauss Evolution Encyclopedias Felix Klein Materialism Measurement Imperial Johann Applied Alfred Wallace Denis Diderot Hegemony Conditional Pierre Mechain Formal Transcendentalism Enlightenment Heinrich Napoleon Probability Linear Regularity Henry David Jean d'Alembert Alsted Mathematical Thomas Bayes Analysis Zhu Xi Thoreau Programmable Loom J. Fourier Economics Feedback governor Utilitarianism Joseph-Marie Jacquard Antoine Cournot James Watt Jeremy Bentham Intentionality Philology, Linguistics Moral Franz Brentano & Grammar Philosophy Electrostatics Friedrich Benjamin Franklin Psychoanalysis Circulation Instrumental Schiller Constitutional Josef Breuer William Harvey Rationality Pragmatism Demographic Biological Peter Ramus Arithmometer Linear Algebra Transcendentalism James Madison Cybernetics Gradual Geological Evolutionary Evolution Charles de Colmar Benjamin Peirce Ralph Waldo Thomas Malthus Evolution Classical Mathematics Mechanistic Organicism Jean Lamarck Emerson Charles Lyell Physics Saint-Simon Isaac Newton Empirical Ethnolinguistics Bio-Taxonomy Johann Herder Human Science Sensationalism Transcendental Etienne Condillac Determinism Carolus Linnaeus Giambattista Vico Voltaire Structuralistic Idealism Critical Transcendental Semiology Johann Fichte Idealism Ferdinand de Immanuel Kant Microbials Pendulum Clock & Saussure von Leeuwenhoek Analytic Geometry Wave Theory of Light Heredity Pierre de Fermat Christiaan Huygens Political Hegemony P-L. de Maupertuis Frederick the Great Geological Philosophy of the Whole Idealistic Liberalism Superorganism Immaterial Baruch Spinoza William Godwin James Hutton Meta-Skepicial Empiricism Empiricism George Mechanical Calculator David Hume Berkeley Mathematical Wilhelm Schickard Nominalism Probability Theory Polymath Physics Cosmological Unity Gottfried von Leibniz Blaise Pascal Algebra Robert Hooke Mechanistic Materialism Bhaskara Giordano Bruno Clinical Medicine Julien La Mettrie Thomas Sydenham Abstraction of Physical Laws Physical Chemistry Mathematical Democratic Idealism Galileo Galilei Robert Boyle Economics Thomas Jefferson Vilfredo Pareto Formalized Classical Biology Rationalistic Logic Dualism Number Theory René Descartes Marin Mersenne Mathematical Political Astronomy Romanticism Political Pragmatism J. Kepler J.J. Rousseau Chemical Medicine John Locke Psychological Aureolus Paracelsus Algebra Logical Nominalism Determinism Political Economy Jean Buridan Fibonacci Adam Smith Thomas Hobbes Algebra Natural Philosophy Omar Khayyam Nicholas von Cusa Skepticism Michel Scientific Empiricism Nominalism Montaigne Roger Bacon William of Ockham Politics of Cynicism Renaissance Niccolo Machiavelli Platonism Medicine Giovanni Pico Moses Engineering Design Maimonides Leonardo da Vinci Observational Astronomy Scientific Tycho Brahe Neo-Platonism Algebra Anatomical Medicine Positivism Plotinus Brahmagupta Anreas Vesalius Printing Francis Bacon Johannes Scholasticical Polymath Philosophy Gutenberg Roman Stoicism Empiricism Nicholas Oresme Seneca Thomas Aquinas Scholasticical Rational Heliocentric Astronomy Sciences Voluntarism Nicolaus Copernicus Albertus Magnus John Duns Scotus Manual Scientific Method Scholastical Logic, Critical Philology Transcriptions Imperial Hegemony Robert Grosseteste Dialectic & Linguistics Desiderius Erasmus Monastic Scribes Roman Empire Peter Abelard Stoicism Marcus Aurelius Meta-languages & Scholasticism Conic Sections Medicine Linguistics Saint Anselm Apollonius Guy de Chauliac U. of Nalanda, India Humanism Petrarch Religious Stoicism Military Epictetus Hegemony Algebra Alexander Diophantus Politics of Benefit the Great Roman Stoicism Cicero Illuminationism Poseidonius Saint Augustine Engineering Geocentric Diogenes of Babylon Rationalism Archimedes Algebra Astronomy Averroës Aryabhata Ptolemy

Rationalism Geometry Roman Stoicism Avicenna Euclid Propositional Logic Panaetius Chrysippus Observational Astronomy Rosetta Stone Medicine Hipparchus Egypt Avenzoar Religious Stoicism Rational Philosophy Cleanthes Medicine Aristotle Taddeo Alderotti 384-322BC Positivism Idealistic Philosophy Lucretius Geometry Dialectic Documentary Plato Theudius Stoicism & Narrative Sociality Zeno of Citium & Self Confucius Cynic Cynicism Philosophy Diogenes Antisthenes Positivism Democratic Development Epicurus Pericles Indian Astronomy Philosophy Fluxation Eudoxus & Unified Opposites Anatomical Mathematics of Heraclitus Medicine Concentric Spheres c. 540-480 B.C. Galen Pagan Celts Sophistic Callippus Philosophy Harmony of Opposites Socrates Language & Lao Tzu Positivism Symbolism c. 570-490 B.C. Aristapippas Hieroglyphics Mayans Reciprocities Democracy Medicine Anaximander I Ching Recyclical Universe Cleisthenes Celsus Dialectic 2000-1000 B.C. Hindu Mythology Atomism Zeno of Elea YinYang Mathematical Philosophy Democritus Fu Xi Regularized Pythagoras Binary Numbers Divination Ideographics Language Law c.580-500BC China Naturalism Philosophy of Irregularity Chinese Indo-Europeans Solon Atomism Philosophy Sophism Thales River Map & Luo Book Systematic Medicine Leucippus Archelaus Protagoras Elementalism Hippocrates Empedocles Pictographics Alphabet Unity & Stasis Aboriginals Cuneiform Phoenicians Hieroglyphics Parmenides Philosophy of Regularity Sumerians Egyptians Apocalyptic Practical Medicine Dualism Heroic Legends Astronomy Egyptians Zoroaster Philosophy Homer Babylon c.628-551BC Anaxagoras